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IEEE JOURNAL OF EMERGING AND SELECTED TOPICS IN INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS 2025年第2期6卷 499-510页

作者： Liu, Diran De Din, Edoardo Carta, Daniele Benigni, Andrea Forschugszentrum Julich ICE Energy Syst Engn 1 D-52428 Julich Germany Rhein Westfal TH Aachen D-52056 Aachen Germany JARA Energy D-52425 Julich Germany

To support the transition to a more sustainable energy supply, interest in multienergy systems (MESs) is increasing due to their ability to enhance overall system flexibility and reliability. Within this framework, control approaches play a key role, as they must address the challenges associated with the different dynamics of various energy domains and the balance between loads and the availability of energy resources. Controller hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) allows for the safe testing of control applications for MESs but it is inevitably challenged by the complexity of those systems. This article presents the CHIL setup designed for MESs. The peculiarities of the setup are described, and its capabilities are evaluated considering a multitimescale control architecture.

关键词： Co-simulation hardware-in-the-loop simulation multienergy system voltage control Co-simulation hardware-in-the-loop simulation multienergy system voltage control

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A novel design of single-phase microgrid based on non-interference core synchronous inverters for power system stabilization

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IET GENERATION TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION 2023年第12期17卷 2861-2875页

作者： Yorino, Naoto Sekizaki, Shinya Adachi, Kota Sasaki, Yutaka Zoka, Yoshifumi Bedawy, Ahmed Shimizu, Toshihisa Amimoto, Kazuya Hiroshima Univ Grad Sch Adv Sci & Engn Higashihiroshima 7398527 Japan Tokyo Metropolitan Univ Grad Sch Syst Design Tokyo Japan

This paper summarizes our recent work on Grid-Forming Inverter (GFM) application to power systems. We have developed a novel design of GFM, a single-phase synchronous inverter (SSI) for the conventional 100/200V distribution network based on the concept of "non-interference core (NIC) dynamic model." This paper first explains the design concept of NIC-SSI and a simulation model of SSI for power system analysis. Then the stabilization effect is investigated, where the installation of SSI on the single-phase consumer side is assumed as a new concept. The improvement of frequency and transient stability are evaluated. The SSI model is verified by comparing the developed root mean square (RMS) simulation, hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation, and the experiment using SSI hardware. The simulation results show that the SSI has the considerable ability of grid stabilization. Singlephase micro-grid (SMG) operations using SSIs are also presented. The effectiveness of SMG operations is shown based on laboratory experiments.

关键词： SSI model grid-forming inverter application invertors NIC-SSI DC-AC power convertors (invertors) design concept simulation model SSI hardware Control engineering computing power system stability single-phase microgrid operations grid stabilization single-phase consumer side single-phase synchronous inverter noninterference core synchronous inverters hardware-in-the-loop simulation distributed power generation Power system control power generation control transient stability power system analysis Control of electric power systems power grids Power electronics, supply and supervisory circuits power system stabilization Power engineering computing noninterference core dynamic model power engineering computing power systems Distributed power generation stabilization effect

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Faster-Than-Real-Time hardware Emulation of Transients and Dynamics of a Grid of Microgrids

IEEE OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL OF POWER AND ENERGY

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IEEE OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL OF POWER AND ENERGY 2023年 10卷 36-47页

作者： Cao, Shiqi Lin, Ning Dinavahi, Venkata Univ Alberta Dept Elect & Comp Engn Edmonton T6G 2V4 AB Canada

Enhanced environmental standards are leading to an increasing proportion of microgrids (MGs) being integrated with renewable energy resources in modern power systems, which brings new challenges to simulate such a complex system. In this work, comprehensive modeling of a grid of microgrids for faster-than-real-time (FTRT) emulation is proposed, which can be utilized in the energy control center for contingencies analysis and dynamic security assessment. Electromagnetic transient (EMT) modeling is applied to the microgrid in order to reflect the detailed device processes of the converter and renewable energy sources, while the AC grid utilizes the transient stability modeling to reduce the computational burden and obtain a high acceleration value over real-time execution. Consequently, a dynamic power injection interface is proposed for the coexistence of the two simulation types. The reconfigurability and parallelism of the field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) enable the whole system to be executed in FTRT mode with 51 times acceleration over real-time. Meanwhile, three case studies are emulated and the results are validated by the off-line simulation tool Matlab/Simulink (R).

