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Control and hardware-in-the-loop simulation of Community Energy Storage Systems Based on Repurposed Electric Vehicle Batteries

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IEEE ACCESS 2023年 11卷 146238-146249页

作者： Alharbi, Talal Restrepo, Mauricio Kazerani, Mehrdad Bhattacharya, Kankar Qassim Univ Coll Engn Dept Elect Engn Buraydah 52571 Qassim Saudi Arabia Univ Norte Dept Elect & Elect Engn Barranquilla 081007 Colombia Univ Waterloo Dept Elect & Comp Engn Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada

The increasing availability of used Electric Vehicle Batteries (EVBs), as well as the environmental concerns associated with their disposal, have led to increased interest in reusing them in grid-scale stationary energy storage systems. This paper proposes the utilization and control of repurposed EVBs in Community Energy Storage Systems (CESSs) in Low-Voltage (LV) distribution networks. A real-time Community Energy Management System (CEMS) is proposed for the control of the CESS, which uses repurposed EVBs and a power electronic interface comprised of a four-quadrant ac/dc converter and a bidirectional dc/dc converter together with the corresponding controllers. To assess the capability of the controller in providing CESS services in the form of active and reactive power control in an LV residential distribution network, four case studies are carried out using hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulations. The HIL simulations use an actual battery pack and a four-quadrants converter system. The impact of the proposed controller on the repurposed EVBs' cycling performance is evaluated using a Rainflow Counting Algorithm (RCA). The distribution transformer Loss of Life (LoL) is also estimated. The HIL simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed real-time CEMS in slowing down the degradation of the battery and LoL of the distribution transformer, while improving the LV distribution system's voltage profile.

关键词： Batteries Transformers Real-time systems Degradation hardware-in-the-loop simulation Voltage control Low voltage Distribution system renewable energy resources energy storage system community repurposed electric vehicle battery second-life batteries

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Development and Performance Evaluation of Photovoltaic (PV) Evaluation and Fault Detection System Using hardware-in-the-loop simulation for PV Applications

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MICROMACHINES 2023年第3期14卷 674-674页

作者： Le, Phuong-Truong Tsai, Huan-Liang Le, Phuong-Long Lac Hong Univ Fac Mechatron & Elect 10 Huynh Van Nghe St Bien Hoa 810000 Dong Nai Vietnam Da Yeh Univ Dept Comp Sci & Informat Engn Changhua 515006 Taiwan

This paper originally presents a photovoltaic (PV) evaluation and fault detection (PVEFD) system for PV applications based on the Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The PVEFD system consists of an STM32F103C8T6 chip with a 32-bit Arm Cortex-M3 reduced instruction set computer (RISC) and 12-bit resolution analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to measure important parameters of PV applications, such as solar irradiance as well as the back-surface cell temperature, operating voltage, and output current of PV devices. The measured data of irradiance as well as back-surface cell temperature and operating voltage of PV devices are then fed into a built-in PV model in the on-chip Arm Cortex-M3 RISC for hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation to obtain the simulated output current and power of PV devices. The resulting data are transmitted to a cloud server for remote monitoring and automatic warning function through a Raspberry PI 3 module and WiFi network. The simulation results are compared with in-field measurement data from PV modules and displayed on a human-machine interface (HMI) and an Android app. The results of the study illustrated that the proposed system features high accuracy and sufficient confidence. Furthermore, the fault detection function through the built-in HIL simulation function in PV systems was validated. Therefore, the proposed system is a small, compact, and cost-effective HIL-on-chip machine for remote surveillance of PV power systems.

