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Dual-Band Imaging With an Integrated CMOS image sensor-Liquid Crystal Shutter Device

IEEE sensorS JOURNAL 2025年第4期25卷 6250-6260页

作者： Skorka, Orit Mlinar, Marko Ispasoiu, Radu Onsemi San Jose CA 95134 USA Onsemi Ljubljana 1000 Slovenia

Dual-band imaging in the visible and near infrared (NIR) bands is used for remote sensing, surveillance, automotive, and other fields. CMOS image sensors (CISs), which are widely used in many imaging applications, can be used for dual-band imaging in visible and NIR because silicon is sensitive to light in these bands. There are various approaches for implementation of dual-band imaging systems. This article presents a single-sensor dual-band imaging approach that is based on integration of a CIS and a liquid crystal (LC) shutter. The proposed method is compared to dual-band imaging with an RGB-IR CIS, a single-sensor single-frame dual-band imaging approach that is commonly used at present. The comparison covers aspects that are related to image acquisition and image processing as well as image quality metrics and image artifacts. Signal and noise metrics are explained using a theoretical model and are evaluated from actual images. The still images in this work were captured with a camera that included an RGB-IR image sensor and a camera that included an integrated CIS and a LC shutter device. images were captured in a controlled laboratory environment and outdoors. The images were used for a qualitative evaluation of the effects of relative resolution, stray light artifacts, and noise on end-user image quality, in addition to a quantitative evaluation of signal and noise properties. Advantages with each approach are summarized to highlight the system value-add of the two single-sensor dual-band imaging methods for certain applications.

关键词： Imaging Optical filters Dual band image sensors Band-pass filters Cameras image color analysis Hyperspectral imaging CMOS image sensors Synchronization CMOS image sensor (CIS) dual-band imaging hyperspectral imaging image sensor liquid crystal (LC) shutter multispectral imaging noise RGB-IR signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)

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On-chip kernel-based spatial filter for CMOS image sensor

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COMPUTERS & ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 2025年 123卷

作者： Vigil, Barbaro Maykel Lopez-Portilla Valenzuela, Wladimir Zarkesh-Ha, Payman Figueroa, Miguel Univ Catolica Temuco Dept Ind Proc Temuco Chile Univ Concepcion Dept Elect Engn Concepcion Chile Univ New Mexico Dept Elect & Comp Engn Albuquerque NM USA Adv Ctr Elect & Elect Engn AC3E Valparaiso Chile

The Internet of Things is transforming our interactions with the world. CMOS image sensors are crucial components in multimedia applications for the Internet of Things. They allow IoT devices to perceive, interpret, and respond to the physical world, improving efficiency, safety, and convenience across various industries. The images captured by these sensors are sent to an external digital device for processing. This data flow can result in high power consumption, limit the frame rate, and restrict the parallelization of algorithm data. This paper introduces a new CMOS Smart Imaging sensor architecture that performs kernel-based spatial filtering at the pixel level, overcoming the drawbacks above. The design proposal enables spatial filtering using a single kernel, two different kernels on the same image, or two cascaded kernels. The circuit calculates the absolute value of the single convolution in parallel at each pixel using simple arithmetic operations within a neighborhood during photocurrent integration. This process is repeated when the filter requires more than one kernel. We designed a 128 x 128-pixel imager in a 0.35 mu m CMOS process and validated it through post-layout simulations. According to these simulations, the kernel-based spatial filter circuit is integrated into the imager, which processes images at frame rates ranging from 746 to 752 fps. Our CMOS implementation outperforms state-of-the-art circuits in denoising, with the best result: a Mean Squared Error of 0.90, Peak Signal Noise Ratio of 48.55 dB, and Structural Similarity Index Metric of 0.99 configured as the mean filter. Additionally, it demonstrates comparable performance in edge detection to state-of-the-art circuits. The best results were achieved with a Mean Squared Error of 4.68, a Peak Signal to Noise Ratio of 41.42 dB, and a Structural Similarity Index Metric of 0.97, using the y-direction Robert filter. Our proposed circuit demonstrated good edge-location accuracy, with a value of

