This chapter centers around the question of how to represent the infor mation contained in images. Together with the next two chapters it lays the mathematical foundations for low-Ievel imageprocessing. Two key...
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ISBN:
(数字)9783662047811
This chapter centers around the question of how to represent the infor mation contained in images. Together with the next two chapters it lays the mathematical foundations for low-Ievel imageprocessing. Two key points are emphasized in this chapter. First, the information contained in images can be represented in en tirely different ways. The most important are the spatial representation (Section 2.2) and wave number representation (Section 2.3). These repre sentations just look at spatial data from different points of view. Since the various representations are complete and equivalent, they can be converted into each other. The conversion between the spatial and wave number representation is the well-known Fourier transform. This trans form is an example of a more general dass of operations, the unitary transforms (Section 2.4). Second, we discuss how these representations can be handled with digital computers. How are images represented by arrays of digital num bers in an adequate way? How are these data handled efficiently? Can fast algorithms be devised to convert one representation into another? A key example is the fast Fourier transform, discussed in Section 2.5. 2.2 Spatial Representation of Digital images 2.2.1 Pixel and Voxel images constitute a spatial distribution of the irradiance at a plane.
The 34 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 194 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on theory, methodology and practice of architectural and interior design; su...
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ISBN:
(数字)9789811384103
ISBN:
(纸本)9789811384097
The 34 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 194 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on theory, methodology and practice of architectural and interior design; support systems for design decisions; tools, methods and implementation of urban design; rethinking space and spatial behavior; fabrication and materialization; and shape studies.
The last decade of the 20th century has witnessed a surge of interest in num- ical, computation-intensive approaches to information processing. The lines that draw the boundaries among statistics, optimization, arti c...
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ISBN:
(数字)9781846281174
ISBN:
(纸本)9781852338664;9781849969376
The last decade of the 20th century has witnessed a surge of interest in num- ical, computation-intensive approaches to information processing. The lines that draw the boundaries among statistics, optimization, arti cial intelligence and information processing are disappearing, and it is not uncommon to nd well-founded and sophisticated mathematical approaches in application - mains traditionally associated with ad-hoc programming. Heuristics has - come a branch of optimization and statistics. Clustering is applied to analyze soft data and to provide fast indexing in the World Wide Web. Non-trivial matrix algebra is at the heart of the last advances in computervision. The breakthrough impulse was, apparently, due to the rise of the interest in arti cial neural networks, after its rediscovery in the late 1980s. Disguised as ANN, numerical and statistical methods made an appearance in the - formation processing scene, and others followed. A key component in many intelligent computational processing is the search for an optimal value of some function. Sometimes, this function is not evident and it must be made explicit in order to formulate the problem as an optimization problem. The search - ten takes place in high-dimensional spaces that can be either discrete, or c- tinuous or mixed. The shape of the high-dimensional surface that corresponds to the optimized function is usually very complex. Evolutionary algorithms are increasingly being applied to information processing applications that require any kind of optimization.
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