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Model-based estimation of state of charge and state of power of a lithium ion battery pack and their effects on energy management in hybrid electric vehicles

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DYNAMICS AND CONTROL 2024年第6期12卷 2033-2049页

作者： Mitra, Desham Ghosh, Susenjit Mukhopadhyay, Siddhartha Indian Inst Technol Dept Elect Engn Kharagpur India

This paper presents the effect of modeling uncertainty of a lithium ion battery pack on the accuracies of state of charge (SOC) and state of power (SOP) estimates. The battery pack SOC is derived from the SOCs of all parallel cell modules in the pack, which is computed using a sequential estimation process. SOC and SOP estimates are essential for optimizing the energy management of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). Two model types, an average model (AM) and a hysteresis model (HM), are considered here. The HM captures the hysteresis phenomenon, prominently observed in lithium ferro-phosphate cells commonly used in HEVs. This paper first demonstrates the accuracies of SOC and SOP estimates for AM and HM for laboratory experimental data. The feasibility of on-board implementation of the scheme is demonstrated through a closed-loop vehicle-level hardware-in-the-loop simulation. It is shown that estimates obtained using the HM result in an improved overall energy economy, as well as improved operational limits for batteries, and the underlying reasons, are revealed from the improved choice of operating points enabled by the improved estimates.

关键词： Battery management systems Sequential SOC estimation Energy optimization hardware-in-the-loop simulation Hybrid electric vehicles State of charge

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Cyber-Resilience Enhancement With Cross-Domain Software-Defined Network for Cyber-Physical Microgrids Against Denial of Service Attacks

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems

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IEEE Transactions on Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 2025年 3卷 273-284页

作者： Dai, Jiahong Dai, Zhongmin Thing, Vrizlynn L. L. ST Engineering 567710 Singapore

In Cyber-Physical Systems, maintaining cyber-resilience is critical due to the prevailing asymmetry that benefits attackers, especially concerning Denial of Service attacks that target system availability. In response, this paper introduces a cross-domain approach, utilizing Software-Defined Networking to adapt communication topology and control gain scheduling, thereby enhancing cyber-resilience against attacks. A cyber-resilience validation platform is developed, integrating hardware-in-the-loop with domain-specific simulation tools, to ensure accurate replication of real-world cyber-physical scenarios. An integral aspect of this framework is the real-time exploitation of metrics for agile responses to attacks. Validating our approach with an IEEE 34-bus test feeder for the physical domain and Cisco Modeling Lab for the cyber domain shows a 43% to 66% reduction in average latency compared to scenarios without our proposal during attacks, alongside enhanced rewards in both communication and physical networks. These findings accentuate the efficacy of the proposed cross-domain SDN approach in enhancing the cyber-resilience. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： hardware-in-the-loop simulation

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Design of Projection Optical System for Target Imaging Simulator with Long Exit Pupil Distance

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CURRENT OPTICS AND PHOTONICS 2023年第6期7卷 745-754页

作者： Cao, Xueyuan Wang, Lingyun Li, Guangxi Zheng, Ru Changchun Univ Sci & Technol Dept Optoelect Engn Changchun 130022 Peoples R China

In order to test the recognition ability and accuracy of a target imaging simulator under the irradiation of solar stray light in a laboratory environment, it needs to be fixed on a five-axis turntable during a hardware-in-the-loop simulation test, so the optical system of the simulator should have a long exit pupil distance. This article adopts a secondary imaging method to design a projection optical system suitable for thin-film-transistor liquid crystal displays. The exit pupil distance of the entire optical system is 1,000 mm, and the final optimization results in the 400 nm-850 nm band show that the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the optical system is greater than 0.8 at the cutoff frequency of 72 lp/mm, and the distortion of each field of view of the system is less than 0.04%. Combined with the design results of the optical system, TracePro software was used to model the optical system, and the simulation of the target imaging simulator at the magnitude of -1 to +6 Mv was analyzed and verified. The magnitude error is less than 0.2 Mv, and the irradiance uniformity of the exit pupil surface is greater than 90%, which meets the requirements of the target imaging simulator.

