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Model, Analysis, and Design of a q-Axis Self-Synchronizing Current Control for Three-Phase Grid-Connected Converters

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS 2025年第7期40卷 9301-9314页

作者： Queiroz, Eliabe D. Ota, Joao I. Y. Pomilio, Jose Antenor Univ Estadual Campinas Sch Elect & Comp Engn Rua Albert Einstein 400 Campinas Brazil Hitachi Energy Sweden AB S-72183 Vasteras Sweden

This article introduces a q-axis self-synchronizing current control strategy for three-phase grid-connected converters with LCL filters, encompassing its modeling, analysis, and design. Grid-forming converters synchronize with the grid by adjusting terminal voltage magnitude and frequency based on deviations in active and reactive power references. In contrast, grid-following converters use a phase-locked loop for synchronization, where a controller regulates output current by commanding the converter voltage. Building on these concepts, the proposed strategy achieves self-synchronization by monitoring deviations from current references and dynamically adjusting the amplitude and frequency of the synthesized voltage. This method enables a self-synchronizing current control that achieves grid synchronization independently of grid voltage measurements. Real-time hardware-in-the-loop testing validates the effectiveness of the q-axis self-synchronizing control. It also demonstrates the accuracy of the linearized model in representing system dynamics. The control strategy maintains stable operation under both ideal and nonideal grid conditions. Furthermore, this article provides a root-locus analysis of the linearized state-space model, a detailed design methodology, and a comprehensive stability analysis, including the impact of the operating point on system dynamics. Practical aspects such as a start-up procedure and an LCL reactive power compensation method are also addressed to support real-world implementation.

关键词： Synchronization Voltage control Current control Filters Reactive power Power system stability Grid forming Grid following Voltage measurement Vectors Converter stability eigenvalue stability grid- connected converter hardware-in-loop simulation self-synchronizing control

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Design of reinforcement learning based robust μ-synthesis controller for single phase grid-connected VSI

e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics an...

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e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 2025年 12卷

作者： Shambhu Prasad, P. Parimi, Alivelu M. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus Hyderabad India

Grid-connected voltage source inverters have been increasingly employed for a wide range of applications such as power conversion and conditioning, filtering, compensation, etc. The increased employment of the number of inverters due to excessive penetration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) also causes huge concern to the overall stability of the system in terms of voltage fluctuations caused due to changes in grid impedance. Most of the existing solutions offer complex findings when it comes to practice for weak grids and the presence of non-linear loads. In this paper, a μ-synthesis controller for change in the impedance issue statement has been designed to study a robust solution to the controller problem. The order of the controller has been reduced with a balanced model reduction approach. A novel methodology of tuning the weighting functions of the controller with advanced machine learning-based reinforcement learning has been adapted and performance specifications of the controller have been studied with tuned weighting functions. To investigate the controller efficacy on non-linear loads, the viability of the controller was validated with real-time implementation. The stable operating modes were demonstrated by hardware in loop simulation of the inverter, and the controller along with the non-linear load. © 2025 The Authors

关键词： dSPACE microLabBox Frequency stability Grid-connected VSI hardware-in-loop simulation Machine learning Microgrids Robust control μ-synthesis controller

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The integrated system for design, analysis, system simulation and evaluation of the small satellite

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ADVANCES IN ENGINEERING SOFTWARE 2000年第7期31卷 437-443页

作者： Sun, ZW Xu, GD Lin, XH Cao, XB Harbin Inst Technol Res Ctr Satellite Engn & Technol Harbin Peoples R China

This paper aimed at the design methods of modern small satellites, integrated design and modularization assembling, put forward the design idea of the integrated system for design, analysis, system simulation and evaluation of the small satellite (ISDASE). Advanced simulation software and the real-time simulator (AC104) have been selected to set up the integrated system that includes two parts: mathematical simulation system and hardware-in-loop simulation system for developing and testing both software and hardware on board. It is used to optimize, simulate and evaluate the system scheme during the conception design stage, to demonstrate and verify the performance and specification of the components and subsystems during the development stage, and to deal with the fault diagnosis and procession during the test and operation stage. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： small satellite integrated system hardware-in-loop simulation

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Improved Control Strategy for Bidirectional Single Phase AC-DC Converter in Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid

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ELECTRIC POWER COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS 2017年第20期45卷 2293-2303页

作者： Gundabathini, Rakesh Pindoriya, Naran M. Indian Inst Technol Elect Engn Gandhinagar Gujarat India

This paper presents the improved control strategy with optimal switching scheme to improve the bidirectional converter's power flow control capability and to allow for different modes of operation in hybrid AC/DC microgrid. Also, this improved control strategy eliminates the need of PI controller for independent reactive power control. With the improvements in digital controllers, it is possible to implement complex control circuitry easily. The performance of bidirectional converter with improved control strategy is verified first in simulation environment and then on lab scale experimental set-up with the control circuit is implemented using hardware in loop in the real-time digital simulation platform. The simulation and experimental results for all the cases show that the controller is highly capable for power transfer between AC and DC grid with very fast response and also control reactive power without additional PI controller. Also, it maintains the current total harmonic distortion (THD) within standard limits.

