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Towards HVDC interoperability-Vendor agnostic control architecture and quantifying domain of operating point

IET GENERATION TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION 2025年第1期19卷

作者： Chen, Dong Phurappa, Pimonpan Marshall, Benjamin Scott, Adam Henderson, Callum SSEN Transmiss Natl HVDC Ctr Cumbernauld Scotland Univ Edinburgh Sch Engn Edinburgh Scotland Univ Exeter Dept Engn Exeter England Univ Strathclyde Fac Engn Glasgow Scotland

A vendor agnostic design framework is proposed for multi-terminal high voltage direct current (HVDC) here. An analytical assessment is then proposed as a first step of this assessment to quantify the domain of operating point. The criterion is indexed by the margin against loss-of-equilibrium for an Multi-Vendor-Multi-Terminal (MVMT)-HVDC network with terminal behaviour of connected converters. Based on a multi-terminal control architecture, a static analytical model is established, including relevant parameters within the direct current network, its topology, and operation. Two types of scalar index are proposed and then normalized to indicate the margin against loss-of-equilibrium and then employed to quantify the domain of operating point. It is proposed that the domain of security shall correspond to a value in closer proximity to '1' for better security. The effectiveness of the indices is verified and analysed with simulations in the environments of both Matlab/Simulink and real-time digital simulator with pseudo-steady-state and detailed electro-magnetic transient modelling, respectively. This approach attempts to represent one MVMT control scheme to support practical specification, testing and demonstration of the first MVMT-HVDC control system as a business case.

关键词： hardware-in-the-loop simulation high voltage direct current power transmission stability

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Adaptive Protection Testbed Using Real time and hardware-in-the-loop simulation

Adaptive Protection Testbed Using Real time and Hardware-in-...

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IEEE Grenoble PowerTech (POWERTECH) Conference

作者： Montoya, L. A. Montenegro, D. Ramos, G. Univ los Andes Sch Engn Bogota Colombia

ISBN: (纸本)9781467356688

This paper proposes an alternative method for the coordination of overcurrent protection devices by using an adaptive scheme. This scheme is described as well and validated through two co-simulation techniques: the Real Time simulation (RT) and the hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HIL). These techniques require the integration of different software and hardware platforms as PSAT (R) and LABVIEW (R). The results of the integration are presented applying the methodology to the IEEE 13-Nodes test system. Then, the information delivered by the RT-HIL simulation is compared and validated whit the off-line software ETAP (R). The RT-HIL simulation methodology proposed in this paper can be used as a platform for testing and validation of smart grid algorithms.

关键词： Adaptive protections Distributed Generation Radial Distribution Network Real Time simulation hardware-in-the-loop simulation Overcurrent Relay

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Open hardware/Software Modular Battery Emulator for Battery Management Systems Development and Functional Testing

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IEEE ACCESS 2024年 12卷 84488-84497页

作者： Verani, Alessandro Di Rienzo, Roberto Nicodemo, Niccolo Baronti, Federico Roncella, Roberto Saletti, Roberto Univ Pisa Dipartimento Ingn Informaz I-56122 Pisa Italy

Lithium-ion Batteries are widely used in several applications but require complex management systems to ensure their safe and effective usage. Algorithm development and functional testing are among the most complex and time-consuming phases of lithium-ion battery management system design. Furthermore, the use of real batteries in those phases introduces safety hazards. The hardware-in-the-loop approach allows the designers to overcome these limitations by replacing real batteries with hardware emulators. This article presents a low-cost battery emulator platform to reproduce the main electrical and thermal behaviors of elementary battery cells. The platform allows the user to manually control the emulator outputs or automatically reproduce specific voltage, temperature, and current profiles. In addition, the platform can independently reproduce the battery cell behaviors by using a customizable 2-RC equivalent electrical model. The functional testing and the balancing algorithm assessment of a custom battery management system are used as a case study to evaluate the developed battery emulator platform. Results demonstrate the effective advantages of the developed platform to assess the battery management system safety functionalities and algorithms. Finally, the platform is made freely available to accelerate research and innovation in the field of energy storage technology.

关键词： hardware Integrated circuit modeling Testing Temperature sensors Standards Mathematical models Battery management systems hardware-in-the-loop simulation Battery management system battery emulator hardware in the loop open hardware platform BMS characterization

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Design and Optimization of Control System for More Electric Aircraft Power Systems Using Adaptive Tabu Search Algorithm Based on State-Variables-Averaging Model

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IEEE ACCESS 2024年 12卷 76579-76588页

作者： Phosung, Ratapon Areerak, Kongpan Areerak, Kongpol Suranaree Univ Technol Inst Engn Sch Elect Engn Nakhon Ratchasima 30000 Thailand

An important reflection of the overall efficiency, reliability, and passenger safety of a more electric aircraft (MEA) is the output performance of its electrical power system (EPS) controller. This output performance encompasses the rise time, setting time, and percent undershoot of the voltage across the capacitor bank. Therefore, this article presents an optimal controller design using an artificial intelligence method called the adaptive tabu search (ATS) algorithm. The state-variables-averaging model is applied with the ATS algorithm to reduce computational time. Moreover, stability analysis based on the eigenvalue theorem is used as the penalty condition during the searching process to avoid unstable operation. The output performance of the proposed controller design is superior to that of the conventional controller design. All design results are verified by good agreement with MATLAB and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulations.