关键词： hardware-in-the-loop simulation Long exit pupil distance Projection optical system Secondary imaging Target imaging simulator

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IEC 61850-Based Protection Scheme for Multiple Feeder Faults and hardware-in-the-loop Platform for Interoperability Testing

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IEEE ACCESS 2023年 11卷 65181-65196页

作者： Penthong, Thanakorn Ginocchi, Mirko Ahmadifar, Amir Ponci, Ferdinanda Monti, Antonello Rhein Westfal TH Aachen Inst Automat Complex Power Syst D-52074 Aachen Germany Fraunhofer Inst Angew Informationstechn FIT D-52062 Aachen Germany

The existing Overcurrent Protection Function (OCPF) of distribution systems can be coordinated for all fault current values involving single feeders. However, it is vulnerable to Multiple Feeder Faults (MFF), which involve at least two feeders simultaneously, leading to the incoming feeder relay trip faster than the faulted feeder relays. In this case, all feeders connected to the power transformer are de-energized, even the healthy ones, directly impacting the network reliability, service quality and availability of the electricity utilities and ultimately leading to outage costs for the customers. In light of this, an IEC 61850-based OCPF scheme with the directional element is proposed to support existing OCPF to deal with MFF and encompass the integration of distributed generation, and can be directly implemented in the digital substations without requiring further equipment installation. Moreover, a hardware-in-the-loop platform is developed for testing the interoperability of the proposed scheme with multi-vendor protection relays, which can also assist electricity utilities in the validation of their protection and control schemes based on their requirements before the field implementation. Test cases are specifically elaborated to study the interoperability of the proposed scheme with three real devices-whose configuration details are also provided to aid protection engineers-in a real distribution system under different conditions such as switching operations, MFF types, resistance, location, and integration of distributed generation. The results show that the proposed scheme manages to enhance the selectivity and reliability of the digital substation protection system, hence representing a valuable complement to existing OCPF schemes.

关键词： Relays Substations hardware-in-the-loop simulation Circuit faults Interoperability Real-time systems Circuit breakers hardware-in-the-loop IEC 61850 INDEX TERMS interoperability testing multiple feeder faults overcurrent protection function real-time digital simulator

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Fault-tolerant modular multilevel converter for a seamless transition between stand-alone and grid-connected microgrid

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IET POWER ELECTRONICS 2023年第1期16卷 11-25页

作者： Mahmoud, Alaa A. Hafez, Ahmed A. Yousef, Ali M. Gaafar, Mahmoud A. Orabi, Mohamed Ali, Alaa F. M. Sohag Univ Fac Technol & Educ Dept Elect Sohag Egypt Assiut Univ Dept Elect Engn Fac Engn Assiut Egypt Aswan Univ APEARC Fac Engn Aswan Egypt

Recently, renewable distributed generation (DG) systems have emerged to improve the power system security and reliability while reducing the environmental incompatibility of fossil fuel power plants. DG could operate either as a standalone and/or as a grid-connected power system. The interfacing circuits of DG and their controls have to comply with utility quality regulations and afford a seamless transition from online to offline and vice versa. This article advises a simple and robust control scheme for a modular multilevel converter (MMC) that interfaces with a photovoltaic (PV) generator. The proposed control method ensures high-quality output voltage/current waveform in online and/or offline operating modes. Moreover, the proposed control provides a seamless and swift transition from standalone to grid-connected and vice versa. The exhibited control scheme is simulated with MATLAB/Simulink. Real-time simulator OPAL-RT OP4510 is used to verify the displayed simulation results. The simulation results determine the accomplishment of the proposed control technique for a seamless transition from the grid-connected mode to the standalone mode and vice versa via MMC.

