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High binaural coherence determines successful sound localization and increased activity in posterior auditory areas

NEURON 2005年第6期47卷 893-905页

作者： Zimmer, U Macaluso, E Fdn Santa Lucia Neuroimaging Lab I-00179 Rome Italy

Our brain continuously receives complex combinations of sounds originating from different sources and relating to different events in the external world. Timing differences between the two ears can be used to localize sounds in space, but only when the inputs to the two ears have similar spectrotemporal profiles (high binaural coherence). We used fMRI to investigate any modulation of auditory responses by binaural coherence. We assessed how processing of these cues depends on whether spatial information is task relevant and whether brain activity correlates with subjects' localization performance. We found that activity in Heschl's gyrus increased with increasing coherence, irrespective of whether localization was task relevant. Posterior auditory regions also showed increased activity for high coherence, primarily when sound localization was required and subjects successfully localized sounds. We conclude that binaural coherence cues are processed throughout the auditory cortex and that these cues are used in posterior regions for successful auditory localization.

关键词： Acoustic Stimulation/methods Adolescent Adult Auditory Cortex/blood supply Auditory Cortex/physiology Brain Mapping Brain Mapping Cues Female Functional Laterality/physiology Hearing/physiology Humans image processing, computer-assisted/methods Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods Male Oxygen/blood Psychophysics/methods Sound Localization/physiology Space Perception/physiology

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Dissociable controlled retrieval and generalized selection mechanisms in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

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NEURON 2005年第6期47卷 907-918页

作者： Badre, D Poldrack, RA Paré-Blagoev, EJ Insler, RZ Wagner, AD Stanford Univ Dept Psychol Stanford CA 94305 USA Stanford Univ Neurosci Program Stanford CA 94305 USA MIT Dept Brain & Cognit Sci Cambridge MA 02139 USA Univ Calif Los Angeles Dept Psychol Los Angeles CA 90095 USA Univ Calif Los Angeles Brain Res Inst Los Angeles CA 90095 USA Harvard Univ Grad Sch Educ Cambridge MA 02138 USA Martinos Ctr Biomed Imaging Charlestown MA USA

How does ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) control mnemonic processing? Alternative models propose that VLPFC guides top-down (controlled) retrieval of knowledge from long-term stores or selects goal-relevant products of retrieval from among competitors. A paucity of evidence supports a retrieval/selection distinction, raising the possibility that these models reduce to a common mechanism. Here, four manipulations varied semantic control demands during fMRI: judgment specificity, cue-target-associative strength, competitor dominance, and number of competitors. Factor analysis revealed evidence for a meta-factor that accounted for common behavioral variance across manipulations and for functional variance in left mid-VLPFC. These data support a generalized control process that selects relevant knowledge from among competitors. By contrast, left anterior VLPFC and middle temporal cortex were sensitive to cue-target-associative strength, but not competition, consistent with a control process that retrieves knowledge stored in lateral temporal cortex. Distinct PFC mechanisms mediate top-down retrieval and postretrieval selection.

关键词： Adolescent Adult Brain Mapping Brain Mapping Cues Factor Analysis, Statistical Female Functional Laterality/physiology Generalization (Psychology)/physiology Humans image processing, computer-assisted/methods Judgment/physiology Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods Male Mental Recall/physiology Oxygen/blood Photic Stimulation/methods Prefrontal Cortex/blood supply Prefrontal Cortex/physiology Reaction Time/physiology Semantics

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Placebo in emotional processing - Induced expectations of anxiety relief activate a generalized modulatory network

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NEURON 2005年第6期46卷 957-969页

作者： Petrovic, P Dietrich, T Fransson, P Andersson, J Carlsson, K Ingvar, M Karolinska Inst Karolinska Hosp Dept Clin Neurosci Cognit Neurophysiol Res Grp R2 01 S-17176 Stockholm Sweden

Placebo analgesia and reward processing share several features. For instance, expectations have a strong influence on the subsequent emotional experience of both. Recent imaging data indicate similarities in the underlying neuronal network. We hypothesized that placebo analgesia is a special case of reward processing and that placebo treatment could modulate emotional perception in the same way as does pain perception. The behavioral part of this study indicates that placebo treatment has an effect on how subjects perceive unpleasant pictures. Furthermore, event-related fMRI demonstrated that the same modulatory network, including the rostral anterior cingulate cortex and the lateral orbitofrontal cortex, is involved in both emotional placebo and placebo analgesia. These effects were correlated with the reported placebo effect and were predicted by the amount of treatment expectation induced on a previous day. Thus, the placebo effect may be considered to be a general process of modulation induced by the subjects' expectations.