关键词： bidirectional converter hybrid AC DC microgrid hardware-in-loop simulation improved control strategy

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Power Quality Improvement in HVDC MMC With Modified Nearest Level Control in Real-Time HIL Based Setup

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IEEE ACCESS 2020年 8卷 221712-221719页

作者： Ali, Saddaqat Soomro, Jahangeer Badar Mughal, Mahnoor Chachar, Faheem Akhter Bukhari, Syed Sabir Hussain Ro, Jong-Suk Sukkur IBA Univ Dept Elect Engn Sukkur 65200 Pakistan Chung Ang Univ Sch Elect & Elect Engn Seoul 06974 South Korea

The Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) is the best topology for medium and high voltage applications. The performance of MMC and the quality of the output waveform completely depends on the control applied. Nearest Level Modulation (NLM) is the conventional method used to control MMC that produces N+1 (N is the number of submodules per arm) AC output voltages. This article proposes a modified NLM control method for the MMC, which produces 2N+1 level which is twice the number of levels produced by conventional NLM. The proposed method is easy to implement and is extended in the article to produce a 4N+1 output voltage level which is never done in the literature. The THD of the output waveform is reduced to more than one-fourth compared to conventional NLM. The cost of switching devices, capacitors and size of circuit is also reduced to one-fourth for 4N+1 output waveform compared to conventional NLM. The method is verified through LabVIEW Multisim Co-simulation and real-time simulation using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based NI PXI.

关键词： Real-time systems Modulation Mathematical model simulation Capacitors Topology Switches Modified NLC power quality HVDC MMC hardware-in-loop simulation

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Model reference adaptive control for aero-engine based on system equilibrium manifold expansion model

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONTROL 2023年第4期96卷 883-898页

作者： Liu, Xiaofeng Zhang, Liming Luo, Chenshuang Beihang Univ Sch Transportat Sci & Engn Beijing 100191 Peoples R China

The role of control system for aero-engine is to provide sufficient thrust and maintain physical and operational limits. Model reference adaptive control (MRAC) technique has been paid more attention for advantages in eliminating the effects of uncertainties arising from nonlinearity or component degradation and satisfying both safety and performance requirements in the entire flight envelope. However, due to the accuracy of aero-engine models, the implementation of the MRAC algorithm is challenging. In this paper, an MRAC architecture based on equilibrium manifold expansion (EME) model for an aero-engine is presented. An EME model is taken as the reference model in this architecture, which has high accuracy in the aero-engine modelling and contains both dynamic and steady-state characteristics of aero-engine. By using Lyapunov stability method, an MRAC based on EME model is designed and used to control the aero-engine obtaining desired performance. In the designed controller, uncertainty arising from component degradation of the aero-engine is estimated and the values of the uncertainty are replaced by the estimator. In order to indicate the control performance of the method provided in this article, the proposed MRAC architecture has been tested on a hardware-in-loop simulation platform, the simulation results have shown that compared the control performance with other traditional controllers, the aero-engine could quickly provide the desired control requirements without steady-state errors under the control of designed MRAC.

关键词： Aero-engine model reference adaptive control (MRAC) equilibrium manifold expansion (EME) model hardware-in-loop simulation estimate uncertainty Lyapunov stability

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Synthesis of Partially Coherent Geometric Models of Radar Objects Based on Their Incoherent Models

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RADIO SCIENCE 2021年第12期56卷 e2021RS007274-e2021RS007274页

作者： Podkopaev, A. O. Stepanov, M. A. Kiselev, A., V Novosibirsk State Tech Univ Novosibirsk Russia

The paper considers the transition algorithm from incoherent models to partially coherent ones by the example of the problem of synthesizing a two-dimensional partially coherent model of a distributed radar object by its five-point and nine-point incoherent models. The transition algorithm includes the analytical expressions which allow determining powers and correlation functions of emitting signals for both types of models. The result is confirmed by numerical modeling. The comparison of the precision reflection altimeter formation and correlation function of angular glint provided by equivalent incoherent and partially coherent models is carried out.