关键词： Real-time systems Microgrids Computational modeling hardware Emulation Field programmable gate arrays Power system stability Battery energy storage system doubly fed induction generator dynamic simulation electromagnetic transients faster-than-real-time field programmable gate arrays hardware emulation hardware-in-the-loop simulation microgrids parallel processing photovoltaic array predictive control real-time systems transient stability simulation wind turbine

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Methods for Virtual Validation of Automotive Powertrain Systems in Terms of Vehicle Drivability-A Systematic Literature Review

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IEEE ACCESS 2023年 11卷 27043-27065页

作者： Schmidt, Henrik Buettner, Kay Prokop, Guenther Tech Univ Dresden Chair Automobile Engn D-01069 Dresden Germany

For the last two decades, an extensive transition in automotive X-in-the-loop activities from isolated electronic control units to real-time related, geographically distributed validation tasks has occurred. Benefits are strengthening frontloading, enabling concurrent engineering and reducing prototypes and testing efforts. As a downside, comprehensive system understanding and adequate simulation models must be provided. New technological trends like software-over-the-air-updates denote a continuous validation process even after the start of production. The present review focuses on the virtual validation of vehicle longitudinal dynamics. This exemplary field of application receives more and more attention as electrification of the vehicle powertrain accelerates, and this property directly influences the vehicle DNA. A systematic review process based on the PRISMA workflow has been conducted, focusing on drivability-related powertrain applications. The investigation reveals the following trends: First, increasing complexity of virtualisation methods and models for validation activities influenced by vehicle-to-everything and geographically distributed development. Second, missing standards for virtual validation and proof of representativeness for combined real-virtual testing. In addition, many studies only contemplate the advantages of hardware-in-the-loop-driven development, disregarding crucial limitations and risks for such approaches. In conclusion, there is no longer the question of whether to validate virtually but how to comprehensible realise virtual validation.

关键词： Mechanical power transmission hardware-in-the-loop simulation Virtual reality Autonomous vehicles Vehicle dynamics Technological innovation Frontloading hardware-in-the-loop vehicle longitudinal dynamics vehicle powertrain virtual validation X-in-the-loop

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MILS and HILS Analysis of Power Management System for UAVs

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IEEE ACCESS 2023年 11卷 79240-79255页

作者： Jung, Sunghun Kim, Young-Joon Chosun Univ Coll Engn Dept Smart Mobile Convergence Syst Gwangju 61452 South Korea Gachon Univ Coll IT Convergence Dept Elect Engn Seongnam 13120 South Korea

This study developed four different power management system (PMS) prototypes based on the most popular mission computers used for offboard mission operation by the PX4 (open-source UAV flight controller software platform) user community for a photovoltaic (PV)-powered unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The four PMS prototypes were compared in terms of operational performance through an analysis of data obtained from a model-in-the-loop simulation and hardware-in-the-loop simulation using charging and discharging current patterns, saved from an outdoor PV panel power generation and multirotor UAV flight tests, respectively, under varying environmental temperature. Two types of simulations were performed, depending upon the additional placement of a supercapacitor in parallel with a Li-ion battery pack, to verify the effectiveness of the Li-ion battery pack life extension through high current shock mitigation. simulation results demonstrated that the application of a supercapacitor in parallel with a Li-ion battery pack resulted in poor performance indicated by in-flow current fluctuation deviation measurements during the end of the constant current and constant voltage charging process. Moreover, this behavior was confirmed to be mainly because of the inherent high C-rate performance capability of the Li-ion battery pack compared to the supercapacitor. Among the four PMS candidates, under 25 degrees C without supercapacitor, Jetson TX2 was found to exhibit the best functionality in terms of power management (0.41 W of power fluctuation deviation), whereas AMega yielded the best functionality in terms of energy management (1165.4 s of flight time).