关键词： Adult Anti-Anxiety Agents/therapeutic use Anxiety/drug therapy Anxiety/physiopathology Benzodiazepines/therapeutic use Brain Mapping Brain Mapping Emotions/drug effects Emotions/physiology Female Flumazenil/therapeutic use Humans image processing, computer-assisted/methods Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods Nerve Net/blood supply Nerve Net/drug effects Nerve Net/physiology Oxygen/blood Photic Stimulation/methods Placebo Effect Placebos/pharmacology Time Factors

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Activation in posterior superior temporal sulcus parallels parameter inducing the percept of animacy

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NEURON 2005年第4期45卷 625-635页

作者： Schultz, J Friston, KJ O'Doherty, J Wolpert, DM Frith, CD Wellcome Dept Imaging Neurosci London WC1N 3BG England Inst Neurol Sobell Dept Motor Neurosci London WC1N 3BG England

An essential, evolutionarily stable feature of brain function is the detection of animate entities, and one of the main cues to identify them is their movement. We developed a model of a simple interaction between two objects, in which an increase of the correlation between their movements varied the amount of interactivity and animacy observers attributed to them. Functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed that activation in the posterior superior temporal sulcus and gyrus (pSTS/pSTG) increased in relation to the degree of correlated motion between the two objects. This activation increase was not different when subjects performed an explicit or implicit task while observing these interacting objects. These data suggest that the pSTS and pSTG play a role in the automatic identification of animate entities, by responding directly to an objective movement characteristic inducing the percept of animacy, such as the amount of interactivity between two moving objects.

关键词： Adult Analysis of Variance Brain Mapping Brain Mapping Eye Movements/physiology Female Humans image processing, computer-assisted/methods Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods Male Motion Perception/physiology Oxygen/blood Photic Stimulation/methods Temporal Lobe/blood supply Temporal Lobe/physiology Visual Fields/physiology

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Seeing clearly is not necessarily believing

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NATURE 2005年第7039期435卷 143-143页

作者： Greene, MT Univ Puget Sound Honors Program Tacoma WA 98416 USA

Presents a letter to the editor in response to the article "CSI: Cell Biology," published in previous issue.

关键词： Clathrin/ultrastructure Cryoelectron Microscopy/methods Cryoelectron Microscopy/standards Disclosure/standards Disclosure/standards image processing, computer-assisted/ethics image processing, computer-assisted/methods image processing, computer-assisted/standards Research/methods Research/standards Software

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Analyzing protein-protein interactions in cell membranes

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BIOESSAYS 2004年第2期26卷 196-203页

作者： Nohe, A Petersen, NO Univ Western Ontario Dept Chem London ON N6A 5B7 Canada

Interactions among membrane proteins regulate numerous cellular processes, including cell growth, cell differentiation and apoptosis. We need to understand which proteins interact, where they interact and to which extent they interact. This article describes a set of novel approaches to measure, on the surface of living cells, the number of clusters of proteins, the number of proteins per cluster, the number of clusters or membrane domains that contain pairs of interacting proteins and the fraction of one protein species that interacts with another protein within these domains. These data can then be interpreted in terms of the function of the protein-protein interactions. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

关键词： Cell Membrane/chemistry Cell Membrane/metabolism Cells, Cultured Glycosylphosphatidylinositols Humans image processing, computer-assisted/methods Membrane Proteins/metabolism Protein Interaction Mapping/methods Statistics as Topic

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Intravital microscopy: Visualizing immunity in context

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IMMUNITY 2004年第3期21卷 315-329页

作者： Sumen, C Mempel, TR Mazo, IB von Andrian, UH Harvard Univ Sch Med CBR Inst Biomed Res Boston MA 02115 USA Harvard Univ Sch Med Dept Pathol Boston MA 02115 USA Harvard Univ Sch Med Dept Pediat Boston MA 02115 USA

Recent advances in photonics, particularly multi-photon microscopy (MPM) and new molecular and genetic tools are empowering immunologists to answer long-standing unresolved questions in living animals. Using intravital microscopy (IVM) investigators are dissecting the cellular and molecular underpinnings controlling immune cell motility and interactions in tissues. Recent IVM work showed that T cell responses to antigen in lymph nodes are different from those observed in vitro and appear dictated by factors uniquely relevant to intact organs. Other IVM models, particularly in the bone marrow, reveal how different anatomic contexts regulate leukocyte development, immunity, and inflammation. This article will discuss the current state of the field and outline how IVM can generate new discoveries and serve as a "reality check" for areas of research that were formerly the exclusive domain of in vitro experimentation.

