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Social behavior in ASD males: The interplay between cognitive flexibility, working memory, and functional connectivity deviations

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DEVELOPMENTAL COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE 2025年 71卷 101483页

作者： Chan, Shi Yu Chuah, Jasmine Si Min Huang, Pei Tan, Ai Peng ASTAR Inst Human Dev & Potential IHDP 30 Med Dr Singapore 117609 Singapore Natl Univ Singapore NUS Yong Loo Lin Sch Med 10 Med Dr Singapore 117597 Singapore Natl Univ Hlth Syst Dept Diagnost Imaging 1E Kent Ridge Rd Singapore 119228 Singapore

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is highly heterogeneous in presentation. While abnormalities in brain functional connectivity are consistently observed in autistic males, the neurobiological basis underlying the different domains of autism symptoms is unclear. In this study, we evaluated whether individual variations in functional connectivity deviations map to social behavior in ASD males. Using neuroimaging data from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE), we modeled normative trajectories of between-network resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) in non-ASD males across childhood (n = 321). These normative charts were then applied to ASD males (n = 418) to calculate individual deviation scores (z-scores) that reflect the degree of rsFC atypicality. Deviations in rsFC patterns among the default mode network (DMN), ventral attention network (VAN), frontoparietal network (FPN), and somatomotor network (SMN) were associated with distinct dimensions of social behavior. Cognitive flexibility and working memory mediated the association between VANxDMN z-scores and social behavioral problems. Our findings underscore the potential of normative models to identify atypical brain connectivity at an individual level, revealing the neurobiological patterns associated with social behavioral problems in ASD that are critical for precision diagnosis and intervention. Social outcomes in ASD males may be improved by targeting cognitive flexibility and working memory.

关键词： Autism spectrum disorders Functional connectivity generalized additive models Normative Trajectories Social behavior Executive functioning

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Explainable generalized additive neural networks with independent neural network training (vol 34, 6, 2024)

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STATISTICS AND COMPUTING 2024年第5期34卷 1-11页

作者： Ortega-Fernandez, Ines Sestelo, Marta Villanueva, Nora M. Galician Res & Dev Ctr Adv Telecommun GRADIANT Carretera Vilar 56-58 Vigo 36214 Spain CITMAga Santiago De Compostela 15782 Spain Univ Vigo Dept Stat & OR SiDOR Res Grp Vigo 36310 Spain Univ Vigo Escola Enxenaria Telecomunicac Vigo 36310 Spain

Neural Networks are one of the most popular methods nowadays given their high performance on diverse tasks, such as computer vision, anomaly detection, computer-aided disease detection and diagnosis or natural language processing. While neural networks are known for their high performance, they often suffer from the so-called “black-box” problem, which means that it is difficult to understand how the model makes decisions. We introduce a neural network topology based on generalized additive models. By training an independent neural network to estimate the contribution of each feature to the output variable, we obtain a highly accurate and explainable deep learning model, providing a flexible framework for training generalized additive Neural Networks which does not impose any restriction on the neural network architecture. The proposed algorithm is evaluated through different simulation studies with synthetic datasets, as well as a real-world use case of Distributed Denial of Service cyberattack detection on an Industrial Control System. The results show that our proposal outperforms other GAM-based neural network implementations while providing higher interpretability, making it a promising approach for high-risk AI applications where transparency and accountability are crucial.

关键词： Interpretable deep learning generalized additive models Interpretable AI Neural network GAM Explainable AI

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Body mass changes of dabbling and diving ducks wintering in California

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JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 2024年第8期88卷

作者： Herzog, Mark P. Ackerman, Joshua T. Kohl, Jeffrey D. Fettig, Brady L. Hartman, C. Alex Peterson, Sarah H. Casazza, Michael L. Fleskes, Joseph P. US Geol Survey Western Ecol Res Ctr Dixon Field Stn 800 Business Pk DrSuite D Dixon CA 95620 USA