关键词： Convolution Edge detection image sensor Integrated circuit Kernel Noise removal Spatial filter

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Research on Pixel SNR of Low Light image sensor

Research on Pixel SNR of Low Light Image Sensor

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2024 Applied Optics and Photonics China

作者： Wang, Gengyun Zhang, Ruimeng Bu, Hongbo Beijing Inst Space Mech & Elect 104 Youyi Rd Beijing 100094 Peoples R China

ISBN: (数字)9781510687882

ISBN: (纸本)9781510687875;9781510687882

The Low-light image sensor is the photoelectric detector for imaging in the environment of full month illumination and lower illumination. The main detector types include the electrical gain detector represented by EMCCD, the optical gain detector represented by MCP detector, and the latest scientific CMOS image sensor (sCMOS). EMCCD uses high voltage electric field to multiply electrons after photoelectric conversion, so as to improve photoelectric conversion sensitivity. MCP uses high voltage electric field to multiply electrons converted by photo-cathode materials, which improves the photon flux of dim targets, and thus improves the sensitivity of detector to dim targets in low light environment. Scientific CMOS image sensor is proposed in recent years that does not rely on external structure, and obtains high sensitivity by optimizing CMOS pixel technology, pixel structure and readout circuit noise level. Based on the optical and electrical parameters of the these kinds of low light level detectors, this paper analyzes the calculation methods of SNR of the these kinds of low light level detectors in detail, and expounds the theoretical characteristics and application fields of the these kinds of low light level detectors.

关键词： Low light detector image sensor scientific level Signal Noise Ratio Micro channel Plate

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Hydrogel flexible photodetector based on polarization of free water molecules and image sensor application

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NANO ENERGY 2025年 138卷

作者： Bo, Yujiao Yang, Minhui Qian, Zhihao Bi, Hongjia Lin, Shisheng Zhejiang Univ Coll Informat Sci & Elect Engn Hangzhou 310027 Peoples R China Zhejiang Univ State Key Lab Modern Opt Instrumentat Hangzhou 310027 Peoples R China

Flexible photodetectors are promising for a wide range of applications, including wearable devices, medical equipment, smart homes, energy harvesting, and storage. However, conventional manufacturing methods often face challenges such as complexity, high costs, and poor stability. In this study, we present a flexible photodetector based on a hydrogel design, achieving a responsivity of 4.32 mA/W and a detectivity of 9.09 x 109 Jones at 360 nm under zero bias, with rapid response times characterized by a rise time of 45.6 ms and a fall time of 34.5 ms. The core working principle of the Gr-PEDOT/Alg(Fe3+)-TiO2 photodetector relies on the photopolarization of water molecules in the hydrogel, which is driven by the built-in electric field formed at the interface between semiconductors with different Fermi levels under illumination, enabling self-powered UV detection. The device features excellent mechanical stretchability and high optical transparency, making it wellsuited for applications such as wearable electronics, portable cameras, and transparent or semi-transparent devices. To explore its potential further, we fabricate an 8 x 8 flexible photodetector array capable of capturing images under bending conditions and detecting incident light signals from multiple angles. By integrating the images captured by the 8 x 8 flexible photodetector array with convolutional neural networks (CNNs), the system achieves precise image recognition even under bending conditions, demonstrating promising applications in artificial intelligence and machine learning. This work highlights the significant advantages of flexible Gr-PEDOT/Alg(Fe3+)-TiO2 photodetectors and provides valuable insights into their application in optoelectronic imaging and artificial intelligence technologies.

