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hardware-in-the-loop testing for low-inertia grids

ELEKTROTECHNIK UND INFORMATIONSTECHNIK 2025年第1期142卷 14-29页

作者： Goeke, Felix Hohmann, Julian Palaniappan, Rajkumar Rehtanz, Christian TU Dortmund Inst Energy Syst Energy Efficiency & Energy Econ Martin Schmeisser Weg 12 D-44227 Dortmund Germany

Extensive testing of various control algorithms using comprehensive testing frameworks enables us to assess their effectiveness in managing system dynamics and maintaining grid stability. In order to validate the algorithms in the real world, testing of the developed applications in an empirical laboratory environment is essential and the testing parameters in the laboratory have to closely resemble real-world conditions. The fundamental aspect of such testing is to monitor and analyze the dynamics and interaction between the various components in synchronous mode, thereby assessing the system's ability to operate the grid without violations. The experimental test setup and script-based testing explained in this paper helps to develop innovative control algorithms, with a key focus on medium voltage and low voltage grids with low rotating masses. The test platform makes extended use of a Typhoon Real-Time Simulator (RTS). Firstly, it is used for the simulation of the distributed energy resources and the overlying distribution grid as well as the implementation of control algorithms. Secondly, the RTS acts as a control and SCADA system for the whole testing platform. While the physical components provide measurements in regular intervals, the control algorithms and the energy management system are implemented directly in the Typhoon platform. The data acquisition is performed either via programmable logic controllers for the nodal measurements or through faster measurements such as current transformers. This ensures that the developed algorithms are empirically tested and optimized in close to real-world conditions. The control algorithms provide the set points for the individual components, and the results show the advantages of script-based testing in HIL testing to ensure deterministic and reliable operation of innovative grid components. Im Bereich moderner Energiesysteme mit fortschrittlichen Netzsteuerungs- und Managementstrategien wird der Bedarf an umfassende

关键词： hardware-in-the-loop testing System-level testing Grid-forming inverters Real-time simulation hardware-in-the-loop Netzbildende Umrichter Echtzeitsimulation Systemtests

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hardware-in-the-loop testing of Direct Transfer Trip for Network Protector Units in the Presence of Distributed Energy Resources 56

Hardware-in-the-loop Testing of Direct Transfer Trip for Net...

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56th North American Power Symposium

作者： Joshi, Milan Snow, Mckayla Bidram, Ali Reno, Matthew J. Ropp, Michael Azzolini, Joseph A. Univ New Mexico Elect & Comp Engn Albuquerque NM 87131 USA Sandia Natl Labs Elect Power Syst Res Albuquerque NM USA

ISBN: (纸本)9798331521042;9798331521035

This paper proposes a direct transfer trip (DTT) scheme for the protection of low voltage (LV) secondary spot networks. The conventional protection on secondary networks is based on network protector units (NPU). NPUs play a critical role in the effective isolation of faults by disconnecting the secondary side of service transformers and avoiding the flow of fault currents through alternative paths in LV spot networks. The proposed approach improves the performance of conventional NPU logic and addresses two major challenges. It is shown that the proposed approach can effectively isolate ground faults on the primary system for which the conventional NPUs can fail to detect when the service transformer has a Delta winding on the high voltage side. Moreover, the proposed approach can allow for the reverse power flow caused by the Distributed Energy Resources located in the secondary LV networks. The performance of the proposed approach is validated using a hardware-in-the-loop testbed that runs a LV spot network in Opal-RT real-time digital simulator.

关键词： Direct Transfer Trip hardware-in-the-loop testing Network Protector Units Secondary Networks

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hardware-in-the-loop testing of an Intelligent Electronic Device for Innovative UFLS Protection

Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing of an Intelligent Electronic De...