Bird body mass is often used as an index of body condition and fluctuates throughout the year in response to environmental conditions and avian life-history events. We examined the body mass of 59,572 ducks representing 13 species (7 dabbling duck species and 6 diving duck species) harvested within the 3 regions of the Central Valley in California, USA (Sacramento Valley, Suisun Marsh, San Joaquin Valley). Data collection occurred in winter during 5 hunting seasons (2014-2015, 2015-2016, 2017-2018, 2018-2019, 2019-2020). For all species, age, and sex classes, the body mass of dabbling ducks varied temporally and was lowest at the end of the hunting season in late January, declining from the beginning of the hunting season in mid-October (northern pintail [Anas acuta]: -11.4% to -20.4%;northern shoveler [Spatula clypeata]: -3.5% to -17.3%;cinnamon teal [Anas cyanoptera]: -5.0% to -17.1%;American wigeon [Mareca americana]: -6.9% to -12.2%;American green-winged teal [Anas carolinensis]: -5.9% to -11.9%;mallard [Anas platyrhynchos]: -1.8% to -9.6%;gadwall [Mareca strepera]: -2.2% to -8.4%). As expected, adults (after hatch-year) were heavier than immature (hatch-year) birds (within males: 0.6-8.6%;within females: 0.1-6.6%) and males were heavier than females (within adults: 3.1-38.6%;within immatures: 5.4-33.5%) at the end of the hunting season in all species. Within dabbling duck species, body masses did not differ among regions at the beginning of the hunting season but were heavier in the Sacramento Valley (0.5-14.4%) than other areas by the end of the hunting season. In contrast, body masses of diving ducks did not vary substantially during the hunting season or among regions. Diving ducks demonstrated inconsistent changes in mass from the beginning to the end of the season (lesser scaup [Aythya affinis]: 3.4% to 12.3%;canvasback [Aythya valisineria]: 5.1% to 6.1%;bufflehead [Bucephala albeola]: -3.2% to 1.6%;ring-necked duck [Aythya collaris]: -4.9% to 2.6%;common

关键词： Anas spp Aythya spp body condition generalized additive models wintering waterfowl

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Green spaces and mental health in the context of materialism: A comparative analysis before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

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URBAN FORESTRY & URBAN GREENING 2024年 102卷

作者： Tsurumi, Tetsuya Uchiyama, Yuta Sato, Masayuki Morioka, Mari Nanzan Univ Fac Policy Studies 18 Yamazato ChoShowa Ku Nagoya 4668673 Japan Kobe Univ Grad Sch Human Dev & Environm 3-11 TsurukabutoNada Ku Kobe 6578501 Japan

To investigate the potential change in the value of greenery due to increased time spent near homes during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study examined whether the relationship between green spaces within walking distance from homes and mental health has changed before and during the pandemic. Additionally, the study explored the potential shift to nonmaterialism during this period, assessing how this change in mindset might have influenced the relationship between greenery and mental health. According to our analysis, in March 2017 (before the pandemic), green spaces around residential areas showed a positive correlation with mental health for up to approximately 50 % green coverage rate;beyond this threshold, a negative correlation was observed. The analysis of March 2021 (during the pandemic) showed that green spaces around residential areas had a positive correlation with mental health for 0 % to approximately 50% green coverage, similar to the findings of March 2017. However, unlike 2017 results, no negative correlation was observed beyond 50% green coverage. Accordingly, we conclude that during the pandemic, people living in areas with relatively higher green coverage had better mental health compared to pre-pandemic levels. Additionally, a comparison between March 2017 and March 2021 indicated a general shift towards less materialistic attitudes. This shift might have contributed to mental health improvement during the COVID-19 crisis. If the trend toward nonmaterialistic thinking continues to rise over the long term, the benefits derived from green spaces are expected to increase.

关键词： Green space Mental health Materialism COVID-19 generalized additive models

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A highly variable habitat selection in moose across diel and seasonal scales

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MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2024年第1期12卷 69页

作者： Borowik, Tomasz Kowalczyk, Rafal Ratkiewicz, Miroslaw Maslanko, Weronika Duda, Norbert Zmihorski, Michal Polish Acad Sci Mammal Res Inst Stoczek 1 PL-17230 Bialowieza Poland Univ Bialystok Fac Biol Ciolkowskiego 1 J PL-15245 Bialystok Poland Univ Life Sci Lublin Dept Anim Ethol & Wildlife Management Akad 13 PL-20950 Lublin Poland Zespol Szkol Ogolnoksztalcacych 2 BialymstokuNarewska 11 PL-15840 Bialystok Poland

PurposeHabitat selection in animals is a hierarchal process that operates across multiple temporal and spatial scales, adapting to changes in environmental conditions, human disturbances, and predation risks. Despite its significance, previous research often oversimplifies temporal dynamics by categorizing them into broad seasonal and diel patterns, overlooking the continuous nature of temporal variability and habitat *** investigated the temporal patterns in habitat selection of moose (Alces alces) in highly heterogenous landscapes at the southwestern edge of their European range using step-selection functions. Utilizing over 700,000 GPS locations from 34 adult moose, we aimed to assess seasonal and diel patterns in their selectivity for both natural and human-related *** findings revealed significant overall temporal variation in moose habitat selection at both seasonal and diel scales. Moose selectivity toward different habitats showed low repeatability over time, with 35% of cases displaying negative correlation between selectivity in different time windows. Diel changes were more pronounced, showing 5.6-fold difference in cumulative selectivity, compared to 1.4-fold difference in seasonal dynamics. Notably, moose exhibited lower selectivity during nighttime hours throughout the year compared to daytime hours. The study also highlighted distinct habitat selection patterns across different habitat types: natural habitats (deciduous forests, coniferous forests, wetlands) exhibited pronounced seasonal variation, while anthropogenic habitats (grasslands, arable land, roads and settlements) showed more diel variability. Moose generally avoided human-related habitats during daytime hours, but their preferences during nighttime varied depending on the habitat type and time of *** research advances our understanding of the complex temporal patterns in habitat selection by large herbivores and underscores the importance o

