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Cross-point regions on multiple bit planes for lossless images compression

IET image PROCESSING 2011年第5期5卷 466-471页

作者： Dang, T. T. Nguyen, S. K. Vu, T. D. Higuchi, S. Hochiminh City Univ Technol Fac Elect & Elect Engn Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam Osaka Sangyo Univ Fac Engn Osaka Japan

This study presents cross-point regions for lossless image compression on multiple bit planes (CRICM), an algorithm for losslessly encoding and decoding images, especially medical images, by optimising on the probability of bits on different bit planes of cross points that are neighbour points of grey levels 2(n). Based on Gray coding, Gray codes of cross points are determined on an adjacent data set because images characteristically contain data that do not change much in a specific area, then this effect is generalised for real data without losing generality for their statistical properties. This is especially true for medical images that have many regions with the same grey levels. The Gray code transformation makes the bit states of cross points change from the original data bits, so firstly the probabilities of data bits on specific bit planes in cross-point regions and then the entropies of the messages are changed. These probabilities are estimated and compared with the probabilities of the original data bits. This change of probability has important effects on the encoding and decoding processes in lossless medical image compression.

关键词： probability encoding Codes multiple bit planes entropies lossless medical image compression grey levels image coding image and video coding Other topics in statistics Gray codes cross-point regions data compression decoding Gray coding

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Dynamic convolutional capsule network for In-loop filtering in HEVC video codec

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IET image PROCESSING 2023年第2期17卷 439-449页

作者： Su, LiChao Cao, Mengqing Yu, Yue Chen, Jian Yang, XiuZhi Wu, Dapeng Fuzhou Univ Coll Software Coll Comp & Data Sci Fuzhou Fujian Peoples R China Fuzhou Univ Coll Phys & Informat Engn Qi Shan Campus2 Xue Yuan Rd Fuzhou Fujian Peoples R China City Univ Hong Kong Dept Comp Sci Hong Kong Peoples R China

Recently, several in-loop filtering algorithms based on convolutional neural network (CNN) have been proposed to improve the efficiency of HEVC (High Efficiency video coding). Conventional CNN-based filters only apply a single model to the whole image, which cannot adapt well to all local features from the image. To solve this problem, an in-loop filtering algorithm based on a dynamic convolutional capsule network (DCC-net) is proposed, which embeds localized dynamic routing and dynamic segmentation algorithms into capsule network, and integrate them into the HEVC hybrid video coding framework as a new in-loop filter. The proposed method brings average 7.9% and 5.9% BD-BR reductions under all intra (AI) and random access (RA) configurations, respectively, as well as, 0.4 dB and 0.2 dB BD-PSNR gains, respectively. In addition, the proposed algorithm has an outstanding performance in terms of time efficiency.

关键词： Codecs, coders and decoders HEVC hybrid video coding framework convolutional neural network image and video coding dynamic convolutional capsule network CNN-based filters Neural nets video coding HEVC video codec video codecs dynamic routing in-loop filtering algorithm video signal processing dynamic segmentation algorithms high efficiency video coding convolutional neural nets

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Emergency TeleOrthoPaedics m-health system for wireless communication links

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IET COMMUNICATIONS 2009年第8期3卷 1284-1296页

作者： Hadjinicolaou, M. G. Nilavalan, R. Itagaki, T. Voskarides, S. Ch. Pattichis, C. S. Schizas, A. N. Brunel Univ Sch Engn & Design Uxbridge UB8 3PH Middx England Cyprus Univ Technol Elect & Informat Technol Dept Limassol Cyprus Univ Cyprus Dept Comp Sci Nicosia Cyprus Paphos Gen Hosp Orthopaed Clin Paphos Cyprus

For the first time, a complete wireless and mobile emergency TeleOrthoPaedics system with field trials and expert opinion is presented. The system enables doctors in a remote area to obtain a second opinion from doctors in the hospital using secured wireless telecommunication networks. Doctors can exchange securely medical images and video as well as other important data, and thus perform remote consultations, fast and accurately using a user friendly interface, via a reliable and secure telemedicine system of low cost. The quality of the transmitted compressed (JPEG2000) images was measured using different metrics and doctors opinions. The results have shown that all metrics were within acceptable limits. The performance of the system was evaluated successfully under different wireless communication links based on real data.