关键词： Energy management hardware-in-the-loop simulation model-in-the-loop simulation power management system unmanned aerial vehicle

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Grid forming inverter and its applications to support system strength-A case study

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IET GENERATION TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION 2023年第2期17卷 391-398页

作者： Zhou, Yi Zhang, Rui Kathriarachchi, Dinesh Dennis, Jonathan Goyal, Sachin Powerlink Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia Siemens Ltd Beijing Peoples R China

With the increasing penetration level of renewable generation, a shortage of system strength becomes a concern for the stable operation of the power system. Most commonly, Inverter Based Resources (IBR) plants are operated with grid following inverters (GFLI). However, a grid forming inverter (GFMI), which work as a voltage source and does not require direct reference and system strength from the grid, is now receiving increased attention. Here, hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing of a GFMI and its capability to actively damp sub-synchronous oscillations and to provide synthetic inertia has been discussed. The improvement to system strength and transient stability have been presented using modelling of the transmission network in the Queensland (Australia). The study shows that with proper tuning and coordination with other generation in the area, the GFMI BESS will not only provide system strength to the grid, but also solve other stability issues.

关键词： power system Power system management, operation and economics renewable energy sources system strength-A case study invertors Inverter Based Resources plants Other power stations and plants DC-AC power convertors (invertors) power system stability damping hardware-in-the-loop simulation distributed power generation increasing penetration level power system simulation grid forming inverter Power system control power generation control Control of electric power systems power grids battery storage plants Power electronics, supply and supervisory circuits Power engineering computing Distributed power generation

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Grid-Forming Services From Hydrogen Electrolyzers

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY 2023年第4期14卷 2205-2219页

作者： Tavakoli, Saman Dadjo Dozein, Mehdi Ghazavi Lacerda, Vinicius A. Mane, Marc Cheah Prieto-Araujo, Eduardo Mancarella, Pierluigi Gomis-Bellmunt, Oriol Univ Politecn Cataluna Ctr Innovacio Tecnol Convertidors Estat Accionamen Dept Engn Electr Barcelona 08028 Spain Univ Melbourne Sch Elect & Elect Engn Melbourne Vic 3010 Australia Univ Manchester Manchester M13 9PL England

Hydrogen electrloyzers are power-to-gas storage devices that can facilitate large-scale integration of intermittent renewable sources into the future power systems. Due to their fast response and capability to operate in different loading conditions, they can be used as responsive loads providing support to AC grid during transients. This paper suggests taking one step further and using hydrogen electrolyzers to provide grid-forming services to the grid. As a result, the electrolyzer's role is elevated from supporting the grid (responsive load) to actively participating in forming voltage and frequency of the grid. The grid-forming capability of electrolyzer is linked to its hydrogen production constraints, which can potentially pose limitations on the grid-forming services. Besides the grid-forming mode, two additional operating modes, i.e., DC voltage mode and constant power mode, are proposed to ensure a safe operation of the electrolyzer in case of adversary interaction between grid-forming operation and hydrogen production constraints. This paper also studies the impacts of grid-forming services on the electrolyzer's physical features such as hydrogen stack temperature and efficiency. Comprehensive simulations are conducted on a low-inertia test network whose topology is inspired by a portion of the transmission grid in South Australia to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed concept under various operational conditions of the electrolyzer and upstream AC grid. Moreover, the practical feasibility of the proposed control system is experimentally validated by conducting hardware-in-the-loop tests.