关键词： photovoltaic PV evaluation and fault detection system hardware-in-the-loop simulation

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Design and experimental verification of a hardware-in-the-loop simulation platform for modularized multilevel converter

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Dianli Xitong Zidonghua/Automation of Electric Power Systems 2016年第1期40卷 122-128页

作者： Tian, Pengfei Liu, Chongru Hong, Guowei Guo, Qi Lin, Xuehua State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources North China Electric Power University Beijing102206 China Electric Power Research Institute China Southern Power Grid Guangzhou510080 China

Owing to a large number of power semiconductors in the modularized multilevel converter (MMC) and its complicated coordinated control, the physical verification for MMC faces many difficulties. To solve this problem, a hardware-in-the-loop simulation platform for high level MMC is established between the real-time digital simulator (RTDS) and the physical MMC controller. On this platform, the converter valve is simulated with the small time step of 2.5 microsecond, which is quite qualified for high precision simulation of a hundred level MMC system. By adopting multicore technology and distributing the parallel valve control between different cores, the designed controller meets the requirements of real-time control. Several steady and transient state experiments are carried out to verify the functions of the designed platform and the rationality of the designed controller. The results show that different modulation and control strategies can be implemented on the simulation platform and each control objective has good tracking accuracy and quick dynamic response. The proposed platform can be used in many fields, such as the design of main circuit for MMC-high voltage direct current (HVDC), the study and test of control strategies, the optimization of control parameters, the research on interaction between MMC-HVDC and large power grid and so on. © 2016, Automation of Electric Power Systems Press.

关键词： hardware-in-the-loop simulation

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Deep learning based neuro-PI for yaw disturbance rejection control: hardware-in-the-loop simulation using scaled armoured vehicle platform

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAVY VEHICLE SYSTEMS 2023年第4期30卷 426-453页

作者： Aparow, Vimal Rau Hudha, Khisbullah Jamaluddin, Hishamuddin Abd Kadir, Zulkiffli Univ Nottingham Malaysia Fac Sci & Engn Dept Elect & Elect Engn Automated Vehicle Engn AVES Res Grp Jalan Broga Semenyih 43500 Selangor Malaysia Univ Pertahanan Nasl Malaysia Fac Engn Kuala Lumpur 56000 Malaysia Southern Univ Coll Dept Elect & Elect Engn Fac Engn & Informat Technol PTD 64888Jalan Selatan Utama Skudai 81300 Johor Malaysia

This study is focused on improving the behaviour of the "armoured vehicle" in terms of handling responses during firing by enhancing the performance of yaw disturbance rejection control (YDRC). A YDRC is designed to overcome external disturbance using deep learning-based Neuro-PI controller to optimise the variables of the neural network. Moreover, cost-effective approaches are required to evaluate the capability of the controller to enhance the lateral dynamic response of the armoured vehicle. Thus, hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation testing has been adopted in this study to analyse the response of the YDRC. The HIL simulation testing was performed using Cronos Compact data acquisition box developed by integrated measurement and control and integrated with Matlab Simulink. The percentage of error between HIL and software-in-the-loop (SIL) simulation testing using deep learning-based based neuro PI of YDRC is less than 7% for overall simulation testing.

关键词： YDRC yaw disturbance rejection control hardware-in-the-loop simulation IMC integrated measurement and control deep learning based neuro-PI controller armoured vehicle

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hardware-in-the-loop simulation system of electrical smelting furnace for magnesia

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Zhongnan Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban)/Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology) 2011年第SUPPL. 1期42卷 192-197页

作者： Wu, Yong-Jian Wu, Zhi-Wei Yue, Heng Chai, Tian-You State Key Laboratory of Integrated Automation for Process Industry Northeastern University Shenyang 110004 China

Electrical smelting furnace for magnesia is one of the main equipments used to produce electrical smelting magnesia which is high temperature refractory. The producing process of electrical smelting furnace for magnesia is characterized with multi-variable, strong coupling and disturbance uncertainty. It is hard and dangerous to debug and test the control strategy and relevant optimal control method fully on the site in actual industrial process. In order to solve above problem, a distributed hardware-in-the-loop simulation system is therefore developed for actual industrial process via combining the production process control system with the objects of which the processes are to be controlled virtually, thus providing an industrial environment where an efficient verification is available to the specially optimized intelligent control method. With the optimization strategy of electrical smelting furnace for magnesia tested on the system, the validity of the system is verified.