关键词： Temporal scales Habitat selection Step-selection function generalized additive models Moose

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Robust Transformations for Multiple Regression via Additivity and Variance Stabilization

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JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL AND GRAPHICAL STATISTICS 2024年第1期33卷 85-100页

作者： Riani, Marco Atkinson, Anthony C. Corbellini, Aldo Univ Parma Dipartimento Sci Econ & Aziendale Parma Italy Univ Parma Interdept Ctr Robust Stat Parma Italy London Sch Econ London England London Sch Econ London WC2A 2AE England

Outliers can have a major effect on the estimated transformation of the response in linear regression models, as they can on the estimates of the coefficients of the fitted model. The effect is more extreme in the generalized additive models (GAMs) that are the subject of this article, as the forms of terms in the model can also be affected. We develop, describe and illustrate robust methods for the nonparametric transformation of the response and estimation of the terms in the model. Numerical integration is used to calculate the estimated variance stabilizing transformation. Robust regression provides outlier free input to the polynomial smoothers used in the calculation of the response transformation and in the backfitting algorithm for estimation of the functions of the GAM. Our starting point was the AVAS (Additivity and VAriance Stabilization) algorithm of Tibshirani. Even if robustness is not required, we have made four further general optional improvements to AVAS which greatly improve the performance of Tibshirani's original Fortran *** provide a publicly available and fully documented interactive program for our procedure which is a robust form of Tibshirani's AVAS that allows many forms of robust regression. We illustrate the efficacy of our procedure through data analyses. A refinement of the backfitting algorithm has interesting implications for robust model selection. for this article are available online.

关键词： Augmented star plot AVAS Backfitting Forward search generalized additive models Robust model selection

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Yucatan shelf's larval density and distribution of Auxis spp. and Caranx crysos are primarily driven by regional upwelling and seasonality

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ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE 2024年 311卷

作者： Dauden-Bengoa, Gonzalo Ordonez-Lopez, Uriel Herzka, Sharon Z. Ctr Invest Cient Educ Super Ensenada CICESE Dept Oceanog Biol Ensenada Baja California Mexico Ctr Invest Estudios Avanzados Unidad Merida Inst Politecn Nacl Merida Yucatan Mexico Univ Texas Austin Marine Sci Inst Port Aransas TX USA

The extensive Yucatan Shelf (YS) in the southern Gulf of Mexico provides habitat for many marine species and supports important fisheries. A striking feature is the regional upwelling along its eastern margin due to the interaction of the Yucatan Current with the western slope of the Yucatan Channel. Coupled with easterly winds, the upwelled water fertilizes the shelf and contributes to high productivity in an otherwise oligotrophic region. However, an understanding of the role that regional upwelling plays on fish spawning and larval fish distributions is limited. We describe the distribution, frequency of occurrence, and densities of two commercially important neritic species ( Auxis spp. and Caranx crysos) with contrasting life histories (different adult habitat, neritic vs. neritic and oceanic, and with spawning peak vs. year around spawner). The relationship between larval density and environmental variables, including upwelling indicators, was examined for three oceanographic cruises that covered the entire YS and which were held during summer through fall (2015, 2016 and 2018). None ( Auxis spp.) or very few (C. crysos) larvae were caught during the late fall cruise in November. The highest densities of both taxa were found during the summer cruise in July, consistent with their spawning periods. Both species were mostly distributed beyond the 40 m isobath, and the highest densities were found over the central and eastern shelf. generalized additive models indicated that Auxis spp. and C. crysos densities were correlated with low chlorophyll a concentration (located in the outer shelf) and a shallower 22.5 degrees C isotherm (a proxy for upwelling), indicating that regional upwelling was associated with higher larval fish densities.