关键词： Stability analysis Artificial intelligence Mathematical models Capacitors Voltage control Aircraft Thermal stability Electric vehicles Search methods Safety Power system stability hardware-in-the-loop simulation Energy efficiency More electric aircraft vector control state-variables-averaging model adaptive tabu search algorithm

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Image-Based Distributed Predictive Visual Servo Control for Cooperative Tracking of Multiple Fixed-Wing UAVs

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IEEE ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION LETTERS 2024年第9期9卷 7779-7786页

作者： Yang, Lingjie Liu, Zhihong Zhang, Xu Wang, Xiangke Shen, Lincheng Natl Univ Def Technol Coll Intelligence Sci & Technol Changsha 410073 Peoples R China

This letter proposes a novel approach combining the distributed model predictive control (DMPC) and the image-based visual servoing (IBVS) for cooperative tracking problem of multiple fixed-wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) equipped with pan-tilt cameras. In particular, the target is unknown and can only be perceived by cameras. Different from existing methods that require the target localization and the positions of the UAVs, our proposed IBVS scheme achieves cooperative tracking of multiple UAVs by directly utilizing image feature points. It is also applicable to scenarios where UAV positioning information is unavailable. The approach integrates the control of both the UAVs and pan-tilt cameras, enabling the UAVs to circle around the target and keep it near the image center at the same time. Moreover, the UAVs are strategically distributed around the target to ensure optimal observations. Due to the dynamic constraints of the fixed-wing UAVs and the perception limitations imposed by cameras, MPC is utilized to maintain the target in close proximity to the UAVs for improved observations. To meet real-time optimization requirements, a DMPC solution based on soft constraints is proposed, and the stability of the distributed system is proven using the Lyapunov method. Finally, a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation platform is established and experimental results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of our proposed approach.

关键词： Target tracking Cameras Autonomous aerial vehicles Visual servoing Optimization Kinematics Visualization Image-based visual servoing distributed model predictive control fixed-wing UAVs target tracking hardware-in-the-loop simulation

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Advancing hydrogen production: A novel decentralized control scheme for enhanced stability in off-grid solar systems

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International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2025年 141卷 550-572页

作者： Zhang, Meng Fu, Lijun Lin, Yunfeng Hu, Qi National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Energy Naval University of Engineering Wuhan430033 China

To achieve global emission reduction targets, the production of "green hydrogen" using renewable energy sources (RES) is increasingly recognized as a promising solution. However, integrating the hydrogen production system adds complexity and raises stability concerns for off-grid solar hydrogen production. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel decentralized control scheme to enhance system stability. In this scheme, hydrogen acts as an energy buffer, enabling it to adapt to fluctuations in RES without the need for communication, thus preventing the frequent charging and discharging of the battery energy storage system (BESS). The system's impedance model is established using the small-signal linearization method to analyze the stabilization and destabilization mechanisms resulting from the interactions among photovoltaic (PV) modules, the electrolyzer, and the BESS. Additionally, MATLAB/Simulink simulations and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) real-time simulations are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The simulation results show that the stability margin of the proposed method is improved by 63.16% compared to alternative approaches. © 2024

关键词： hardware-in-the-loop simulation

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Guest Editorial: Special Issue on Design and Validation Methodologies for Power Electronics Components and Systems

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IEEE JOURNAL OF EMERGING AND SELECTED TOPICS IN POWER ELECTRONICS 2024年第6期12卷 5398-5403页

作者： Ma, Ke Liu, Jinjun Molinas, Marta Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Dept Elect Engn Shanghai 200240 Peoples R China Xi An Jiao Tong Univ Sch Elect Engn Xian 710049 Peoples R China Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol Dept Engn Cybernet N-7491 Trondheim Norway

