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Investigating the predictive value of whole-brain structural MR scans in autism: A pattern classification approach

NEUROimage 2010年第1期49卷 44-56页

作者： Ecker, Christine Rocha-Rego, Vanessa Johnston, Patrick Mourao-Miranda, Janaina Marquand, Andre Daly, Eileen M. Brammer, Michael J. Murphy, Clodagh Murphy, Declan G. Kings Coll London Inst Psychiat Dept Psychol Med Sect Brain Maturat London SE5 8AF England Univ Rio de Janeiro Inst Biophys Carlos Chagas Filho Rio De Janeiro Brazil Kings Coll London Inst Psychiat Dept Biostat Brain Image Anal Unit London SE5 8AF England

Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) is accompanied by subtle and spatially distributed differences in brain anatomy that are difficult to detect using conventional mass-univariate methods (e.g., VBM). These require correction for multiple comparisons and hence need relatively large samples to attain sufficient statistical power. Reports of neuroanatomical differences from relatively small studies are thus highly variable. Also, VBM does not provide predictive value, limiting its diagnostic value. Here, we examined neuroanatomical networks implicated in ASD using a whole-brain classification approach employing a support vector machine (SVM) and investigated the predictive Value of structural MRI scans in adults with ASD. Subsequently, results were compared between SVM and VBM. We included 44 male adults;22 diagnosed with ASD using "gold-standard" research interviews and 22 healthy matched controls. SVM identified spatially distributed networks discriminating between ASD and controls. These included the limbic, frontal-striatal, fronto-temporal, fronto-parietal and cerebellar systems. SVM applied to gray matter scans correctly classified ASD individuals at a specificity of 86.0% and a sensitivity of 88.0%. Cases (68.0%) were correctly classified using white matter anatomy. The distance from the separating hyperplane (i.e., the test margin) was significantly related to current symptom severity. In contrast, VBM revealed few significant between-group differences at conventional levels of statistical stringency. We therefore suggest that SVM can detect subtle and spatially distributed differences in brain networks between adults with ASD and controls. Also, these differences provide significant predictive power for group membership, which is related to symptom severity. (c) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Adolescent Adult Artificial Intelligence Autistic Disorder/pathology Autistic Disorder/psychology Brain/pathology Brain Mapping Brain Mapping Female Humans image processing, computer-assisted/methods Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods Male Neuropsychological Tests Pattern Recognition, Automated Predictive Value of Tests Reproducibility of Results Young Adult

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Single shot partial dual echo (SPADE) EPI-an efficient acquisition scheme for reducing susceptibility artefacts in fMRI

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NEUROimage 2010年第3期49卷 2234-2237页

作者： Schwarzbauer, Christian Porter, David A. MRC Cognit & Brain Sci Unit Cambridge CB2 7EF England Univ Cambridge Dept Psychiat Cambridge England Siemens AG Healthcare Sector D-8520 Erlangen Germany

SPADE is a new acquisition scheme for fMRI based on dual echo EPI. As In previous work. additional spin echo EPI images are used to recover signal in regions that are affected by susceptibility related sensitivity loss in gradient echo EPI However, with SPADE the additional spin echo images are only acquired for the affected slices, which reduces the acquisition time and enhances the time normalised signal-to-noise ratio. We demonstrate the feasibility of this approach and discuss potential applications of the SPADE technique in fMRI We conclude that SPADE provides an efficient acquisition scheme for fMRI applications where whole brain coverage and sensitivity is required. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

关键词： Adult Artifacts Brain/anatomy & histology Brain Mapping/methods Brain Mapping/methods Humans image processing, computer-assisted/methods Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Automated detection of brain atrophy patterns based on MRI for the prediction of Alzheimer's disease

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NEUROimage 2010年第1期50卷 162-174页

作者： Plant, Claudia Teipel, Stefan J. Oswald, Annahita Boehm, Christian Meindl, Thomas Mourao-Miranda, Janaina Bokde, Arun W. Hampel, Harald Ewers, Michael Tech Univ Munich Dept Neuroradiol Munich Germany Univ Rostock Dept Psychiat D-2500 Rostock 1 Germany Univ Munich Dept Comp Sci Munich Germany Univ Munich Dept Psychiat D-8000 Munich Germany Inst Clin Radiol Dept MRI D-80336 Munich Germany UCL Ctr Computat Stat & Machine Learning London England Kings Coll London Ctr Neuroimaging Sci London WC2R 2LS England Univ Dublin Trinity Coll Sch Med Discipline Psychiat AMiNCHTrinity Ctr Childrens Hosp Dublin 24 Ireland Univ Dublin Trinity Coll TCIN Dublin 24 Ireland

Subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have an increased risk to develop Alzheimer's disease (AD). Voxel-based MRI studies have demonstrated that widely distributed cortical and subcortical brain areas show atrophic changes in MCI, preceding the onset of AD-type dementia. Here we developed a novel data mining framework in combination with three different classifiers including support vector machine (SVM), Bayes statistics, and voting feature intervals (VFI) to derive a quantitative index of pattern matching for the prediction of the conversion from MCI to AD. MRI was collected in 32 AD patients, 24 MCI subjects and 18 healthy controls (HQ. Nine out of 24 MCI subjects converted to AD after an average follow-up interval of 2.5 years. Using feature selection algorithms, brain regions showing the highest accuracy for the discrimination between AD and HC were identified, reaching a classification accuracy of up to 92%. The extracted AD clusters were used as a search region to extract those brain areas that are predictive of conversion to AD within MCI subjects. The most predictive brain areas included the anterior cingulate gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex. The best prediction accuracy, which was cross-validated via train-and-test, was 75% for the prediction of the conversion from MCI to AD. The present results suggest that novel multivariate methods of pattern matching reach a clinically relevant accuracy for the a priori prediction of the progression from MCI to AD. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Aged Algorithms Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis Alzheimer Disease/pathology Atrophy Automation Bayes Theorem Brain/pathology Cluster Analysis Cognition Disorders/diagnosis Cognition Disorders/pathology Data Mining Diagnosis, computer-assisted/methods Disease Progression Female Follow-Up Studies Humans image processing, computer-assisted/methods Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods Male Middle Aged Reproducibility of Results Sensitivity and Specificity

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A principal skeleton algorithm for standardizing confocal images of fruit fly nervous systems

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BIOINFORMATICS 2010年第8期26卷 1091-1097页

作者： Qu, Lei Peng, Hanchuan Howard Hughes Med Inst Ashburn VA 20147 USA

Motivation: The fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) is a commonly used model organism in biology. We are currently building a 3D digital atlas of the fruit fly larval nervous system (LNS) based on a large collection of fly larva GAL4 lines, each of which targets a subset of neurons. To achieve such a goal, we need to automatically align a number of high-resolution confocal image stacks of these GAL4 lines. One commonly employed strategy in image pattern registration is to first globally align images using an affine transform, followed by local non-linear warping. Unfortunately, the spatially articulated and often twisted LNS makes it difficult to globally align the images directly using the affine method. In a parallel project to build a 3D digital map of the adult fly ventral nerve cord (VNC), we are confronted with a similar problem. Results: We proposed to standardize a larval image by best aligning its principal skeleton (PS), and thus used this method as an alternative of the usually considered affine alignment. The PS of a shape was defined as a series of connected polylines that spans the entire shape as broadly as possible, but with the shortest overall length. We developed an automatic PS detection algorithm to robustly detect the PS from an image. Then for a pair of larval images, we designed an automatic image registration method to align their PSs and the entire images simultaneously. Our experimental results on both simulated images and real datasets showed that our method does not only produce satisfactory results for real confocal larval images, but also perform robustly and consistently when there is a lot of noise in the data. We also applied this method successfully to confocal images of some other patterns such as the adult fruit fly VNC and center brain, which have more complicated PS. This demonstrates the flexibility and extensibility of our method.

关键词： Algorithms Animals Cell Line Drosophila melanogaster/physiology Drosophila melanogaster/ultrastructure image processing, computer-assisted/methods Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods Microscopy, Confocal/methods Nervous System/ultrastructure

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Objectivity in image analysis

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PATHOLOGY 2010年第3期42卷 205-206页

作者： Leong, Anthony S-Y. John Hunter Hosp Hunter Area Pathol Serv Newcastle NSW Australia

The article presents the author's views on objectivity in digital image analysis performed by computers for medical purposes. According to the author, diagnosis formulation is a knowledge-based process, and is applied in combination with visual recognition. The author says that the diagnostic process is very complicated, which is based on the experience of the pathologist, and the clinical circumstances of the patient.

关键词： Humans image processing, computer-assisted/methods image processing, computer-assisted/standards

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EBimage-an R package for image processing with applications to cellular phenotypes

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BIOINFORMATICS 2010年第7期26卷 979-981页

作者： Pau, Gregoire Fuchs, Florian Sklyar, Oleg Boutros, Michael Huber, Wolfgang European Bioinformat Inst EMBL Cambridge England Heidelberg Univ German Canc Res Ctr DKFZ Div Signaling & Funct Genom Heidelberg Germany

EBimage provides general purpose functionality for reading, writing, processing and analysis of images. Furthermore, in the context of microscopy- based cellular assays, EBimage offers tools to segment cells and extract quantitative cellular descriptors. This allows the automation of such tasks using the R programming language and use of existing tools in the R environment for signal processing, statistical modeling, machine learning and data visualization.

关键词： computer Graphics Databases, Factual image processing, computer-assisted/methods Information Storage and Retrieval Phenotype Software User-computer Interface

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Against hyperacuity in brain reading: Spatial smoothing does not hurt multivariate fMRI analyses?