关键词： hardware-in-the-loop simulation

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Sideslip angle estimation based active disturbance rejection 3D trajectory tracking control for powered parafoil system and hardware-in-the-loop simulation verification

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AEROSPACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023年第1期141卷

作者： Zheng, Yuemin Tao, Jin Sun, Qinglin Sun, Hao Chen, Zengqiang Sun, Mingwei Xie, Guangming Nankai Univ Coll Artificial Intelligence Tianjin 300350 Peoples R China Silo AI Helsinki 00100 Finland Peking Univ Coll Engn Beijing 10087 Peoples R China

The powered parafoil system is a cutting-edge flight vehicle that features a thrust mechanism with a propeller and an airdrop parafoil, providing outstanding benefits like extended flight endurance and elevated load-bearing capacity. However, the powered parafoil is a highly intricate and nonlinear system that relies on two actuators, steering gear, and thrust. Due to its underactuated and coupled characteristics, it presents significant challenges for three-dimensional (3D) trajectory tracking control. To address these issues, including the lack of convergence in lateral tracking error with existing trajectory tracking methods, this paper proposes a novel guidance system that provides both the guided yaw angle and forward velocity, where a reduced-order extended state observer (ESO) is utilized to estimate the sideslip angle. The input-to-state stable (ISS) theory proves the convergence of the guidance system. Furthermore, two linear active disturbance rejection controllers (LADRCs) are employed to decouple the horizontal and vertical control systems and facilitate tracking the horizontal trajectory and altitude. The proposed method is demonstrated through hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) trajectory tracking simulations on 3D straight lines and circular trajectories. Additionally, Monte Carlo simulations validate the robustness of the proposed control system.(c) 2023 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

关键词： Powered parafoil Three-dimensional trajectory tracking Guidance system Linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC) Sideslip angle estimation hardware-in-the-loop simulation

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Design of hardware-in-the-loop simulation system to UAV automatic landing guidance

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Xitong Fangzhen Xuebao / Journal of System simulation 2008年第24期20卷 6815-6817+6820页

作者： Wu, De-Wei Hu, Yi-Ming Telecommunication Engineering Institute Air Force Engineering University Xi'an 710077 China

The design of UAV Automatic Landing Guide system is an important issue for large UAV automatic landing. A hardware-in-the-loop simulation system to UAV automatic landing guide was designed based on decimeter wave instrument landing. The simulation system could be used to design and test the stability, reliability and performance indicators of landing guidance system, but not spend a lot of financial and material resources of the development project and could avoid the risk of the actual test flight. The hardware-in-the-loop simulation system includes ground and airborne equipment of decimeter wave instrument landing, radio altimeter simulator, laser altimeter system simulator, and digital aircraft kinetic model and flight control system simulation. The hardware-in-the-loop simulation system realized whole process simulation of UAV automatic landing guide. The simulation data may take the important reference for material system.

关键词： Automatic Landing Guidance Decimeter wave instrument landing hardware-in-the-loop simulation UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle)

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Modelling, control, and hardware-in-the-loop simulation of an automated manual transmission

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART D-JOURNAL OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING 2010年第D2期224卷 143-160页

作者： Song, X-Y Sun, Z-X Yang, X-J Zhu, G-M Univ Minnesota Dept Mech Engn Minneapolis MN 55455 USA Michigan State Univ Dept Mech Engn E Lansing MI 48824 USA