In the emerging and fast-evolving applications such as renewables, energy storage, power grids and electrified transportation, power electronic converters are imposed with growing size and power capacity, continuously dropping price per kilowatt, more complicated control functions, and more complex working conditions. Under this background, it is essential to accurately evaluate more aspects and details of performance metrics with high confidence levels for power electronics components and systems, such as efficiency, power density, temperature distribution, insulation, stability, and reliability. This paradigm shift calls for more advanced methods for the design and validation of power electronics components/systems, by means of finite element method (FEM)/hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) simulation, multiphysics/multitimescales modeling, mission profile emulation, design automation, and artificial intelligence. On the other hand, the design targets are not only limited to power semiconductors but also for the passive components, software, test bench, and extensive parts of power electronics-related systems. This Special Issue timely serves to foster and collect new research achievements within the scope of advanced design and validation methods in the field of power electronics. We have received 93 submissions from 19 countries/regions, and after peer-reviewing, 55 of the submissions were finally accepted and included—this is one of the most popular special issues in IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics (JESTPE) for the last two years. The accepted papers can be categorized into six sections: 1) loss and thermal models; 2) monitoring and diagnosis techniques; 3) characterization and testing methods; 4) reliability estimation, validation, and manipulation; 5) mechanism and design of power electronics components; and 6) advanced design method for power electronics systems.

关键词： hardware-in-the-loop simulation

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hardware-in-the-loop simulations of a GPC-Based Controller in Different Types of Buildings Using Node-RED 20th

Hardware-In-the-Loop Simulations of a GPC-Based Controller i...

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20th Polish Control Conference, PCC 2020

作者： Bismor, Dariusz Jabloński, Karol Grychowski, Tomasz Nas, Slawomir Silesian University of Technology ul. Akademicka 2A Gliwice44-100 Poland

ISBN: (纸本)9783030509354

This paper presents the outcome of a project aiming at the development of a building simulator designed using Matlab® and Simulink® environments. The objective was to be able to test different control algorithms using the hardware-in-the-loop principle in a fast, flexible and effective way. The developed software allows one to simulate continuous dynamics of particular parameters in various time horizons, including a whole year simulation. The simulator has been used to test one of the model predictive control algorithms, implemented in the Node-RED environment and installed on the Beaglebone Black board. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

关键词： hardware-in-the-loop simulation

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Understanding a Type of Forced Oscillation in Grid-Forming and Grid-Following Inverter Connected Systems

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IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 2025年第8期40卷 11628-11640页

作者： Chen, Song Wang, Yang Tian, Zhen Xiao, Xianyong Xie, Xiaorong Gomis-Bellmunt, Oriol Sichuan University College of Electrical Engineering Chengdu610065 China Wuhan University School of Electrical Engineering and Automation Wuhan430070 China Tsinghua University State Key Laboratory of Power System Department of Electrical Engineering Beijing100084 China Technical University of Catalonia Electrical Engineering Department Barcelona08034 Spain

This article investigates a novel oscillation phenomenon in systems with grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) inverters. Unlike previous studies that primarily focus on small-signal stability, this work explores forced oscillations (FOs), where GFL inverters act as excitation sources, inducing oscillations in GFM inverters. Specifically, interharmonics generated by maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control trigger low-frequency oscillation modes in GFM inverters. To analyze this phenomenon, the article first examines the power characteristics of the interharmonics injected by MPPT and leverages this understanding to develop a P-ω admittance model for GFM and GFL inverter connected systems. This model enables precise prediction of FO amplitudes and provides insights into the influence of factors such as the number of GFM inverters on oscillation behavior. To validate findings, hardware-in-the-loop experiments are performed to verify the observed behavior in a system consisting of photovoltaic farms with GFL control and battery energy storage systems with GFM control. Finally, merits and limitations of this work are explicitly highlighted to provide a balanced perspective. © 1986-2012 IEEE.

关键词： hardware-in-the-loop simulation

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A Controller HIL Testing Approach of High Switching Frequency Power Converter via Slower-Than-Real-Time simulation

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS 2024年第8期71卷 8690-8702页

作者： Bai, Hao Huang, Gang Liu, Chen Huangfu, Yigeng Gao, Fei Northwestern Polytech Univ Xian 710072 Peoples R China Zhengzhou Univ Zhengzhou 450001 Peoples R China Univ Technol Belfort Montbeliard CNRS Inst FEMTO ST F-90000 Belfort France

The controller hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) simulation is a vital tool to test power electronics controllers in the early development stages to reduce cost and risk and save time. However, the CHIL cannot handle the high-switching-frequency power converters due to the strict computing time constraint imposed on the real-time simulation and the limitation of the digital-analog conversion rate of the I/O interface. To deal with this challenge, in this article, a CHIL testing approach based on the slower-than-real-time simulation (STRTS) is proposed for the power electronics converter with high switching frequency. The operating principles and implementation procedure of the STRTS-based CHIL are presented in detail. By comparing with the real-time simulation-based hardware-in-the-loop (HIL), STRTS-based CHIL is proved to have equivalent controller testing performances. Moreover, a 200 kHz buck converter prototype is developed and the closed-loop experimental results validate the feasibility and application values of the STRTS-based CHIL in testing the high-frequency converters.

关键词： Pulse width modulation Real-time systems Testing Switches Switching frequency Control systems Computational modeling hardware-in-the-loop simulation high switching frequency converters real-time simulation slower-than-real-time simulation

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