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Toward a Wireless image sensor for Real-Time Fluorescence Microscopy in Cancer Therapy

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2024年第5期18卷 1050-1064页

作者： Rabbani, Rozhan Najafiaghdam, Hossein Roschelle, Micah Papageorgiou, Efthymios Philip Zhao, Biqi Rebekah Ghanbari, Mohammad Meraj Muller, Rikky Stojanovic, Vladimir Anwar, Mekhail Univ Calif Berkeley Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci Berkeley CA 94720 USA Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco CA 94158 USA Univ Calif San Francisco Dept Radiat Oncol San Francisco CA 94158 USA

We present a mm-sized, ultrasonically powered lensless CMOS image sensor as a progress towards wireless fluorescence microscopy. Access to biological information within the tissue has the potential to provide insights guiding diagnosis and treatment across numerous medical conditions including cancer therapy. This information, in conjunction with current clinical imaging techniques that have limitations in obtaining images continuously and lack wireless compatibility, can improve continual detection of multicell clusters deep within tissue. The proposed platform incorporates a 2.4 x 4.7 mm(2) integrated circuit (IC) fabricated in TSMC 0.18 mu m, a micro laser diode (mu LD), a single piezoceramic and off-chip storage capacitors. The IC consists of a 36 x 40 array of capacitive trans-impedance amplifier-based pixels, wireless power management and communication via ultrasound and a laser driver all controlled by a Finite State Machine. The piezoceramic harvests energy from the acoustic waves at a depth of 2 cm to power up the IC and transfer 11.5 kbits/frame via backscattering. During Charge-Up, the off-chip capacitor stores charge to later supply a high-power 78 mW mu LD during Imaging. Proof of concept of the imaging front end is shown by imaging distributions of CD8 T-cells, an indicator of the immune response to cancer, ex vivo, in the lymph nodes of a functional immune system (BL6 mice) against colorectal cancer consistent with the results of a fluorescence microscope. The overall system performance is verified by detecting 140 mu m features on a USAF resolution target with 32 ms exposure time and 389 ms ultrasound backscattering.

关键词： Biomedical implants cancer detection capacitive trans-impedance amplifier (CTIA) energy harvesting fluorescence imaging image sensor piezoceramic ultrasound backscattering cancer detection capacitive trans-impedance amplifier (CTIA) energy harvesting fluorescence imaging image sensor piezoceramic ultrasound backscattering

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Intelligent image sensor based on probing the evolution of redox potentials distributed in reaction-diffusion medium

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sensorS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL 2010年第1期145卷 285-292页

作者： Wang, Yong Xie, Yibing Yuan, Chunwei Wang, Haitao Fu, Degang Southeast Univ State Key Lab Bioelect Nanjing 210096 Peoples R China Jiangsu Lab Biomat & Devices Nanjing 210096 Peoples R China Southeast Univ Sch Chem & Chem Engn Nanjing 210096 Peoples R China Southeast Univ Res Inst Key Lab Environm & Biosafety Suzhou Suzhou 215123 Peoples R China

Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction-diffusion medium, considered as a continuously distributed information processing system operating in a highly parallel mode, can be used to process images. A sol-gel method is used to prepare the light-sensitive BZ reaction-diffusion medium, which forms on a circuit board containing 8 x 8 channel matrix platinum electrodes. This medium ensures both reaction running and potential detecting. BZ reaction is excited by projecting an image (input-image) on the light-sensitive BZ medium, followed by the chemical waves' (output-image) occurrence in the BZ medium. The imaging process in BZ medium is an evolutional one, including image inversion and boundary-enhancement function. Redox potentials distributed in the BZ medium reflect the evolution of the output-image and are detected synchronizing with the image evolution process. The output-image is reconstructed in the form of the distribution of redox potentials. The light-sensitive BZ medium and the potential detecting equipment can be developed as an intelligent image sensor. This system enabled us to open a new way to construct image sensors. (C) 2009 Elsevier BM. All rights reserved.

关键词： Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction Reaction-diffusion medium Sol-gel Redox potentials image sensor

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A Method to Achieve High Dynamic Range in a CMOS image sensor Using Interleaved Row Readout

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IEEE sensorS JOURNAL 2022年第22期22卷 21619-21627页

作者： Wocial, Thomas Stefanov, Konstantin D. Martin, William E. Barnes, John R. Jones, Hugh R. A. Univ Hertfordshire Ctr Astrophys Res Hatfield AL10 9AB Herts England Open Univ Sch Phys Sci Milton Keynes MK7 6AA Bucks England

We present a readout scheme for CMOS image sensors that can be used to achieve arbitrarily high dynamic range (HDR) in principle. The linear full well capacity (LFWC) in high signal regions was extended 50 times from 20 to 984 ke(-) via an interlaced row-wise readout order, while the noise floor remained unchanged in low signal regions, resulting in a 34-dB increase in DR. The peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is increased in a continuous fashion from 43 to 60 dB. This was achieved by summing user-selected rows that were read out multiple times. Centroiding uncertainties were lowered when template-fitting a projected pattern, compared to the standard readout scheme. Example applications are aimed at scientific imaging due to the linearity and PSNR increase.