关键词： Real-time simulator OPAL-RT OP4510 interfacing circuits Solar power stations and photovoltaic power systems offline operating modes fault-tolerant modular multilevel converter grid-connected power system control method grid-connected microgrid DC-AC power convertors (invertors) grid-connected mode standalone mode Power convertors and power supplies to apparatus reliability generation systems seamless transition voltage-source convertors DG swift transition Voltage control environmental incompatibility exhibited control scheme hardware-in-the-loop simulation distributed power generation Power system control power generation control Control of electric power systems displayed simulation results power grids Power electronics, supply and supervisory circuits utility quality regulations Power engineering computing fossil fuel power plants power engineering computing photovoltaic power systems robust control Distributed power generation Stability in control theory photovoltaic generator power system security robust control scheme control technique

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EV Smart Charging in Distribution Grids-Experimental Evaluation Using hardware in the loop Setup

IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF THE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS SOCIETY

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IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF THE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS SOCIETY 2024年 5卷 13-27页

作者： Yu, Yunhe De Herdt, Lode Shekhar, Aditya Mouli, Gautham Ram Chandra Bauer, Pavol Delft Univ Technol Dept Elect Sustainable Energy DCE&S Grp NL-2628 CD Delft Netherlands

The rising demand for electric vehicles (EVs) in the face of limited grid capacity encourages the development and implementation of smart charging (SC) algorithms. Experimental validation plays a pivotal role in advancing this field. This article formulates a hierarchical mixed integer programming EV SC algorithm designed for low voltage (LV) distribution grid applications. A flexible receding horizon scheme is introduced in response to system uncertainties. It also considers the practical constraints in protocols, such as IEC/ISO 15118 and IEC 61851-1. The proposed algorithm is verified and assessed in a power hardware-in-the-loop testbed that incorporates models of real LV distribution grids. Furthermore, the algorithm's capabilities are examined through eight scenarios, out of which four focus on the uncertainties of the input data and two address the engagement of extra grid capacity restrictions. The results demonstrate that the SC algorithm adequately lowers the EV charging cost while fulfilling the charging demand, and substantially reduces the peak power as well as the overloading duration, even when faced with input data uncertainty. The additional grid restrictions in place are proven to improve peak demand reduction and overloading mitigation further. Finally, the limitations and potentials of the developed algorithm are scrutinized.

关键词： Smart charging Optimization Costs hardware-in-the-loop simulation Real-time systems Software algorithms Protocols Distribution grid electric vehicle (EV) hardware-in-the-loop smart charging

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Guest Editorial: Advanced hardware-in-the-loop Methodologies for Breakthrough Validation and Testing of Next Generation Power Systems

IEEE JOURNAL OF EMERGING AND SELECTED TOPICS IN INDUSTRIAL E...

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IEEE JOURNAL OF EMERGING AND SELECTED TOPICS IN INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS 2025年第2期6卷 464-467页

作者： Syed, Mazheruddin Paspatis, Alexandros Strasser, Thomas I. Kazerooni, Ali Energy Advisory WSP UK Glasgow G1 3BX Scotland Manchester Metropolitan Univ Dept Engn Manchester M1 5GD England AIT Austrian Inst Technol Ctr Energy Power & Renewable Gas Syst A-1210 Vienna Austria SP Energy Networks Future Networks DNO Support Glasgow G32 8FA Scotland

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Controller hardware-in-The-loop Testing of a Multitimescale Control Architecture for Multienergy Systems

IEEE JOURNAL OF EMERGING AND SELECTED TOPICS IN INDUSTRIAL E...

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IEEE JOURNAL OF EMERGING AND SELECTED TOPICS IN INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS 2025年第2期6卷 499-510页

作者： Liu, Diran De Din, Edoardo Carta, Daniele Benigni, Andrea Forschugszentrum Julich ICE Energy Syst Engn 1 D-52428 Julich Germany Rhein Westfal TH Aachen D-52056 Aachen Germany JARA Energy D-52425 Julich Germany

To support the transition to a more sustainable energy supply, interest in multienergy systems (MESs) is increasing due to their ability to enhance overall system flexibility and reliability. Within this framework, control approaches play a key role, as they must address the challenges associated with the different dynamics of various energy domains and the balance between loads and the availability of energy resources. Controller hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) allows for the safe testing of control applications for MESs but it is inevitably challenged by the complexity of those systems. This article presents the CHIL setup designed for MESs. The peculiarities of the setup are described, and its capabilities are evaluated considering a multitimescale control architecture.