关键词： mobile radio image coding medical image processing Biomedical measurement and imaging data compression image and video coding medical images wireless communication links Mobile radio systems telemedicine system Biomedical communication radio links image compression emergency teleorthopaedics m-health system mobile emergency system telemedicine medical video

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Analysis of the error susceptibility of a field programmable gate array-based image compressor through random event injection simulation

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IET COMPUTERS AND DIGITAL TECHNIQUES 2012年第3期6卷 160-165页

作者： Lopes Filho, A. d'Amore, R. Natl Inst Space Res INPE Div Eletron Aeroespacial Sao Jose Dos Campos SP Brazil ITA Dept Eletron Aplicada Sao Jose Dos Campos SP Brazil

The successful use of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) devices on board space applications requires the use of fault mitigation methods because of the effects of space radiation in microelectronics devices. This study describes a scheme for the random injection of single event transients/upsets to evaluate the viability of employing COTS field programmable gate array for an onboard, low-complexity, remote-sensing image data compressor. The fault injection features are added to the application to be tested by modifying its hardware description language source code. Then the tests are executed by simulation, with or without the inclusion of fault mitigation methods, so that comparative evaluations can be quickly obtained. The evaluation results (robustness enhancement against area) of different fault mitigation methods are presented, with good estimates of the behaviour of the hardware implementation of the application in a space radiation environment.

关键词： COTS device image compressor random event injection simulation single event transient Logic and switching circuits image and video coding hardware description languages commercial-off-the-shelf single event upset error susceptibility Logic circuits field programmable gate arrays Logic design methods fault injection features Computer vision and image processing techniques field programmable gate array image coding radiation effects Radiation effects (semiconductor technology) board space application space radiation Digital circuit design, modelling and testing microelectronics device hardware description language source code fault mitigation method

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Error resilient video coding with priority data classification using H.264 flexible macroblock ordering

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IET image PROCESSING 2007年第2期1卷 197-204页

作者： Im, S. K. Pearmain, A. J. Univ London Queen Mary Coll Dept Elect Engn London E1 4NS England

Flexible macroblock ordering (FMO) is a new error resilience feature in the H.264 (MPEG-4 part 10) video coding standard. The paper exploits FMO to offer a new classification algorithm for prioritised video transmission. Instead of using the default mapping structures of FMO, an optimisation algorithm in which the more important macroblocks (MBs) are categorised in a separate slice group (SG), which corresponds to high-priority packets for transmission, is proposed. The importance of each MB is determined based on its eventual influence on picture quality. This is assessed by considering the fact that the successful transmission of an MB not only enhances the quality of the associated pixels, but also improves the quality of its adjacent lost MBs by improving the efficiency of error concealment. It is assumed that the network can offer a prioritised service for successful transmission of the high-priority SG. Based on this, a vulnerability factor for each MB is determined, and a certain proportion of high-vulnerability MBs at each frame to limit the impact of temporal error propagation is intra-updated. It is shown, where the proposed mapping algorithm outperforms the default mappings of the H.264 codec, that this prioritised transmission will improve the subjective and objective video quality in situations with a high probability of transmission errors.