关键词： Hydrogen Green hydrogen Electrochemical devices Voltage control Power demand Renewable energy sources hardware-in-the-loop simulation Hydrogen electrolyzer storage responsive load grid-forming load

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Direct Arm Energy Control of the Modular Multilevel Matrix Converter

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IEEE ACCESS 2023年 11卷 1793-1805页

作者： Utvic, Milan Bontemps, Philippe Dujic, Drazen Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne EPFL Power Elect Lab CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland

Modular multilevel matrix converter is a type of converter used in medium-voltage ac-ac power conversion. Controlling the energy content of the converter arms is a prerequisite for a proper converter operation, and at the same time a challenging control task. So far, there are several approaches presented in the literature that successfully deal with the challenge. However, almost all of them fail when it comes to the simplicity of implementation, and ease of understanding by control engineers and researchers entering the field. This paper extends the direct arm energy control concept, already introduced for the class of modular multilevel converters, to the modular multilevel matrix converter. Presented control approach is characterized by an intuitive and simple implementation, ability to control the arm energies to arbitrary values, and stable operation under all operating conditions, including grid imbalances. Validity of the control concept was demonstrated using an in-house-developed hardware-in-the-loop simulator of the modular multilevel matrix converter, with control algorithms being deployed to the industrial-grade controller.

关键词： Voltage control Matrix converters Frequency control Standards Multilevel converters Capacitors Task analysis AC-to-AC converters Energy management hardware-in-the-loop simulation Modular multilevel converter modular multilevel matrix converter energy control hardware-in-the-loop ac-ac power conversion

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hardware-in-the-loop with SysML and Cameo Systems Modeler

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INCOSE International Symposium 2024年第1期34卷 1807-1819页

作者： Helle, Philipp Schramm, Gerrit Airbus Central R&T Hamburg Germany

This paper describes an approach for hardware-in-the-loop simulations with SysML models in the Cameo Systems Modeler tool. It is based on a plugin called MQTT simulation Connector that enables bidirectional communication between the tool and hardware components using the MQTT protocol. The paper presents the applicable requirements and constraints that were considered, describes the MQTT simulation Connector in detail and shows an example of its use in the form of a Smart Home demonstrator. Copyright © 2024 by Airbus. Permission granted to INCOSE to publish and use.

关键词： hardware-in-the-loop simulation

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Impact and Vulnerability Analysis of IEC61850 in Smartgrids Using Multiple HIL Real-Time Testbeds

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IEEE ACCESS 2022年 10卷 103275-103285页

作者： Hemmati, Marziyeh Palahalli, M. Harshavardhan Gajani, Giancarlo Storti Gruosso, Giambattista Politecn Milan Dipartimento Elettron Informaz & Bioingn I-20133 Milan Italy

Due to the increasing use of smart components in smart grids, interoperability among them is a crucial aspect to address. IEC61850 is a communication standard that has been already used in substations because of its instant data transfer and the ability to enable data exchange between a variety of smart energy-related digital technologies. This article studies the application of the communication protocols defined by the IEC61850 standard in Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) by using a prototype testbed architecture running on a real-time digital device. The goal of this activity is to recreate a given substation using built-in IEC61850 protocols instead of conventional co-simulations and to study the performance and cyber vulnerabilities of this more realistic architecture. This testbed includes the supervisor, the substation bus, and the process bus communication layer creating a local network exchanging data at distinct levels. Different fault protection scenarios are discussed using both physical and emulated IEDs, and the communication protocols implemented in each scenario are explained showing that additional delays are introduced. In the first two scenarios, the operation of the testbed using physical versus emulated IEDs is analyzed and compared, ensuring the robustness of this methodology in situations where the use of a physical IED would be unfeasible. In these scenarios, the functionality and robustness of the protection mechanisms and communication protocols are confirmed. In the third scenario vulnerability of smart grids that use IEC61850 as their primary communication protocol to data injection attacks is studied. Sniffing the local network, packets are captured and monitored. Spoofed data with the same structure are injected into the network to conduct false data injection attacks on the supervisory unit. Vulnerability to cyber attacks of the IEC61850 protocol in specific situations is shown.

关键词： Protocols Substations Real-time systems Microgrids Circuit breakers hardware-in-the-loop simulation Smart grids Computer security Smart grids Cybersecurity digital twins GOOSE hardware-in-the-loop IEC61850 smartgrids

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