关键词： Co-simulation hardware-in-the-loop simulation multienergy system voltage control Co-simulation hardware-in-the-loop simulation multienergy system voltage control

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A novel design of single-phase microgrid based on non-interference core synchronous inverters for power system stabilization

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IET GENERATION TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION 2023年第12期17卷 2861-2875页

作者： Yorino, Naoto Sekizaki, Shinya Adachi, Kota Sasaki, Yutaka Zoka, Yoshifumi Bedawy, Ahmed Shimizu, Toshihisa Amimoto, Kazuya Hiroshima Univ Grad Sch Adv Sci & Engn Higashihiroshima 7398527 Japan Tokyo Metropolitan Univ Grad Sch Syst Design Tokyo Japan

This paper summarizes our recent work on Grid-Forming Inverter (GFM) application to power systems. We have developed a novel design of GFM, a single-phase synchronous inverter (SSI) for the conventional 100/200V distribution network based on the concept of "non-interference core (NIC) dynamic model." This paper first explains the design concept of NIC-SSI and a simulation model of SSI for power system analysis. Then the stabilization effect is investigated, where the installation of SSI on the single-phase consumer side is assumed as a new concept. The improvement of frequency and transient stability are evaluated. The SSI model is verified by comparing the developed root mean square (RMS) simulation, hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation, and the experiment using SSI hardware. The simulation results show that the SSI has the considerable ability of grid stabilization. Singlephase micro-grid (SMG) operations using SSIs are also presented. The effectiveness of SMG operations is shown based on laboratory experiments.

关键词： SSI model grid-forming inverter application invertors NIC-SSI DC-AC power convertors (invertors) design concept simulation model SSI hardware Control engineering computing power system stability single-phase microgrid operations grid stabilization single-phase consumer side single-phase synchronous inverter noninterference core synchronous inverters hardware-in-the-loop simulation distributed power generation Power system control power generation control transient stability power system analysis Control of electric power systems power grids Power electronics, supply and supervisory circuits power system stabilization Power engineering computing noninterference core dynamic model power engineering computing power systems Distributed power generation stabilization effect

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Faster-Than-Real-Time hardware Emulation of Transients and Dynamics of a Grid of Microgrids

IEEE OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL OF POWER AND ENERGY

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IEEE OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL OF POWER AND ENERGY 2023年 10卷 36-47页

作者： Cao, Shiqi Lin, Ning Dinavahi, Venkata Univ Alberta Dept Elect & Comp Engn Edmonton T6G 2V4 AB Canada

Enhanced environmental standards are leading to an increasing proportion of microgrids (MGs) being integrated with renewable energy resources in modern power systems, which brings new challenges to simulate such a complex system. In this work, comprehensive modeling of a grid of microgrids for faster-than-real-time (FTRT) emulation is proposed, which can be utilized in the energy control center for contingencies analysis and dynamic security assessment. Electromagnetic transient (EMT) modeling is applied to the microgrid in order to reflect the detailed device processes of the converter and renewable energy sources, while the AC grid utilizes the transient stability modeling to reduce the computational burden and obtain a high acceleration value over real-time execution. Consequently, a dynamic power injection interface is proposed for the coexistence of the two simulation types. The reconfigurability and parallelism of the field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) enable the whole system to be executed in FTRT mode with 51 times acceleration over real-time. Meanwhile, three case studies are emulated and the results are validated by the off-line simulation tool Matlab/Simulink (R).

关键词： Real-time systems Microgrids Computational modeling hardware Emulation Field programmable gate arrays Power system stability Battery energy storage system doubly fed induction generator dynamic simulation electromagnetic transients faster-than-real-time field programmable gate arrays hardware emulation hardware-in-the-loop simulation microgrids parallel processing photovoltaic array predictive control real-time systems transient stability simulation wind turbine

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