关键词： prioritised video transmission priority data classification mapping algorithm H.264 flexible macroblock ordering FMO Computer vision and image processing techniques image and video coding error propagation video coding optimisation algorithm image classification video coding standard picture quality video signal processing MPEG-4 part 10 slice group error resilient video coding vulnerability factor codec

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Dynamic threshold-based keyframe detection and its application in rate control

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IET image PROCESSING 2012年第7期6卷 986-995页

作者： Yao, W. Li, Z. Rahardja, S. Inst Infocomm Res Signal Proc Dept Singapore Singapore

This study proposes a new dynamic threshold model to detect keyframes for the coding of a video sequence. The proposed detection threshold is content adaptive which dynamically updates its value at each frame by taking into consideration both the statistical properties of the video sequence and the resolution as well as the quantisation parameters. The content variation metric used in the proposed detection method utilises the information that is already generated by the encoder during the encoding process and thus it makes the detection process fast. By applying the proposed scheme to rate control, the sizes of group of pictures are now adapted to the video content and it removes the temporal redundancy among different frames better, which transforms to the improvements on coding efficiency. The experimental results have shown that the proposed method achieves peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) improvement.

关键词： image resolution statistical analysis temporal redundancy encoding process dynamic threshold model dynamic threshold-based keyframe detection coding efficiency image and video coding rate control quantisation parameters quantisation (signal) encoder video coding image sequences peak signal-to-noise video resolution video signal processing detection process content variation metric statistical properties video sequence coding PSNR Other topics in statistics

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Histogram ordering model-based fast motion estimation

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IET image PROCESSING 2012年第3期6卷 238-250页

作者： Park, S. -J. Hong, S. -M. Lee, H. Jin, S. Jeong, J. Hanyang Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Seoul 133791 South Korea Hanyang Univ Dept Intelligent Robot Seoul 133791 South Korea LG Elect Inc SIC Ctr DTVSoC Dept SAT Gr Seoul South Korea

This study proposes two efficient block matching algorithms for fast motion estimation using a histogram ordering model in order to reduce the computational cost of video coding. Since the representative pixels that consist of edge or texture mainly contribute to the block matching criterion, it is important to analyse the details of the current block. To analyse the characteristics of the block with low complexity, the pixel histogram is used for the observation of the block. Based on this pixel histogram for the current block, an optimal block matching order is determined for the lossless fast matching algorithm. In addition, adaptive partial block matching algorithm for lossy fast motion estimation using histogram-based block matching ordering is also presented to further reduce the complexity of block matching. By capturing the representative pixels, block matching distortion is maximised soon enough during the block matching. For this reason, partial block matching is available instead of full block matching, which is also known as a full search algorithm. Our experimental results show that the proposed algorithm not only reduces the computational complexity of block matching criterion, but also tends to maintain the image quality when compared to the conventional fast matching algorithms.

关键词： search problems image quality fast motion estimation Optimisation techniques partial block matching histogram-based block matching ordering model image and video coding motion estimation pixel histogram full search algorithm block matching algorithms image matching video coding representative pixels block matching criterion image texture Computational complexity video signal processing block matching distortion computational complexity optimal block matching order computational cost reduction Combinatorial mathematics block matching complexity

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A screen-shooting resilient document image watermarking scheme using deep neural network

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IET image PROCESSING 2023年第2期17卷 323-336页

作者： Ge, Sulong Fei, Jianwei Xia, Zhihua Tong, Yao Weng, Jian Liu, Jianan Nanjing Univ Informat Sci & Technol Sch Comp & Software Nanjing Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Informat Sci & Technol Engn Res Ctr Digital Forens Nanjing Peoples R China Jinan Univ Coll Cyber Secur Guangzhou Peoples R China Guangzhou Fongwell Data Ltd Co Guangzhou Peoples R China

With the advent of the screen-reading era, the confidential documents displayed on the screen can be easily captured by a camera without leaving any traces. Thus, this paper proposes a novel screen-shooting resilient watermarking scheme for document image using deep neural network. By applying this scheme, when the watermarked image is displayed on the screen and captured by a camera, the watermark can be still extracted from the captured photographs. Specifically, the scheme is an end-to-end neural network with an encoder to embed watermark and a decoder to extract watermark. During the training process, a distortion layer between encoder and decoder is added to simulate the distortions introduced by screen-shooting process in real scenes, such as camera distortion, shooting distortion, and light source distortion. Furthermore, a background sensitive loss and a lpips loss are used to improve visual quality of the watermarked document images in the training process. Besides, a strength factor adjustment strategy is also designed to improve the visual quality with little loss of bit extraction accuracy. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme has higher visual quality and robustness than the other two recent state-of-the-art methods.