关键词： CMOS dynamic range (DR) image sensor local integration time random addressing row-wise

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Noise modeling, evaluation and reduction for the atmospheric lidar technique employing an image sensor

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OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS 2018年 426卷 463-470页

作者： Mei, Liang Zhang, Lishan Kong, Zheng Li, Hui Dalian Univ Technol Sch Optoelect Engn & Instrumentat Sci Dalian 116024 Peoples R China Dalian Univ Technol Sch Informat & Commun Engn Dalian 116024 Peoples R China

Atmospheric lidar signal, measured by the lidar technique employing an image sensor, suffers from sunlight shot noise, dark current noise, readout noise, and fixed pattern noise (FPN) of the image sensor. A noise model has been established to describe the noise characteristics and verified by evaluating lidar signals measured by an 808-nm Scheimpflug lidar system employing a CMOS image sensor as the detector. The sunlight shot noise and the photo-response non-uniformity (PRNU) noise that is one of the FPNs are found to be the primary noise sources of the lidar signal. The PRNU noise ratio is strongly dependent on the total illumination intensity of the image sensor and is minimized under high-light-level conditions. Thus, automatic exposure is suggested to achieve the best signal-to-noise ratio. Three different digital filters are employed to suppress the noise of the lidar signals, among which the Savitzky-Golay filter achieves the best performance. Moreover, a signal resampling method is proposed to improve the SNR for the near-range lidar signal. This work provides an in-depth understanding of the noise characteristics and proposes dedicated signal processing methods for atmospheric lidar techniques employing image sensors as detectors.

关键词： Lidar Scheimpflug lidar Remote sensing and sensors image sensor Noise modeling

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A new image sensor with space variant sampling control on a focal plane

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IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION AND SYSTEMS 2000年第7期E83D卷 1331-1337页

作者： Ohtsuka, Y Hamamoto, T Aizawa, K Univ Tokyo Tokyo 1138656 Japan Sci Univ Tokyo Tokyo 1628601 Japan

We propose a new sampling control system on image sensor array. Contrary to the random access pixels, the proposed sensor is able to read out spatially variant sampled pixels at high speed, without inputting pixel address for each access. The sampling positions can be changed dynamically by rewriting the sampling position memory. The proposed sensor has a memory array that stores the sampling positions. It can achieve any spatially varying sampling patterns. A prototype of 64 x 64 pixels are fabricated under 0.7 mu m CMOS precess.

关键词： spatially variant sampling sampling position memory image sensor smart scanning

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Hairline crack detection in telecommunication cables using a CCD image sensor

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ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS IN JAPAN PART III-FUNDAMENTAL ELECTRONIC SCIENCE 1999年第7期82卷 12-20页

作者： Yoshida, H Sakita, E Masuda, J NTT Global Business Headquarters Tokyo 1631427 Japan NTT Tech Assistance & Support Ctr Musashino Tokyo 1800012 Japan NTT Access Network Syst Labs Tsukuba Ibaraki 3050805 Japan

Foamed polyethylene (PE) used as an insulating coat for cable cores may undergo state changes (deterioration due to oxidation) when deterioration factors resulting from long UV irradiation, humidity and temperature increases, and the like become serious. As a result, cracks occurring on the surface of the coat become a cause of deterioration of propagation quality or insulation strength of a cable. This paper discusses a technique for detecting hairline cracks occurring on the surface of this insulating coat simply and nondestructively by measuring the core of the communications cable installed outside a building, a signal processing technique for detecting the existence of a crack and its width from the detected signals, and an optical system for detecting the crack as a dark image based on a photoslicing method. An image sensor using a common light source as a photoemitting element and a one-dimensional CCD line sensor as a photoreceptive element was constructed, waveforms were analyzed with respect to the measured signals, and it was confirmed that cracks up to a width of about 10 mu m on the currently used communications cable core can be detected by the proposed method. (C) 1999 Scripta Technica.

关键词： insulating coat cable crack image sensor signal processing nondestructive detection

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Theoretical Limits Analysis of Indoor Positioning System Using Visible Light and image sensor

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ETRI JOURNAL 2016年第3期38卷 560-567页

作者： Zhao, Xiang Lin, Jiming Xidian Univ Sch Telecommun Engn Xian Peoples R China Guilin Univ Elect Technol Guangxi Key Lab Wireless Wideband Commun & Signal Guilin Guangxi Peoples R China Guilin Univ Elect Technol Guangxi Key Lab Precis Nav Technol & Applicat Guilin Guangxi Peoples R China Guangxi Expt Ctr Informat Sci Guilin Peoples R China Guilin Univ Elect Technol Guangxi Coll & Univ Key Lab Satellite Nav & Posit Guilin Guangxi Peoples R China

To solve the problem of parameter optimization in image sensor-based visible light positioning systems, theoretical limits for both the location and the azimuth angle of the image sensor receiver (ISR) are calculated. In the case of a typical indoor scenario, maximum likelihood estimations for both the location and the azimuth angle of the ISR are first deduced. The Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) is then derived, under the condition that the observation values of the image points are affected by white Gaussian noise. For typical parameters of LEDs and image sensors, simulation results show that accurate estimates for both the location and azimuth angle can be achieved, with positioning errors usually on the order of centimeters and azimuth angle errors being less than 1 degrees. The estimation accuracy depends on the focal length of the lens and on the pixel size and frame rate of the ISR, as well as on the number of transmitters used.