关键词： Self-driven Flexible photodetector Hydrogel image sensor

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Enhancing image Reconstruction Method in High-Frequency Electric Field Visualization Systems Using a Polarized Light image sensor

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sensorS 2025年第5期25卷 1596-1596页

作者： Sasagawa, Kiyotaka Okada, Ryoma Mizuno, Maya Takehara, Hironari Haruta, Makito Tashiro, Hiroyuki Ohta, Jun Nara Inst Sci & Technol Div Mat Sci Grad Sch Sci & Technol 8916-5 Takayama Ikoma Nara 6300192 Japan Nara Inst Sci & Technol Medilux Res Ctr 8916-5 Takayama Ikoma Nara 6300192 Japan Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol Radio Res Inst 4-2-1 Nukuikitamachi Koganei Tokyo 1848795 Japan Chitose Inst Sci & Technol Dept Optoelect Syst Engn 758-65 Bibi Chitose Hokkaido 0668655 Japan Nara Inst Sci & Technol Inst Res Initiat 8916-5 Takayama Ikoma Nara 6300192 Japan Kyushu Univ Fac Med Sci Dept Hlth Sci 3-1-1 MaidashiHigashi Ku Fukuoka Fukuoka 8128582 Japan

This paper introduces an image processing method, used to achieve uniform sensitivity across the imaging plane in a high-frequency electric field imaging system, that employs an electro-optical crystal and a polarization image sensor. The polarization pixels have two polarization directions, 0 degrees and 90 degrees, in pairs, and, conventionally, their difference is computed first. In contrast, this study proposes a method to separate each polarization image, perform pixel completion, and subsequently perform intensity correction. The proposed method was demonstrated to improve field distribution images acquired using 36 GHz and 30 GHz input signals for a microstrip line and patch antenna, respectively. From the measurement results of the microstrip line, the application of the proposed method reduced the electric field fluctuations on the line from 3.1 dB to 1.5 dB. This image-processing method can be applied sequentially during image acquisition, making it suitable for the real-time imaging of electric fields.

关键词： electric-field imaging electro-optic effect image processing image sensor optical heterodyne

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image sensor Based Visible Light Communication and Its Application to Pose, Position, and Range Estimations

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IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2014年第9期E97B卷 1759-1765页

作者： Yamazato, Takaya Haruyama, Shinichiro Nagoya Univ Nagoya Aichi 4648603 Japan Keio Univ Yokohama Kanagawa 2238526 Japan

This study introduces an image sensor based visible light communication (VLC) and its application to pose, position, and range estimations. There are two types of visible-light receiver: a photodiode and an image sensor. A photodiode is usually used as a reception device of VLC, and an image sensor consisting of a large number of pixels can also be used as a VLC reception device. A photodiode detects the signal intensity of incoming light, while an image sensor not only detects the incoming signal intensity but also an accurate angle of arrival of light emitted from a visible light transmitter such as a white LED light. After angles of arrival of light are detected by an image sensor, positioning and data reception can be performed. The ability of an image sensor to detect an accurate angle of arrival will provide attractive applications of VLC such as pose, position calculation, and range estimation. Furthermore, because the image sensor has the ability to spatially separate sources, outdoor positioning even with strong sunlight is possible by discarding the associated pixels of noise sources.

关键词： visible light communication image sensor pose estimation positioning range estimation

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image sensor correction algorithm for photon transfer curve based on neural network

引用

OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2020年第6期59卷

作者： Wen, Qiang Zhu, Siqi Liu, Shichang Guo, Houwei Jin, Jingwen Zhu, Yaoxin Harbin Engn Univ Sch Sci Harbin Peoples R China China Elect Technol Grp Corp 52nd Res Inst Hangzhou Peoples R China