关键词： feature extraction shooting distortion background sensitive loss camera distortion screen-shooting resilient document image watermarking distortion layer Document processing and analysis techniques image and video coding bit extraction Neural nets image watermarking Computer vision and image processing techniques strength factor adjustment end-to-end neural network confidential documents deep learning (artificial intelligence) document image processing Data security deep neural network watermark extraction lpips loss light source distortion screen-reading era visual quality

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Efficient algorithm for very low bit rate embedded image coding

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IET image PROCESSING 2008年第2期2卷 59-71页

作者： Moinuddin, A. A. Khan, E. Ghanbari, M. Aligarh Muslim Univ Dept Elect Engn Aligarh Uttar Pradesh India Univ Essex Dept Comp & Elect Syst Colchester CO4 3SQ Essex England

The authors propose an embedded wavelet-based image coding algorithm that exploits both the inter- and intra-subband correlations among the wavelet coefficients. The proposed coding algorithm is based on spatial orientation trees (SOT) in which the basic unit is a block of m x n coefficients in contrast to a single coefficient in the set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) algorithm. Each SOT has a root node (a block of m x n coefficients) in the LL-subband with the child and descendent blocks in the high frequency subbands. Thus it fuses the features of both block- and tree-based coding algorithms into a single algorithm. Performance of the proposed method is compared (in terms of rate-distortion performance) with the other state-of-the-art coding algorithms including the JPEG2000 for popular test images. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has a better coding efficiency over the other coders at very low bit rates. Also, compared with SPIHT it reduces the elements of the auxiliary lists, thereby reducing the memory requirements. In addition, the encoder of the proposed algorithm is significantly faster than that of the SPIHT, but with a slight increase in its decoder complexity.

关键词： low bit rate embedded image coding set partitioning Computer vision and image processing techniques data encapsulation image and video coding image coding wavelet transforms hierarchical tree algorithm Combinatorial mathematics Integral transforms spatial orientation tree decoding trees (mathematics)

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Linking run-time resource management of embedded multi-core platforms with automated design-time exploration

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IET COMPUTERS AND DIGITAL TECHNIQUES 2011年第2期5卷 123-135页

作者： Ykman-Couvreur, C. Avasare, P. Mariani, G. Palermo, G. Silvano, C. Zaccaria, V. IMEC VZW IBBT B-3001 Louvain Belgium Univ Lugano ALaRI Lugano Switzerland Politecn Milan Dipartimento Elect & Informaz Milan Italy

Nowadays, owing to unpredictable changes of the environment and workload variation, optimally running multiple applications in terms of quality, performance and power consumption on embedded multi-core platforms is a huge challenge. A lightweight run-time manager, linked with an automated design-time exploration and incorporated in the host processor of the platform, is required to dynamically and efficiently configure the applications according to the available platform resources (e. g. processing elements, memories, communication bandwidth), for minimising the cost (e. g. power consumption), while satisfying the constraints (e. g. deadlines). This study presents a flow linking a design-time design space explorer, coupled with platform simulators at two abstraction levels, with a fast and lightweight priority-based heuristic integrated in the run-time manager to select near-optimal application configurations. To illustrate its feasibility and the very low complexity of the run-time selection, the proposed flow is used to manage the processors and clock frequencies of a multiple-stream MPEG4 encoder chip dedicated to automotive cognitive safety applications.

关键词： priority-based heuristic video coding video signal processing Microprocessor chips Multiprocessing systems image and video coding Civil and mechanical engineering computing design-time design space explorer Digital signal processing chips Microprocessors and microcomputers run-time manager automotive engineering run-time resource management host processor platform simulators digital signal processing chips run-time selection automotive cognitive safety automated design-time exploration MPEG4 encoder chip embedded multicore platform road safety resource allocation multiprocessing systems

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