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作者： Ervin China Georgia State University

学位级别：博士

When students experience difficulty with their coursework, they often utilize strategies such as rereading a text more slowly, organizing class notes, reviewing previous examples, or searching for information available on the Internet. If these efforts are ineffective, students may also consult their teachers, classmates, friends, or parents for assistance. Until recently, such reliance on others was considered of limited value and even stigmatized: the criticism being that learners who are truly independent are not supposed to need others to succeed (Karabenick & Newman, 2011). Recent theoretical developments and research, however, indicate that academic help seeking can be an important self-regulated learning strategy engaged in by highly motivated and academically successful students (Karabenick & Newman, 2011). But help seeking for some students is not without risk. Help seeking can imply inadequacy, threaten self-worth, and subject learners to public scrutiny (Karabenick & Newman, 2011). Being viewed as less capable by teachers, other students, or anyone in an evaluative position could be disconcerting-especially for African American students in mathematics classes where there exists the idea that they are incapable of meaningful participation in mathematics (see, e. g., Jefferson, 1787; Kopan, 2015; Nisbett, 2007; Powell, 2012). This quantitative research study, therefore, was intended to gain a better understanding of the factors that influence help-seeking behaviors of African American College Algebra students at the community college. The purpose was to inform community college mathematics instructors about efforts that might begin to break down teacher–student barriers so that students feel comfortable and encouraged asking for help. Grounded in self-regulated learning and achievement goal theories, this study employed hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) and multiple regression analyses to investigate the help-seeking behaviors of 341 African American commu

关键词： Academic help seeking African Americans Community college College algebra hierarchical linear modeling Mathematics

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Instructor Sense of Community and Instructional Practices as Predictors of Student Sense of Community: A hierarchical linear modeling Analysis

Instructor Sense of Community and Instructional Practices as...

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作者： Burgess, Laurie K. Western Michigan University

学位级别：Ph.D.

A positive sense of community (SoC) in the college classroom supports student learning and increases student engagement and motivation. While previous research has examined SoC, studies have typically investigated students’ perceptions. This quantitative cross-sectional study investigates both instructor and students’ perceptions of SoC in traditional undergraduate classrooms. Study participants include full-time instructors, and students from 36 undergraduate classes in three institutions located in a Midwestern state. Students completed Rovai’s (2002a) Classroom Community Scale; instructors completed a remodified Classroom Community Scale and the Postsecondary Instructional Practices Survey (Walter, Henderson, Beach, & Williams, 2016). This study uses hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to analyze both student and class-level variables that explain variability of the three constructs of student SoC: Connectedness, Learning, and Total Classroom Community. At the student level, class level is a significant predictor of student SoC in all three constructs. More specifically, seniors experience less SoC than freshmen. Results from the final HLM models provide support that this study identified class-level variables responsible for the variation in student SoC between classes. The construct Connectedness accounts for 67% of variance in student perceptions of SoC between classes; Total Classroom Community resulted in 60% and Learning, 33%. Instructor gender was a significant predictor of students’ perceptions of connectedness. Students with female instructors had higher scores on the construct, Connectedness, than students with male instructors. Instructional practices also predict student SoC. Content Delivery, a predictor variable that includes instructorcentered practices, results in a significant negative relationship on all three SoC constructs indicating that when instructors use note-taking or lecture, student perceptions of connectedness, learning, and total sens

关键词： Higher education sense of community classroom instructional practices pedagogy hierarchical linear modeling

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Neighborhood Predictors of Intimate Partner Violence: A Theory-Informed Analysis Using hierarchical linear modeling

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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2017年第1-2期60卷 187-198页

作者： Voith, Laura A. Brondino, Michael J. Case Western Reserve Univ Jack Joseph & Morton Mandel Sch Appl Social Sci Cleveland OH 44106 USA Univ Wisconsin Helen Bader Sch Social Welf Milwaukee WI 53201 USA

Due to high prevalence rates and deleterious effects on individuals, families, and communities, intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health problem. Because IPV occurs in the context of communities and neighborhoods, research must examine the broader environment in addition to individual-level factors to successfully facilitate behavior change. Drawing from the Social Determinants of Health framework and Social Disorganization Theory, neighborhood predictors of IPV were tested using hierarchical linear modeling. Results indicated that concentrated disadvantage and female-to-male partner violence were robust predictors of women's IPV victimization. Implications for theory, practice, and policy, and future research are discussed.