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NEUROimage 2010年第3期49卷 1943-1948页

作者： Op de Beeck, Hans P. Katholieke Univ Leuven Expt Psychol Lab B-3000 Louvain Belgium

Recently it has been suggested that multivariate analyses of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data can detect high spatial frequency components of cortical signals, like sub-millimeter columns This 'hyperacuity' seems to be at odds with the common assumption that the fMRI signal has a low spatial resolution due to the spatial spread of the underlying hemodynamic events To resolve this apparent contradiction, I checked a very straightforward prediction of the hyperacuity hypothesis if multivariate analyses are picking tip a small-scale functional organization. then it can be expected that smoothing will be detrimental to the ability to decode these fine-scale spatial signals I tested this prediction using data obtained with two paradigms to which multivariate techniques have been applied previously, including the decoding of grating orientation from the pattern of activity in primary Visual cortex It Was found that smoothing does not decrease the sensitivity of multivariate analyses further simulations in which the scale of cortical organization was known indicate that this effect or smoothing. contradicts the idea that the patterns detected with multivariate techniques reflect a fine-scale spatial organization (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved

关键词： Brain Mapping/methods Brain Mapping/methods Humans image processing, computer-assisted/methods Magnetic Resonance Imaging Multivariate Analysis Sensitivity and Specificity Visual Cortex/physiology

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The Iatrogenic Fracture of the Coronoid Process of the Mandible. A Review of the Literature and Case Presentation

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CRANIO-THE JOURNAL OF CRANIOMANDIBULAR & SLEEP PRACTICE 2010年第3期28卷 200-204页

作者： Delantoni, Antigone Antoniades, Ilias Mitropoleos 94 Thessaloniki 54622 Greece

An unusual case of an isolated fracture of the coronoid mandibular process is presented. The fracture was randomly discovered after a panoramic radiograph was taken for surgical purposes. There were no clinical findings or symptoms by the patient. A careful review of the literature of fractures of the coronoid process is presented, since the isolated coronoid fracture is the rarest occurrence of all facial fractures.

关键词： Humans Iatrogenic Disease image processing, computer-assisted/methods Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods Incidental Findings Mandibular Fractures/etiology Mandibular Fractures/etiology Mandibular Fractures/radiography Mandibular Fractures/radiography Middle Aged Molar, Third/surgery Radiography, Panoramic Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods Tooth Extraction/adverse effects

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Unexpected kink in aneurysm recurrence volume distribution is associated with retreatment decision

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NEURORADIOLOGY 2010年第7期52卷 657-658页

作者： Ries, Thorsten Wulff, Asmus Wegscheider, Karl Fiehler, Jens Univ Med Ctr Hamburg Eppendorf Dept Neuroradiol D-20246 Hamburg Germany Univ Med Ctr Hamburg Eppendorf Dept Med Biometry & Epidemiol D-20246 Hamburg Germany

A letter to the editor is presented concerning the relationship between the volume of cerebral aneurysm recurrences and retreatment decisions.

关键词： Cerebral Angiography/methods Cerebral Angiography/methods Follow-Up Studies Humans image processing, computer-assisted/methods Imaging, Three-Dimensional Intracranial Aneurysm/epidemiology Intracranial Aneurysm/pathology Intracranial Aneurysm/therapy Logistic Models Magnetic Resonance Angiography/methods Patient Selection Recurrence Retreatment/methods Time Factors

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Bi-stability of amplitude modulation AFM in air: deterministic and stochastic outcomes for imaging biomolecular systems

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NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010年第22期21卷 225710-225710页

作者： Santos, Sergio Barcons, Victor Font, Josep Thomson, Neil H. Univ Leeds Sch Phys & Astron Leeds LS2 9JT W Yorkshire England Univ Politecn Cataluna Dept Elect Engn Manresa 08242 Spain Univ Leeds Leeds Dent Inst Dept Oral Biol Leeds LS2 9JT W Yorkshire England

The dynamics of the oscillating microcantilever for amplitude modulation atomic force microscopy (AM AFM) operating in air is well understood theoretically but the experimental outcomes are still emerging. We use double-stranded DNA on mica as a model biomolecular system for investigating the connection between theory and experiment. A demonstration that the switching between the two cantilever oscillation states is stochastic in nature is achieved, and it can be induced by means of topographical anomalies on the surface. Whether one or the other attractor basin is accessed depends on the tip-sample separation history used to achieve the imaging conditions, and we show that the behaviour is reproducible when the tip is stable and well characterized. Emergence of background noise occurs in certain regions of parameter space regardless of whether two cantilever oscillation states coexist. The low state has been explored in detail and we note that at low to intermediate values of the free amplitude, noise-free imaging is achieved. The outcomes shown here are general and demonstrate that a thorough and systematic experimental approach in conjunction with standard modelling gives insight into the mechanisms behind image contrast formation in AM AFM in air.

关键词： Aluminum Silicates/chemistry DNA/chemistry image processing, computer-assisted/methods Microscopy, Atomic Force/methods Models, Chemical Stochastic Processes

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