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14th IEEE Madrid PowerTech Conference (IEEE POWERTECH)

作者： Ilievska, R. Mihalic, R. Kushnikov, E. Zakonjsek, J. Rudez, U. Univ Ljubljana Fac Elect Engn Trzaska 25 Ljubljana 1000 Slovenia Relematika Ltd Prospekt Yakovleva 1 Cheboksary 428020 Russia Relarte Ltd Ulica Pod Gozdom 11 Bohinjska Bistrica 4264 Slovenia

ISBN: (纸本)9781665435970

In recent years, electric power systems are subject to drastic changes. This affects the frequency stability due to the decreasing trend of the system inertia. To ensure stable system operation in the future, it is of great importance to make existing/conventional under-frequency load shedding protection schemes more adaptable and situation-aware under various volatile conditions. This paper presents the results of hardware-in-the-loop testing of an intelligent electronic device equipped with innovative load shedding algorithm. The results obtained from applying real-time digital simulations demonstrate that the innovation is robust, efficient and offers a very useful way of utilizing rate-of-change-of-frequency for under-frequency load shedding purposes.

关键词： hardware-in-the-loop testing real-time simulation under-frequency load shedding protection rate-of-change of frequency intelligent electronic device

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Fuzzy-Set Theoretic Control Design for Aircraft Engine hardware-in-the-loop testing: Mismatched Uncertainty and Optimality

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS 2022年第7期69卷 7223-7233页

作者： Pan, Muxuan Xu, Yun Gu, Binbin Huang, Jinquan Chen, Ye-Hwa Nanjing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut Coll Energy & Power Engn Nanjing 210016 Peoples R China Aero Engine Control Syst Inst Wuxi 214062 Jiangsu Peoples R China Georgia Inst Technol George W Woodruff Sch Mech Engn Atlanta GA 30332 USA

A novel robust control design is proposed for aircraft engines. The engine is modeled as an uncertain dynamic system, whose uncertainty may be (possibly fast) time-varying. The possible value of the uncertainty is prescribed to be within fuzzy sets. This distinguishes our modeling from the Takagi-Sugeno inference system. The uncertainty is divided into matched and mismatched portions. While the matched uncertainty lies within the range space of the input matrix, the mismatched uncertainty falls outside, which poses a significant challenge for the control design. The objective is to propose a new robust control design for aircraft engines, which are subject to mismatched uncertainty. A robust control, which is deterministic and is not IF-THEN fuzzy rule-based, is designed. The control design parameter needs to be feasible, i.e., within a prescribed range. Some prescribed deterministic performances of the system are guaranteed. By taking the control cost and the performance threshold into consideration, which is under the influence of both matched and mismatched uncertainty, the unique optimal choice of the design parameter is proposed. As a result, this control design delicately blends optimality with mismatched uncertainty. This design is applied to a turbofan engine. hardware-in-the-loop laboratory testing in the flight envelope demonstrates the superiority of the control design.

关键词： Uncertainty Engines Control design Aircraft propulsion Robust control Indexes Atmospheric modeling Aircraft engine fuzzy system hardware-in-the-loop testing mismatched uncertainty optimal design robust control

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Modeling and Simulation of a Cylinder Hoisting System for Real-Time hardware-in-the-loop testing

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SPE DRILLING & COMPLETION 2017年第1期32卷 69-78页

作者： Pawlus, Witold Liland, Fred Nilsen, Nicolai Oydna, Soren Hovland, Geir Wroldsen, Torstein K. MHWirth AS Kristiansand Norway Univ Agder Robot & Control Syst Dept Engn Sci Kristiansand Norway Univ Agder Dept Engn Sci Kristiansand Norway

