Soft set is the power tool to deal with uncertainty in a parametric manner. In applications of soft set, one of the most important steps is to define mappings on soft sets. In this study, we model theory of game under...
详细信息
Soft set is the power tool to deal with uncertainty in a parametric manner. In applications of soft set, one of the most important steps is to define mappings on soft sets. In this study, we model theory of game under theory of soft set which is an effective tool for handling uncertainties events and problems that may exist in a game. To this end, we first define some expected impact functions of players in soft games. Then, we propose three new decision making algorithms to solve the 2.2 x p, 2. n x p and m.2 x p soft matrix games, which cannot be settled by the relevant soft methods such as saddle points, lover and upper values, dominated strategies and Nash equilibrium. The proposed soft game algorithms are illustrated by examples.
The sensitivity of loss reserving techniques to outliers in the data or deviations from model assumptions is a well known challenge. It has been shown that the popular chain-ladder reserving approach is at significant...
详细信息
The sensitivity of loss reserving techniques to outliers in the data or deviations from model assumptions is a well known challenge. It has been shown that the popular chain-ladder reserving approach is at significant risk to such aberrant observations in that reserve estimates can be significantly shifted in the presence of even one outlier. As a consequence the chain-ladder reserving technique is non-robust. In this paper we investigate the sensitivity of reserves and mean squared errors of prediction under Mack's Model (ASTIN Bull 23(2):213-225, 1993). This is done through the derivation of impact functions which are calculated by taking the first derivative of the relevant statistic of interest with respect to an observation. We also provide and discuss the impact functions for quantiles when total reserves are assumed to be lognormally distributed. Additionally, comparisons are made between the impact functions for individual accident year reserves under Mack's Model and the Bornhuetter-Ferguson methodology. It is shown that the impact of incremental claims on these statistics of interest varies widely throughout a loss triangle and is heavily dependent on other cells in the triangle. Results are illustrated using data from a Belgian non-life insurer.
For a growing number of firms, it is important that life-cycle assessments (LCAs) as well as the interpretation of the results obtained be carried out directly by the design teams. Unfortunately, the complexity of the...
详细信息
For a growing number of firms, it is important that life-cycle assessments (LCAs) as well as the interpretation of the results obtained be carried out directly by the design teams. Unfortunately, the complexity of these two elements hinders the development of really eco-designed products. In this paper, we propose a generic approach allowing a company to develop a specific environmental assessment tool which enables designers to carry out simplified environmental assessments during the design process. To be more precise, the generic approach is based on the creation of two main features: impact functions to simplify the inherent complexity of LCAs and an environmental categorisation per product range to facilitate the use of environmental assessment results by the design team. This paper presents the development of such tool (named EcoT) in the context of automotive part suppliers and demonstrates its technical robustness on two case studies (dashboards and door panels). At the end of the paper, we discuss the usability and appropriability of the EcoT tool based on handling tests carried out by the company design team.
In this paper we deal with the problem of aggregating numeric sequences of arbitrary length that represent e.g. citation records of scientists. impact functions are the aggregation operators that express as a single n...
详细信息
In this paper we deal with the problem of aggregating numeric sequences of arbitrary length that represent e.g. citation records of scientists. impact functions are the aggregation operators that express as a single number not only the quality of individual publications, but also their author's productivity. We examine some fundamental properties of these aggregation tools. It turns out that each impact function which always gives indisputable valuations must necessarily be trivial. Moreover, it is shown that for any set of citation records in which none is dominated by the other, we may construct an impact function that gives any a priori-established authors' ordering. Theoretically then, there is considerable room for manipulation in the hands of decision makers. We also discuss the differences between the impact function-based and the multicriteria decision making-based approach to scientific quality management, and study how the introduction of new properties of impact functions affects the assessment process. We argue that simple mathematical tools like the h- or g-index (as well as other bibliometric impact indices) may not necessarily be a good choice when it comes to assess scientific achievements. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This modelling study demonstrates at what level of global mean temperature rise (Delta T-g) regions will be exposed to significant decreases of freshwater availability and changes to terrestrial ecosystems. Projection...
详细信息
This modelling study demonstrates at what level of global mean temperature rise (Delta T-g) regions will be exposed to significant decreases of freshwater availability and changes to terrestrial ecosystems. Projections are based on a new, consistent set of 152 climate scenarios (eight Delta T-g trajectories reaching 1.5-5 degrees C above pre-industrial levels by 2100, each scaled with spatial patterns from 19 general circulation models). The results suggest that already at a Delta T-g of 2 degrees C and mainly in the subtropics, higher water scarcity would occur in >50% out of the 19 climate scenarios. Substantial biogeochemical and vegetation structural changes would also occur at 2 degrees C, but mainly in subpolar and semiarid ecosystems. Other regions would be affected at higher Delta T-g levels, with lower intensity or with lower confidence. In total, mean global warming levels of 2 degrees C, 3.5 degrees C and 5 degrees C are simulated to expose an additional 8%, 11% and 13% of the world population to new or aggravated water scarcity, respectively, with >50% confidence (while similar to 1.3 billion people already live in water-scarce regions). Concurrently, substantial habitat transformations would occur in biogeographic regions that contain 1% (in zones affected at 2 degrees C), 10% (3.5 degrees C) and 74% (5 degrees C) of present endemism-weighted vascular plant species, respectively. The results suggest nonlinear growth of impacts along with Delta T-g and highlight regional disparities in impact magnitudes and critical Delta T-g levels.
The process of assessing individual authors should rely upon a proper aggregation of reliable and valid papers' quality metrics. Citations are merely one possible way to measure appreciation of publications. In th...
详细信息
The process of assessing individual authors should rely upon a proper aggregation of reliable and valid papers' quality metrics. Citations are merely one possible way to measure appreciation of publications. In this study we propose some new, SJR- and SNIP-based indicators, which not only take into account the broadly conceived popularity of a paper (manifested by the number of citations), but also other factors like its potential, or the quality of papers that cite a given publication. We explore the relation and correlation between different metrics and study how they affect the values of a real-valued generalized h-index calculated for 11 prominent scientometricians. We note that the h-index is a very unstable impact function, highly sensitive for applying input elements' scaling. Our analysis is not only of theoretical significance: data scaling is often performed to normalize citations across disciplines. Uncontrolled application of this operation may lead to unfair and biased (toward some groups) decisions. This puts the validity of authors assessment and ranking using the h-index into question. Obviously, a good impact function to be used in practice should not be as much sensitive to changing input data as the analyzed one. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Two classes of aggregation functions: L-statistics and S-statistics and their generalizations called quasi-L-statistics and quasi-S-statistics are considered. Some interesting characterizations of these families of op...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9789078677000
Two classes of aggregation functions: L-statistics and S-statistics and their generalizations called quasi-L-statistics and quasi-S-statistics are considered. Some interesting characterizations of these families of operators are given. The aforementioned functions are useful for various applications. In particular, they are very helpful for modeling the so-called Producer Assessment Problem.
暂无评论