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NEUROimage 2012年第2期62卷 1109-1115页

作者： Norris, David G. UNESCO Weltkulturerbe Zollverein Erwin L Hahn Inst Magnet Resonance Imaging D-45141 Essen Germany Univ Twente MIRA Inst Biomed Technol & Tech Med NL-7500 AE Enschede Netherlands

Spin-echo fMRI offers a potentially better intrinsic functional spatial resolution than its gradient echo counterpart, as well as the elimination of signal dropouts in the image. This comes at the price of a significant loss in sensitivity. In this article the main methods for measuring spin-echo fMRI are presented: HASTE, SSFP, RASER and most importantly spin-echo EPI. Their relative merits and limitations are discussed. The BOLD contrast mechanisms responsible for spin echo fMRI are summarised, and the spatial origin of the signal within the neocortex discussed. The major publications concerning the use of spin echo fMRI are examined. At present the most promising application for this methodology would appear to be in the examination of cortical layers and columns. The balance of experimental and theoretical evidence accumulated to date leads the author to propose that: (i) There is little point in conducting spin-echo fMRI at main magnetic field strengths of 3 T and below;(ii) There are fundamental limitations to acquiring spin-echo BOLD data at 7 T and above;(iii) Whole brain coverage with SE-BOLD at very high static magnetic field strengths could prove valuable: and (iv) SE-BOLD is probably better suited to study cortical columns than cortical layers. Recently gradient-echo approaches for high spatial resolution fMRI have been demonstrated that employ special techniques to avoid the effects of larger post capillary vessels. The coming years will show whether spin-echo techniques can remain the method of choice for high spatial resolution studies, and whether they can extend their range of application at 7 T and above. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Brain/physiology Brain Mapping/history Brain Mapping/history Brain Mapping/methods Brain Mapping/methods history, 20th Century history, 21st Century Humans image processing, computer-assisted/history image processing, computer-assisted/methods Magnetic Resonance Imaging/history Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods Sensitivity and Specificity

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The future of acquisition speed, coverage, sensitivity, and resolution

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NEUROimage 2012年第2期62卷 1221-1229页

作者： Wald, Lawrence L. Harvard Univ Sch Med Boston MA USA MIT Harvard MIT Div Hlth Sci & Technol Charlestown MA USA Massachusetts Gen Hosp AA Martinos Ctr Biomed Imaging Dept Radiol Boston MA 02129 USA

Two decades of technology development has continually improved the image quality, spatial-temporal resolution, and sensitivity of the fMRI acquisition. In this article, I assess our current acquisition needs, briefly examine the technological breakthroughs that have benefited fMRI in the past, and look at some promising technologies that are currently under development to try to envision what the fMRI acquisition protocol of the future might look like. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Brain Mapping/history Brain Mapping/history Brain Mapping/methods Brain Mapping/methods Brain Mapping/trends Brain Mapping/trends history, 20th Century history, 21st Century image processing, computer-assisted/history image processing, computer-assisted/methods image processing, computer-assisted/trends Magnetic Resonance Imaging/history Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods Magnetic Resonance Imaging/trends

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Multiple testing corrections, nonparametric methods, and random field theory

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NEUROimage 2012年第2期62卷 811-815页

作者： Nichols, Thomas E. Univ Warwick Warwick Mfg Grp Coventry CV4 7AL W Midlands England Univ Warwick Dept Stat Coventry CV4 7AL W Midlands England

I provide a selective review of the literature on the multiple testing problem in fMRI. By drawing connections with the older modalities, PET in particular, and how software implementations have tracked (or lagged behind) theoretical developments, my narrative aims to give the methodological researcher a historical perspective on this important aspect of fMRI data analysis. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Brain/anatomy & histology Brain/physiology Brain Mapping/history Brain Mapping/history Brain Mapping/methods Brain Mapping/methods history, 20th Century history, 21st Century Humans image processing, computer-assisted/history image processing, computer-assisted/methods Magnetic Resonance Imaging/history Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods Positron-Emission Tomography/history Positron-Emission Tomography/methods Software/history Statistics, Nonparametric

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A Brief history of Neuronal Reconstruction

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NEUROINFORMATICS 2011年第2-3期9卷 119-128页

作者： Senft, Stephen L. George Mason Univ Krasnow Inst Adv Study Fairfax VA 22030 USA

Issue Title: DIADEM Special Issue

关键词： history, 17th Century history, 18th Century history, 19th Century history, 20th Century history, 21st Century Humans image processing, computer-assisted/history Neuroanatomy/history Neurons/cytology

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A physicist at Woods Hole: Introducing the image intensifier and image processing to cell biology

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ENDEAVOUR 2010年第3期34卷 130-135页

作者： Anderson, Nancy SUNY Buffalo Dept Visual Studies Buffalo NY 14260 USA

In 1963, by invitation, particle physicist George Reynolds (Princeton University) brought an image intensifier to Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory. Together, he and a group of biologists began experimenting with the device as a way to create images of cells in low-light level situations, especially in the study of bioluminescence. In this paper I am interested in how the scientists, a physicist and biologists in collaboration, assessed, interpreted and presented the pictures that they created with the aid of image intensification. In particular, I consider the problem of 'noise' in the image. The paper ends with an example of how Reynolds and a biologist at Woods Hole contended with the presence of noise in images used for publication. Here is an example of how data is modified, that is, enhanced, to serve as scientific evidence. By presenting an early and simple case of the altered image I reveal one way scientists addressed the potentiality of presenting inappropriately modified data a concern that has garnered much attention in the current age of digital imaging technologies.

关键词： Cell Biology/history Cell Biology/instrumentation Dinoflagellida/physiology history, 20th Century history, 21st Century image processing, computer-assisted/ethics image processing, computer-assisted/history image processing, computer-assisted/instrumentation Luminescent Proteins/history Physics/history Physics/instrumentation Radiographic image Enhancement/instrumentation Radiographic image Enhancement/methods United States

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