关键词： radar hardware-in-loop simulation

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Power Spectral Density Computation and Dominant Frequencies Identification from the Vibration Sensor Output under Random Vibration Environment

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DEFENCE SCIENCE JOURNAL 2020年第6期70卷 692-700页

作者： Srinivasan, R. Thomas, Tessy Lakshmi, B. DRDO Res Ctr Imarat Hyderabad India DRDO DG Aero Bangalore Karnataka India Natl Inst Technol Warangal Andhra Pradesh India

The objective of the modal and spectral analysis is to determine the vibration characteristics of structures such as natural frequencies, dominant frequencies and mode shapes. Such modal and spectral analyses have major relevance to the study of the dynamic properties of the structures undergoing dynamic vibration. Methods for the estimation of the power spectral density and identification of the dominant frequencies from the sensor responses under random vibrating environment are presented in this paper. Periodogram using FFT, Welch Method and MUSIC algorithm are used to analyse the known frequency sinusoids with additive white noise and output of the vibration sensor mounted on the test object. The resultant spectra obtained using the methods and their corresponding errors with the reference spectrum are analysed. The Welch method is further studied with three different windows, namely, HIM, Hamming and Blackman-Harris and with three different overlapping criteria viz. 0%, 25% and 50%. The same algorithm and methodology were adopted and compared in two different platforms: Mathematical Model simulation and hardware-In-loop-simulation. It is observed from the results that Welch Method with 25% overlap used in combination either with Hann or Blackman-Harris window yields more accurate results, compared to other combinations. Also, 25% overlap provides better execution time trade-off compared to 50% overlap.

关键词： Random signal Welch method Windowing Power spectral density Modal analysis Spectral frequency hardware-in-loop simulation

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Modified Nearest Level Modulation for Full-Bridge Based HVDC MMC in Real-Time hardware-in-loop Setup

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IEEE ACCESS 2021年 9卷 114998-115005页

作者： Soomro, Jahangeer Badar Akhter, F. Ali, Saddaqat Bukhari, Syed Sabir Hussain Sami, Irfan Ro, Jong-Suk Sukkur IBA Univ Ctr Res Energy & Smart Grids Dept Elect Engn Sukkur 65200 Sindh Pakistan Chung Ang Univ Sch Elect & Elect Engn Seoul 06910 South Korea Chung Ang Univ Dept Intelligent Energy & Ind Seoul 06910 South Korea

Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) is an emerging converter topology for medium and high voltage applications. Nearest level Modulation (NLM) is the conventional control topology used to control the MMC that produces the N+1 AC output waveform. In previous research work, the Modified NLM has been already proposed, producing a 2N+1 and 4N+1 output waveform while utilizing a half-bridge (HB) submodule (SM) topology. However, half-bridge-based MMC has a similar behavior as two-level Voltage Source Converter (VSC) and cannot block DC fault current in case of DC-side short circuit fault. So, in recent years, full-bridge-based MMC topology is preferably used by manufacturers as it has DC fault blocking capabilities. This paper presents the Modified NLM for Full bridge (FB) SM topology to take the critical benefits of FB SM topology and improve power quality. The proposed method is simpler to implement and produces a 4N+1 AC output waveform. The THD of the output voltage and current reduces to half compared to the conventional NLM method. The proposed method is verified using LabVIEW Multisim co-simulation and as well as real-time simulation.

关键词： Topology Modulation Mathematical model HVDC transmission Power quality Bridge circuits Voltage measurement Modified NLC full bridge HVDC MMC hardware-in-loop simulation

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A variant of cyclic pursuit for target tracking applications: theory and implementation

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AUTONOMOUS ROBOTS 2016年第4期40卷 669-686页

作者： Daingade, Sangeeta Sinha, Arpita Borkar, Aseem Vivek Arya, Hemendra Indian Inst Technol Syst & Control Engn Dept Mumbai Maharashtra India Indian Inst Technol Dept Aerosp Engn Mumbai Maharashtra India

This paper presents a variant of the cyclic pursuit strategy that can be used for target tracking applications. Cyclic pursuit has been extensively used in multi-agent systems for a variety of applications. In order to monitor a target point or to track a slowly moving vehicle, we propose to use a group of non-holonomic vehicles. At equilibrium, the vehicles form a rigid polygonal around the target while encircling it. Necessary conditions for the existence of equilibrium and the stability of equilibrium formations are analysed considering unicycle model of the vehicles. The strategy is then applied to miniature aerial vehicles (MAV) represented by 6-DOF dynamical model. Finally the results are verified in a hardware in-loop simulator in real time, which included all on-board electronics of the MAVs.

关键词： Cyclic pursuit Target tracking Micro aerial vehicles Multi-agent system Cooperative control hardware-in-loop simulation

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