关键词： Intimate partner violence Domestic violence Neighborhood Social determinants of health hierarchical linear modeling

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Multi-level factors affecting timely electronic documentation of medication administration: a hierarchical linear modeling approach

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HEALTH SYSTEMS 2017年第2期6卷 171-185页

作者： Raman, Roopa Green, Kimberly Clemson Univ Dept Management Coll Business & Behav Sci 100 Sirrine Hall Clemson SC 29634 USA Univ West Georgia Richards Coll Business Dept Management Carrollton GA USA

This study applies a systematic hierarchical linear modeling approach to identify factors impacting timely documentation of medication administration on electronic medication administration record (eMAR) systems. Delayed documentation of medications poses significant risks to patient safety. Multi-level quantitative data were collected from a large urban hospital system, spanning the non-physician clinician workforce across 27 patient-care units. Data suggests the overall perception of psychological safety on one's unit was a significant predictor of individual clinicians' timely eMAR documentation. The impact of each clinician's personal psychological safety was nuanced by his/her patient-care unit and type of hospital. Other characteristics of the provider's patient-care unit were also relevant. Thus, even though timely eMAR documentation is an individual-level activity, it is predicted by characteristics beyond complete control of the individual. We illustrate the value of applying systematic hierarchical linear modeling approach to better illuminate the problem of consistently achieving timely eMAR documentation across all providers.

关键词： medication administration errors electronic medication administration records (eMAR) systems psychological safety hierarchical linear modeling multi-level analysis

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hierarchical linear modeling: Testing Multilevel Theories

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ADVANCES IN DEVELOPING HUMAN RESOURCES 2015年第1期17卷 88-101页

作者： Turner, John R. Univ North Texas Appl Technol & Performance Improvement ATPI Progr Denton TX 76203 USA

The Problem. While nested structures occur naturally in organizational and educational settings, past research has failed to recognize these nested structures. Ordinary least squares (OLS) methods assume independence of observation, fixing the intercepts and slopes across all groups. By not accounting for nested structures, errors of inference can occur with the risk of compromising the validity of the results. The Solution. As new theories become more complex multilevel representations of phenomena, testing these complex theories require hierarchical linear modeling (HLM). HLM provides human resource development (HRD) practitioners with a better method to test multilevel theories while taking into account nested structures, providing a more accurate representation across the different levels. The Stakeholders. The intended audience includes HRD scholars, scholarpractitioners, and students interested in testing multilevel theories, conducting research using HLM, or those who are involved in reviewing/editing HLM research articles.

关键词： hierarchical linear modeling multilevel theories nested structures theory testing

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THE APPLICATION OF hierarchical linear modeling FOR BARRIER-FREE SIDEWALK EVALUATION WITH THE BASIS OF DISABILITY ORGANIZATION COGNITIVE

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JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-TAIWAN 2015年第3期23卷 308-315页

作者： Hung, Ching Tsung Kainan Univ Dept Transportat Technol & Management Luchu Taoyuan County Taiwan

Organizations are hierarchical in nature. Specifically, individuals in the workplace are entrenched in work groups, which are entrenched in departments, which are entrenched in organizations, which are in turn entrenched in the larger environment. Hence, hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) is a statistical technique available to researchers that is ideally suited for the study of such cross-level issues. The purpose of this article is to provide market researchers with an overview and detailed description of HLM as well as a practical illustration of its usage. The long-term aim of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is for publicly available services along a public street to be accessible to people with disabilities via a continuous, unobstructed pedestrian circulation network. Many countries believe in the underlying concept of the ADA and have implemented relevant laws. This study assumes that government policies will affect the "barrier-free sidewalk" environment, where government policies are at the organization level and the accessibility of sidewalks is at the individual level. As a result, a related law will not influence the in situ performance of sidewalks, and only the management of sidewalk plans and budgeting will have mediational effects. This means that laws have a long-term effect and the sidewalk accessibility assessment process will be modified. Those interested in the study of teams and cross-level research questions should find HLM advantageous in their research because of its ability to simultaneously investigate relationships within a particular hierarchy level, as well as relationships between or across hierarchical levels.