关键词： Ichthyoplankton Early life characteristics Yucatan Shelf Gulf of Mexico generalized additive models

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Bias correction of daily precipitation from climate models, using the Q-GAM method

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ENVIRONMETRICS 2024年第7期35卷

作者： Lazoglou, Georgia Economou, Theo Anagnostopoulou, Christina Tzyrkalli, Anna Zittis, George Lelieveld, Jos Cyprus Inst Climate & Atmosphere Res Ctr CARE C Nicosia Cyprus Univ Exeter Dept Math & Stat Exeter England Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki Sch Geol Dept Meteorol & Climatol Thessaloniki Greece Max Planck Inst Chem Dept Atmospher Chem Mainz Germany

Climate models are useful tools for analyzing historical and projecting future climate conditions. However, the model results tend to differ systematically from observations, particularly for parameters with complex spatial and temporal distributions such as precipitation. A combination of quantile mapping and generalized additive models (GAMs) is presented and proposed as a new method (Q-GAM) for the bias correction of daily precipitation. Q-GAM is demonstrated by using data from five European stations with different climate characteristics. For each station, the closest continental grid point of a EURO-CORDEX climate model was selected for bias correction. A bootstrapping experiment is presented with over 1000 repetitions of randomly splitting the historical period 1981 to 2005 into a calibration and evaluation period. The results for all stations reveal that Q-GAM is a straightforward, accurate and computationally efficient method for the bias correction of precipitation. In particular, the method improves the frequency of dry days and the total annual rainfall amount. This outcome is robust across stations with varying climate characteristics and also to the choice of calibration and evaluation periods. Similar results are also obtained for other precipitation characteristics such as the 0.9 and 0.95 quantiles.

关键词： bias adjustment dry days generalized additive models quantile mapping

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Multiple prenatal exposures and acute-care clinical encounters for asthma among children born to mothers living near a Superfund site

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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024年第8期193卷 1088-1096页

作者： Khalili, Roxana Legaspi, Jesselle M. Fabian, M. Patricia Levy, Jonathan, I Korrick, Susan A. Vieira, Veronica M. Univ Calif Irvine Susan & Henry Samueli Coll Hlth Sci Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth Program Publ Hlth 856 Hlth Sci Rd Irvine CA 92617 USA Univ Southern Calif MADRES Ctr Keck Sch Med Los Angeles CA 90032 USA Boston Univ Sch Publ Hlth Dept Environm Hlth Boston MA 02118 USA Harvard TH Chan Sch Publ Hlth Dept Environm Hlth Boston MA 02115 USA Brigham & Womens Hosp Dept Med Channing Div Network Med Boston MA 02115 USA Harvard Med Sch Boston MA 02115 USA

Prenatal exposures are associated with childhood asthma, and risk may increase with simultaneous exposures. Pregnant women living in lower-income communities tend to have elevated exposures to a range of potential asthma risk factors, which may interact in complex ways. We examined the association between prenatal exposures and the risk of childhood acute-care clinical encounters for asthma (hospitalizations, emergency department visits, observational stays) using conditional logistic regression with a multivariable smoothing term to model the interaction between continuous variables, adjusted for maternal characteristics and stratified by sex. All births near the New Bedford Harbor (NBH) Superfund site (2000-2006) in New Bedford, Massachusetts, were followed through 2011 using the Massachusetts Pregnancy to Early Life Longitudinal (PELL) Data System to identify children aged 5-11 years with acute-care clinical asthma encounters (265 cases among 7787 children with follow-up). Hazard ratios (HRs) were higher for children living closer to the NBH site with higher umbilical cord blood lead levels than in children living further away from the NBH site with lower lead levels (P <.001). HRs were higher for girls (HR = 4.17;95% CI, 3.60-4.82) than for boys (HR = 1.72;95% CI, 1.46-2.02). Our results suggest that prenatal lead exposure in combination with residential proximity to the NBH Superfund site is associated with childhood asthma acute-care clinical encounters. This article is part of a Special Collection on Environmental Epidemiology.

关键词： multiple exposures mixtures prenatal exposures generalized additive models childhood asthma birth cohort organochlorines lead

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A distributed algorithm for fitting generalized additive models

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OPTIMIZATION AND ENGINEERING 2013年第2期14卷 213-224页

作者： Chu, Eric Keshavarz, Arezou Boyd, Stephen Stanford Univ Dept Elect Engn Informat Syst Lab Stanford CA 94305 USA

generalized additive models are an effective regression tool, popular in the statistics literature, that provides an automatic extension of traditional linear models to nonlinear systems. We present a distributed algorithm for fitting generalized additive models, based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). In our algorithm the component functions of the model are fit independently, in parallel;a simple iteration yields convergence to the optimal generalized additive model. This is in contrast to the traditional approach of backfitting, where the component functions are fit sequentially. We illustrate the method on different classes of problems such as generalized additive, logistic, and piecewise constant models, with various types of regularization, including those that promote smoothness and sparsity.

关键词： Convex optimization Distributed optimization generalized additive models

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