关键词： Cramer-Rao bound maximum likelihood estimation indoor positioning systems visible light image sensor location azimuth angle

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A Power Efficient image sensor Readout With On-Chip δ-Interpolation Using Reconfigurable ADC

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IEEE sensorS JOURNAL 2020年第13期20卷 6833-6840页

作者： Kaur, Amandeep Mishra, Deepak Sarkar, Mukul Indian Inst Technol Jodhpur Dept Elect Engn Jodhpur 342037 Rajasthan India Indian Inst Technol Jodhpur Dept Comp Sci & Engn Jodhpur 342037 Rajasthan India Indian Inst Technol Delhi Dept Elect Engn New Delhi 110016 India

In this paper, a low-power readout using reconfigurable cyclic ADC for CMOS image sensors is proposed. It reduces the total number of pixels to be read by taking advantage of pixel correlation. The required number of ADC operations is reduced, resulting in power saving. In contrast to the existing pixel correlation-based approaches, which focus only on the intensity differences, in the proposed method, the polarity of the differences is also taken into account. It helps in preserving fine edges representing features such as texture. The discarded or unread pixels are interpolated on-chip while reconfiguring the ADC input range according to the interpolation step size. Furthermore, this reduces the number of ADC conversion cycles by 25% to 50% for interpolation steps of 16 LSB and 64 LSBs, respectively. The ADC is designed and fabricated in UMC 180-nm CMOS technology, and the proposed method is verified for standard test images. The reconstructed images incorporating ADC non-linearities result in average Pratt's FoM values of 0.88, 0.86, and 0.81 for 60%, 70%, and 74% compression, respectively. The corresponding best values achieved by the existing approaches are 0.86, 0.80, and 0.77, respectively. The improvement in FoM is observed due to the consideration of polarity information. The proposed technique results from 33% to 50% power saving for 80% compression in 512 x 512 image, using reconfigurable ADC. Therefore, it is suitable for a power efficient CMOS sensor design.

关键词： Interpolation sensors Switches Logic gates System-on-chip image reconstruction image coding image sensor on-chip compression interpolation reconfigurable cyclic ADC

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A high-efficiency CMOS image sensor with air gap in situ MicroLens (AGML) fabricated by 0.18-/-μm CMOS technology

IEEE ELECTRON DEVICE LETTERS

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IEEE ELECTRON DEVICE LETTERS 2005年第9期26卷 634-636页

作者： Hsu, TH Fang, YK Yaung, DN Wuu, SG Chien, HC Tseng, CH Yao, LL Wang, WD Wang, CS Chen, SF Natl Cheng Kung Univ Dept Elect Engn Inst Microelect VLSI Technol Lab Tainan 701 Taiwan Taiwan Semicond Mfg Co Hsinchu 300 Taiwan

The air gap in situ microlens (AGML) above-pixel sensor with 0.18-mu m CMOS image sensor technology has been successfully developed to dramatically improve the optical crosstalk and pixel sensitivity. We demonstrated excellent crosstalk diminution with the structure on small pixels. Compared with conventional 2.8 mu m square pixel, adopting the AGML can reduce the optical crosstalk up to 64%, and provide 21% in enhancement of photosensitivity at 0 degrees incident angle. Furthermore, under 20 degrees incident angle the optical crosstalk reduction and sensitivity enhancement are increased to 89% and 122%, respectively. Therefore, the AGML structure makes pixel size be further scaled down to less than 2.8 mu m square and maintain good performance.

关键词： air gap air gap in situ microlens (AGML) crosstalk and sensitivity image sensor microlens

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Implementation of real-time image edge detector based on a bump circuit and active pixels in a CMOS image sensor

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INTEGRATION-THE VLSI JOURNAL 2018年 60卷 56-62页

作者： Nam, Minho Cho, Kyoungrok Chungbuk Natl Univ Coll Elect & Comp Engn Cheongju South Korea

This paper presents a hardware-based image edge detector that directly detects edges in an image using CMOS image sensor (CIS) circuitry without any signal processing. The CIS consists of an active pixel sensor (APS) and a bump circuit makes peak current like a bump monitoring the current of the MS. The MS converts illumination density of a photodiode to electric current. The bump circuit creates peak current when a pixel is an edge, compared to the neighboring pixels. The proposed edge detector is implemented using 0.18 gm CMOS technology that provides a 34% fill factor and power dissipation of 0.9 W per pixel with a 1.8 V power supply. The fabricated chip is a 64 x 64 array that finds edges of an image in real time.

关键词： Bump circuit Edge detection image sensor

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