关键词： hierarchical linear modeling barrier-free sidewalk disability organization

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Examining Factors Affecting Science Achievement of Hong Kong in PISA 2006 Using hierarchical linear modeling

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE EDUCATION 2014年第15期36卷 2463-2480页

作者： Lam, Terence Yuk Ping Lau, Kwok Chi Chinese Univ Hong Kong Hong Kong PISA Ctr Shatin Hong Kong Peoples R China Chinese Univ Hong Kong Dept Curriculum & Instruct Shatin Hong Kong Peoples R China

This study uses hierarchical linear modeling to examine the influence of a range of factors on the science performances of Hong Kong students in PISA 2006. Hong Kong has been consistently ranked highly in international science assessments, such as Programme for International Student Assessment and Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study;therefore, an exploration of the factors that affect science performances of Hong Kong students can give a lens to examine how science education can be improved in Hong Kong and other countries. The analyses reveal that student backgrounds as male, at higher grade levels, and born in mainland (when in the same grade) are associated with better science performance. Among the attitudinal factors, enjoyment of science and self-efficacy in science play important roles in scientific achievements. Most of the parental factors, on the other hand, are not having significant impacts on achievement after student attitudes are taken into account, with only parents' value of science having a small effect. School student intake is found to be a strong predictor of school average achievement, as well as a major mediator of the effects of school enrollment size and school socio-economic status. The findings differ from recently reported results, which suggested that school enrollment size was associated with achievement. This study also points out the problems of the use of science instruction time as a school-level variable to explain science achievement in Hong Kong.

关键词： Attitudes toward science PISA Scientific literacy hierarchical linear modeling

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Tracking Longitudinal Changes in Affect and Mindfulness Caused by Concentration and Loving-kindness Meditation with hierarchical linear modeling

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MINDFULNESS 2014年第3期5卷 249-258页

作者： May, Christopher J. Weyker, Jared R. Spengel, Stephanie K. Finkler, Lisa J. Hendrix, Scott E. Carroll Univ Dept Life Sci Waukesha WI 53186 USA Carroll Univ Dept Hist Waukesha WI 53186 USA

We compared the relative effects of 5 weeks of either concentration or loving-kindness meditation (CM, LKM) on mindfulness (including two subscales-presence and acceptance) and affect using a multiple baseline ABA design. hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) indicated that 48-71 % of the total variance was attributable to individual differences. While meditating, CM practitioners experienced progressive increases in mindfulness and acceptance, while LKM practitioners exhibited increases in mindfulness, presence, and positive affect. When practitioners ceased meditation, those in the CM condition declined in mindfulness, acceptance, and positive affect throughout the cessation period. Individuals in the LKM group showed a progressive decrease in presence and a singular drop in negative affect immediately following meditation. There was a dissociation between acceptance and presence, with CM influencing the former and LKM the latter. Because mindfulness and positive affect did not decrease after the meditation period for the LKM group, these results suggest that LKM may induce more enduring changes in these variables. However, while meditation-specific HLMs indicated differences between meditation types, a combined HLM with both meditation conditions showed no group differences in the meditation or cessation phases of the study. More substantial were individual differences in response to meditation;these point to the necessity of using either large sample sizes in group means testing for meditation research or techniques permitting individual-based analysis such as HLM and single-subject designs.