Pattern noise and nonlinearity are common problems in many image sensors that limit their performance. We present an algorithm based on neural network to correct pattern noise and nonlinearity of the image sensor when the gray value approaches the saturation point to improve the linear range and image contrast of image sensors. The photon transfer curve (PTC) of each pixel is evaluated through a photographic test with an image sensor at different exposures. Assuming that the PTC of the ideal image sensor is a proportional function, the nonlinear region of the PTC of each pixel is corrected to the targeted curve using a neural network. The experimental results show that the image contrast and dynamic range of the corrected image can be significantly improved while the pattern noise of the corrected image is also effectively removed. In addition, the algorithm corrects the damaged pixels of the image sensor. (C) 2020 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)

关键词： image sensor nonlinearity photon transfer curve fixed pattern noise neural network

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image sensor OPERATING IN A PERSISTENCE-INTEGRATION MODE

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APPLIED OPTICS 1991年第32期30卷 4636-4642页

作者： HUANG, ZS ANDO, T Graduate School of Electronic Science Technology Shizuoka University Jyouhoku 3-5-1 Hamamatsu 432 Japan Research Institute of Electronics Shizuoka University Jyouhoku 3-5-1 Hamamatsu 432 Japan

We propose a novel solid-state image sensor based on a new charge integration concept. This sensor is suitable for imaging low-speed or static objects at low light levels. A model of the sensor as well as the experimental results of a single pixel device is presented. The dynamic range is approximately 110 dB. The linearity is gamma congruent-to 0.71 at low-light levels. The signal gain of the device can automatically increase with a decrease of incident light power.

关键词： PHOTODETECTOR image sensor PERSISTENCE INTEGRATION MODE

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Design Framework of image sensor System Based on Dynamic Range Extension by Adding Noise for Saturated Conditions

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS MAN CYBERNETICS-SYSTEMS 2016年第8期46卷 1121-1128页

作者： Tadokoro, Yukihiro Kasai, Seiya Ichiki, Akihisa Tanaka, Hiroya Toyota Cent Res & Dev Labs Inc Nagakute Aichi 4801192 Japan Hokkaido Univ Res Ctr Integrated Quantum Elect Sapporo Hokkaido 0608628 Japan Nagoya Univ Green Mobil Collaborat Res Ctr Nagoya Aichi 4648603 Japan

It is a well-known fact that the light input to an image sensor is often out of its dynamic range under the strong light conditions of halation. In this case, the sensor cannot output any information. Therefore, various countermeasures have been proposed for sensor devices and signal processing. These countermeasures increase the dynamic range using additional components and/or computations, which increase the system cost. In this paper, we propose a simple alternative method of just adding noise. Inspired by the concept of supra-threshold stochastic resonance, which is often discussed in the context of nonlinear physics, a fluctuation in sensor response is introduced in the proposed method. We analytically describe the mechanism by which the dynamic range is increased, which is intuitively understandable and can be used in practical image sensors.

关键词： Dynamic range image sensor supra-threshold stochastic resonance (SSR)

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High-Speed Visible Light Communication Using Combination of Low-Speed image sensor and Polygon Mirror

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IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES 2016年第1期E99A卷 263-270页

作者： Imai, Yoshihito Ebihara, Tadashi Mizutani, Koichi Wakatsuki, Naoto Univ Tsukuba Tsukuba Ibaraki 3058573 Japan

Visible light communication is one of the key technologies for intelligent transport systems (ITS). However, current visible light communication systems require high-cost devices, such as high-speed image sensors, to support their high transmission rates. In this paper, we designed a communication system with combination of a low-speed commercial image sensor and a polygon mirror-namely, a fast-blinking light signal is scanned by the polygon mirror and captured as a residual image on the low-speed image sensor-to achieve visible light communication on existing mobile devices with high transmission rates. We also analyzed some required conditions, such as the relationship between the exposure time of the image sensor and the optimal resolution, and conducted experiments for performance evaluation. As a result, we found that the proposed system could achieve a data rate of 120 bps, 10 times faster than that of the existing scheme when we compare them using the same image sensor. We also found that the proposed system can achieve a practical bit error rate in a low-noise environment.

关键词： ITS visible light communication image sensor polygon mirror

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