To enable a realistic automated manual transmission (AMT) system performance evaluation and rapid prototyping, this paper focuses on constructing a practical Simulink model and a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) real-time simulation. The working principle and dynamic characteristics of the AMT system are first explored. The driveline, the engine control, and the dry Clutch are modelled and analysed. In particular, a dynamic model for the hydraulic Clutch actuator that is Currently used in the actual transmissions is developed. To evaluate the performance and operation characteristics of the AMT system, the control methodology to ensure desirable performance is studied. The gearshift control logic and the proportional-integral-derivative-based clutch control are analysed and implemented. Based on the dynamic model and the controller, a Simulink model is developed and implemented into an HIL real-time simulator to enable rapid prototyping. In addition, to realize an energy-efficient and smooth Clutch engagement, the possibility Of using the dynamic programming method to generate the optimal clutch and engine torque control inputs is investigated as well. In particular, the controllability of the AMT system is Studied to determine the number of control inputs necessary for optimal control. To this end, the simulation and experiment results in the HIL environment are presented.

关键词： automated manual transmission hardware-in-the-loop simulation driveline dynamics

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Design and Implementation of a hardware-in-the-loop simulation System for a Tilt Trirotor UAV

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JOURNAL OF ADVANCED TRANSPORTATION 2020年第1期2020卷 1-17页

作者： Yu, Li He, Guang Zhao, Shulong Wang, Xiangke Shen, Lincheng Natl Univ Def Technol Coll Intelligence Sci & Technol Changsha 410073 Peoples R China

The tilt trirotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is a novel aircraft that has broad application prospects in transportation. However, the development progress of the aircraft is slow due to the complicated control system and the high cost of the flight experiment. This work attempts to overcome the problem by developing a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation system based on a heavily developed and commercially available flight simulator X-Plane. First, the tilt trirotor UAV configuration and dynamic model are presented, and the parameters are obtained by conducting identification experiments. Second, taking the configuration of the aircraft into account, a control scheme composed of the mode transition strategy, hierarchical controller, and control allocation is proposed. Third, a full-scale flight model of the prototype is designed in X-Plane, and an interface program is completed for connecting the autopilot and X-Plane. Then, the HIL simulation system that consists of the autopilot, ground control station, and X-Plane is developed. Finally, the results of the HIL simulation and flight experiments are presented and compared. The results show that the HIL simulation system can be an efficient tool for verifying the performance of the proposed control scheme for the tilt trirotor UAV. The work contributes to narrowing the gap between theory and practice and provides an alternative verification method for the tilt trirotor UAV.

关键词： hardware-in-the-loop simulation

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Development of Model-Based PEM Water Electrolysis HILS (hardware-in-the-loop simulation) System for State Evaluation and Fault Detection

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ENERGIES 2023年第8期16卷 3379页

作者： Koo, Taehyung Ko, Rockkil Ha, Dongwoo Han, Jaeyoung Korea Electrotechnol Res Inst 9 Bulmosan Ro 10Beon Gil Changwon Si 51541 Gyeongsangnam D South Korea Kongju Natl Univ Dept Future Automot Engn 1223-24 Cheonan Daero Cheonan Si 31080 Chungcheongnam South Korea

Hydrogen is attracting attention as a good energy-storage medium for renewable energy. Among hydrogen production technologies using renewable energy, water electrolysis is drawing attention as a key technology for green hydrogen production using renewable energy. In particular, polymeric electrolyte membrane water electrolysis systems have several advantages compared to other types of water electrolysis technologies, such as small size and mass, high efficiency, low operating temperature, and low power consumption. However, until now, proton-exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis systems have not been reliable. In this study, system failure diagnosis techniques were presented among the various methods for improving reliability. We developed PEM water electrolysis stack models and system models to predict the performance of the system and analyze the dynamic properties using MATLAB/Simulink (R) 2018a, which have been validated under various conditions. The developed dynamic characteristic simulation model applies hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HILS) technology to configure experimental devices to interact in real-time. The developed PEMWE HILS system accepts signals that control the system, operates the experimental setup and simulation model in real-time, and diagnoses the system's failure based on the results.

关键词： PEMWE system simulation dynamic response hardware-in-the-loop simulation real time hydrogen modeling

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