Modeling-and-simulation software that is used in the design and development of drilling equipment provides testing and redesigning of offshore machines early in the product-development process. Typically, models of offshore equipment are complex and suitable only for offline simulations that allow testing of just predefined functions of the system without the possibility of controlling it with the operator's inputs in real time (RT). This is related to the fact that, usually, complex models put high demands on the computational power of the simulator hardware and, thus, limit its RT performance. On the basis of the authors' observations, it is concluded that RT performance can be difficult to achieve even on modern computers because of the stiff nature of hydraulic mechanical models and high demands on computational power. Therefore, it is often necessary to optimize complex models of drilling machinery for RT operation to extensively test its real control systems in a virtual-modeling environment. The methodology presented in the current paper provides for controlling a virtual model in RT by means of full-scale control hardware and software. This, in turn, allows for performing a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test and evaluation of developed control algorithms early in the machine design phase as well as verification determining if the chosen control equipment meets the desired specifications and performance. The current work presents an efficient way to optimize large, high-fidelity models of offshore drilling equipment. First, a complex virtual model of the selected hoisting system is created, and its simulation results are compared with the reference data logs recorded on a full-scale rig. Second, rules and guidelines for conversion of a complex model to a low-fidelity model that could be simulated in RT are formulated. Simulation results prove that both high-and low-fidelity models of the analyzed cylinder hoisting system yield comparable outcomes that correspond

关键词： Modeling and simulation Offshore drilling equipment hardware-in-the-loop testing

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hardware-in-the-loop testing of Protection Relays in Distribution Feeders with High Penetration of DGs

Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing of Protection Relays in Distrib...

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North American Power Symposium (NAPS)

作者： Makhzani, Amir Saman Zarghami, Mahyar Falahati, Bamdad Vaziri, Mohammad Calif State Univ Sacramento Elect & Elect Engn Sacramento CA 95819 USA ABB Inc US Corp Res Ctr Raleigh NC USA Calif State Univ Sacramento Elect & Elect Engn Dept Sacramento CA 95819 USA Schweitzer Engn Labs Protect Engn Pullman WA USA PG&E San Francisco CA USA CAISO Folsom CA USA CSU Sacramento San Francisco CA USA WSU Pullman Pullman WA USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781538626993

To study or control the behavior of an actual equipment, such as a protection relay in a complex power system, real-time digital simulators can be employed in order to provide a safe and efficient environment for researchers. The goal of this paper is to investigate and verify the operation of an "actual" overcurrent protection relay in a simulated distribution system. More precisely, this work has investigated the behavior of instantaneous overcurrent protection element of the SEL-351S (TM) relay using OPAL-RT digital simulator through hardware-in-the-loop testing to demonstrate desensitization of the relay in protecting a distribution feeder when various levels of distributed generations exist in the system.

关键词： Distributed Generation (DG) hardware-in-the-loop testing OPAL-RT Overcurrent Protection

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Motion Controller Design Considerations for hardware-in-the-loop testing

Motion Controller Design Considerations for Hardware-in-the-...

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43rd Annual IEEE AUTOTESTCON Conference

作者： Van Kammen, Kevin Northrop Grumman Corp Rolling Meadows IL 60008 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781424422258

Motion control systems consist of an Electronic Control Unit (ECU), electric motor drive, motor, and the load that is being controlled. The ECU and motor drive can be tested separate from the motor and load by using hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation. This allows for testing of the electronics without risking damage to the motor or load The HIL computer uses a mathematical model, based on the physical parameters of the load, to perform the simulation. A motion control algorithm is presented that not only provides desirable control of the system, but also provides very accurate measurements of the physical parameters of the load These parameters are then entered into the HIL computer mathematical model and result in an accurate simulation of the load.

关键词： hardware-in-the-loop testing physics-based motion control

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hardware-in-the-loop testing of impedance protection with compensation of fault impedance and DG infeed current

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JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING-JOE 2018年第15期2018卷 1018-1022页

作者： Pandakov, Konstantin Adrah, Charles Mawutor Liu, Zou Hoidalen, Hans Kristian Kure, Oivind NTNU Trondheim Norway

The standard impedance protection deployed in distribution networks can malfunction due to underreach errors caused by fault impedances and remote infeed currents from embedded generators (becoming more and more widespread). This paper introduces a compensation method aiming at elimination of these issues and enhancement of relay dependability. As an advantageous outcome, compensated measurements can be utilised for accurate fault location. The method is verified on ABB RED 670 relay in the loop with an OPAL-RT real-time simulator. As the method is based on multi-point measurements, the test setup also contains a communication network emulator for modelling network delays and imperfections. The laboratory tests verify applicability of the method with proper appearance of the tripping signals from the relay. The fault location results based on synchronised data show overreaching inaccuracy rising with fault resistance. Though communication network delays and imperfection of the channels lead to underreaching, it has been revealed that not strict requirements for data synchronisation can be applied to specific measurements.