关键词： hierarchical linear modeling Multilevel modeling Individual differences Mindfulness Affect Meditation

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Roles of Feedback and Phishing Characteristics in Antiphishing Training Performance: Perspectives of Goal Setting and Skill Acquisition

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JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR INFORMATION SYSTEMS 2024年第4期25卷 1037页

作者： Pan, Shihe Kwak, Dong-Heon Kuem, Jungwon Kim, Sung S. Tianjin Univ Tianjin Peoples R China Kent State Univ Kent OH USA SUNY Albany Albany NY USA Univ Wisconsin Madison Madison WI USA

Because phishing attacks often exploit individuals' inexperience in detecting them, it is important for managers to provide workers with proper feedback on their reactions to phishing scams. However, little is known about what types of feedback are more effective in facilitating antiphishing training behavior and performance. The objectives of this study are to identify (1) the determinants of decision avoidance and detection accuracy, (2) the contextual effect of type of feedback in antiphishing training, (3) the impacts of perceived detection efficacy on training outcomes, and (4) the interaction effects between feedback characteristics and perceived detection efficacy/phishing characteristics on training outcomes. Drawing upon goal-setting theory, skill acquisition theory, and antiphishing training literature, our model provides a theoretical account of how feedback characteristics (e.g., type, quantity), phishing characteristics (e.g., phishing cue saliency), and perceived detection efficacy affect antiphishing training outcomes (e.g., decision avoidance and detection accuracy). To empirically test the model, we performed four experiments with 652 subjects in the United States from three different online panels via Amazon Mechanical Turk, ***, and ***. Our results indicate that examplebased feedback is superior to abstract feedback in teaching how to correctly discern between phishing and legitimate emails in the context of link-embedded emails. We also show that perceived detection efficacy is essential for a better understanding of antiphishing training behavior and performance. Finally, we show an interaction effect between feedback quantity and phishing cue saliency on antiphishing training behavior and performance.

关键词： Phishing Antiphishing Training Feedback Phishing Cue Saliency Perceived Detection Efficacy Goal Setting Skill Acquisition Decision Avoidance Detection Accuracy Experiments hierarchical linear modeling

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The Association between Organizational Factors of Health Promoting Schools and Teachers' Health Lifestyles: A Multilevel Analysis

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JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2025年第2期95卷 126-133页

作者： Luh, Dih-Ling Huang, Hsiao-Ling Chiou, Shy-Yang Lo, Kai-Yang Chen, Fu-Li Chung Shan Med Univ Dept Publ Hlth Taichung 402 Taiwan Chung Shan Med Univ Hosp Dept Family & Community Med Taichung 402 Taiwan Kaohsiung Med Univ Dept Oral Hyg Kaohsiung Taiwan Natl Ilan Univ Dept Leisure Ind & Hlth Promot Ilan Taiwan Natl Sun Yat Sen Univ Ctr Phys & Hlth Educ Kaohsiung 804 Taiwan Fu Jen Catholic Univ Dept Publ Hlth 510 Zhongzheng Rd New Taipei Taiwan

BACKGROUND: Schools are both learning environments for students and workplaces for faculty. Recognizing the role of organizational factors in staff health in school environments, the study aimed to explore which factors, including transformational leadership, teachers' perceived management support and HPS accreditation awards, were most associated with promoting a healthy lifestyle for teachers. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was undertaken of 137 elementary schools in 2014, involving 433 directors and 2090 teachers. Data were collected using an anonymous structured questionnaire. hierarchical linear modeling was used to analyze both teacher- and school-level factors associated with health-promoting lifestyles. RESULTS: There was a significant positive correlation between teachers' overall health-promoting lifestyle profile (HPLP-II) scores and both perceived management support (coefficient= .98, p < .001) and transformational leadership (coefficient= .38, p = .039). All 6 HPLP-II subscales also showed significant positive correlations with perceived management support (coefficients .12-.24, p < .001). CONCLUSION: Supporting a healthy working atmosphere and strong principal transformational leadership are keys to enhancing teachers' health-promoting lifestyles. Future research could explore how transformational leadership and management support influence teachers' health behaviors and identify effective strategies and interventions.

关键词： transformational leadership perceived health management health-promoting lifestyle profile (HPLP-II) teacher hierarchical linear modeling

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