关键词： Animals Cell Communication/immunology Cell Movement/immunology Dendritic Cells/immunology Diagnostic Imaging/instrumentation Diagnostic Imaging/methods Humans image processing, computer-assisted/instrumentation image processing, computer-assisted/methods Microscopy/instrumentation Microscopy/methods Microscopy, Video/instrumentation Microscopy, Video/methods Models, Immunological T-Lymphocytes/immunology

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Combining technologies: A computerized occlusal analysis system synchronized with a computerized electromyography system

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CRANIO-THE JOURNAL OF CRANIOMANDIBULAR & SLEEP PRACTICE 2004年第2期22卷 96-109页

作者： Kerstein, RB Department of Restorative Dentistry Tufts University School of Dental Medicine USA. tmjdoc@***

Current advances in computer technologies have afforded dentists precision ways to examine occlusal contacts and muscle function. Recently, two separate computer technologies have been synchronized together, so that an operator can record their separate diagnostic data simultaneously. The two systems are: the T Scan II Occlusal Analysis System and the Biopak Electromyography Recording System. The simultaneous recording and playback capacity of these two computer systems allows the operator to analyze and correlate specific occlusal moments to specific electromyographic changes that result from these occlusal moments. This synchronization provides unparalleled evidence of the effect occlusal contact arrangement has on muscle function. Therefore, the occlusal condition of an inserted dental prosthesis or the occlusal scheme of the natural teeth (before and after corrective occlusal adjustments) can be readily evaluated, documented, and quantified for both, quality of occlusal parameters and muscle activity and the responses to the quality of the occlusal condition. This article describes their synchronization and illustrates their use in performing precision occlusal adjustment procedures on two patients: one who demonstrates occlusal disharmony while exhibiting the signs and symptoms of chronic myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome, and the other who had extensive restorative work accomplished but exhibits occlusal discomfort post-operatively.

关键词： Adult Bite Force computer Graphics computer Systems Crowns/adverse effects Electromyography/instrumentation Electromyography/methods Female Follow-Up Studies Humans image processing, computer-assisted/instrumentation image processing, computer-assisted/methods Jaw Relation Record/instrumentation Jaw Relation Record/methods Male Malocclusion/diagnosis Malocclusion/therapy Masticatory Muscles/physiology Middle Aged Occlusal Adjustment Systems Integration Technology, Dental Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome/diagnosis Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome/therapy

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Three-dimensional reconstruction of TMJ MR images: A technical note and case report

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CRANIO-THE JOURNAL OF CRANIOMANDIBULAR & SLEEP PRACTICE 2004年第1期22卷 77-81页

作者： Kitai, N Eriksson, L Kreiborg, S Wagner, A Takada, K Osaka Univ Grad Sch Dent Dept Orthodont & Dentofacial Orthoped Suita Osaka 5650871 Japan Univ Copenhagen Fac Hlth Sci Sch Dent Lab 3D Copenhagen Denmark Copenhagen Univ Hosp Copenhagen Denmark Univ Copenhagen Dept Pediat Dent & Clin Genet Copenhagen Denmark

MR images of the temporomandibular joint at occlusion and at various stages of mouth opening were registered and reconstructed three-dimensionally before and after a modified condylotomy in a patient with painful disk displacement. Following the condylotomy, the condyle/disk relationship had become normalized in all three planes of space at closed mouth and during mouth opening. The post-operative distances of the condylar and diskal paths had increased when compared with the pre-operative distances. The three-dimensional visualizing method may, besides providing diagnostic advantages, be a valuable tool for qualitative and quantitative documentation of the efficiency of different treatment methods for normalization of the disk/condyle relationship in patients with TMJ disk displacement.

关键词： Adult Dislocations/pathology Dislocations/pathology Dislocations/surgery Dislocations/surgery Female Follow-Up Studies Humans image processing, computer-assisted/methods Imaging, Three-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mandibular Condyle/pathology Mandibular Condyle/surgery Range of Motion, Articular/physiology Temporomandibular Joint Disk/pathology Temporomandibular Joint Disorders/pathology Temporomandibular Joint Disorders/surgery Treatment Outcome

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Working memory and the functional anatomy of the frontal lobes

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CORTEX 2004年第1期40卷 218-219页

作者： Scheibel, RS Levin, HS Baylor Coll Med Dept Phys Med & Rehabil Houston TX 77030 USA Baylor Coll Med Dept Neurosurg Houston TX 77030 USA Baylor Coll Med Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci Houston TX 77030 USA

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