关键词： fault location power transmission lines control engineering computing power transmission faults power transmission protection delays relay protection distributed power generation synchronisation compensation power system measurement power engineering computing distribution networks underreach errors fault impedance remote infeed currents embedded generators compensation method issues enhancement relay dependability compensated measurements accurate fault location ABB RED 670 relay multipoint measurements test setup communication network emulator modelling network delays imperfections fault location results fault resistance communication network delays hardware-in-the-loop testing standard impedance protection

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Real-time Controller hardware-in-the-loop testing of an Electric Vehicle Powertrain for Optimal Delivery of Energy Sources

Real-time Controller Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing of an Elec...

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IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference (IEMDC)

作者： Nademi, Hamed Grunloh, Edward Calif State Univ Dept Elect Engn San Marcos CA 92096 USA Calif State Univ Dept Phys San Marcos CA 92096 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9798350398991

This paper explores the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) with emphasize on electric traction drive technologies powered by distributed energy resources (DERs). This study first reviews the different alternative solutions behind each electric vehicle motor drive and the reason of a particular chosen type of motor, its control architecture to get the most performance out of the existing traction systems. The simulation model prediction of what a real-world vehicle would perform is developed and then simulate an EV power distribution system hybridizes the PV solar and battery resources in a real-time manner. The developed real-time model is constructed through MATLAB/Simulink and executed on real-time hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test rig. This hardware setup includes Battery modules, Solar Photovoltaic (PV) and its associated power electronics DC-DC converter and DC-AC inverter to drive the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM). The proposed control loops for power converters and IPMSM motor model are implemented through Simulink Real-time Coder. The drivetrain control scheme includes both speed, max torque-per-ampere (MTPA) and field weakening controllers to offer EV operation within extended speed and torque ranges comparable to available EV technologies. Different operating scenarios are evaluated deploying controller hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) for target EV BMW model iX3 and the obtained results validate the theoretical expectations and overall performance of the studied self-charging EV drive system.

关键词： Distributed energy resources electric vehicle hardware-in-the-loop testing max-torque-per-ampere control permanent magnet motor drive

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Design and Evaluation of a Model-Free Frequency Control Strategy in Islanded Microgrids with Power-hardware-in-the-loop testing

Design and Evaluation of a Model-Free Frequency Control Stra...

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IEEE-Power-and-Energy-Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT)

作者： Ferrari, Maximiliano Park, Byungkwon Olama, Mohammed M. Oak Ridge Natl Lab Elect & Elect Syst Res Div Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA Oak Ridge Natl Lab Computat Sci & Engn Div Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781728188973

The deterioration of inertial and primary frequency response of islanded microgrids has been a crucial issue for the proper operation of such microgrids. Several approaches, including inertia emulation strategies, have been proposed to improve the primary frequency response. However, the demonstrations of most inertia emulation research works are based on simulation-only testing which hinder their applicability in the field. In this paper, a novel model-free control (MAC) strategy for frequency response support in a diesel-wind microgrid system is presented, and it is tested for evaluation using a power-hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) platform. The PHIL testing is one step closer to field testing since it allows real-time verification and accounts for the nonlinear grid dynamics, noise, and time delays that are usually ignored in simulation-only environments. The proposed MFC strategy is fully distributed, has low computational requirements, and can be easily implemented in resource constrained devices such as smart inverters. A PHIL microgrid platform consisting of two type-3 wind turbine generators and one diesel generator is used to test the proposed MFC strategy.

关键词： Microgrid frequency control model-free control hardware-in-the-loop testing wind turbine generator

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