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Acoustic communication in crocodilians: information encoding and species specificity of juvenile calls

ANIMAL COGNITION 2012年第6期15卷 1095-1109页

作者： Vergne, Amelie L. Aubin, Thierry Martin, Samuel Mathevon, Nicolas Univ Lyon St Etienne CNRS CNPS Equipe Neuroethol SensorielleUMR 8195 St Etienne France Ctr Natl Rech Sci Ctr Neurosci Paris S UMR 8195 Paris France Univ Paris 11 CNRS CNPS Equipe Commun AcoustUMR 8195 F-91405 Orsay France La Ferme Crocodiles Pierrelatte France

In the Crocodylia order, all species are known for their ability to produce sounds in several communication contexts. Though recent experimental studies have brought evidence of the important biological role of young crocodilian calls, especially at hatching time, the juvenile vocal repertoire still needs to be clarified in order to describe thoroughly the crocodilian acoustic communication channel. The goal of this study is to investigate the acoustic features (structure and information coding) in the contact call of juveniles from three different species (Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus, Black caiman, Melanosuchus niger and Spectacled caiman, Caiman crocodilus). We have shown that even though substantial structural differences exist between the calls of different species, they do not seem relevant for crocodilians. Indeed, juveniles and adults from the species studied use a similar and non-species-specific way of encoding information, which relies on frequency modulation parameters. Interestingly, using conditioning experiments, we demonstrated that this tolerance in responses to signals of different acoustic structures was unlikely to be related to a lack of discriminatory abilities. This result reinforced the idea that crocodilians have developed adaptations to use sounds efficiently for communication needs.

关键词： Crocodiles Caimans Acoustic communication Species recognition information coding Conditioning experiments

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Effects of noise correlations on information encoding and decoding

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JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 2006年第6期95卷 3633-3644页

作者： Averbeck, Bruno B. Lee, Daeyeol Univ Rochester Ctr Visual Sci Dept Brain & Cognit Sci Rochester NY 14627 USA

Response variability is often correlated across populations of neurons, and these noise correlations may play a role in information coding. In previous studies, this possibility has been examined from the encoding and decoding perspectives. Here we used d prime and related information measures to examine how studies of noise correlations from these two perspectives are related. We found that for a pair of neurons, the effect of noise correlations on information decoding can be zero when the effect of noise correlations on the information encoded obtains its largest positive or negative values. Furthermore, there can be no effect of noise correlations on the information encoded when it has an effect on information decoding. We also measured the effect of noise correlations on information encoding and decoding in simultaneously recorded neurons in the supplementary motor area to see how well d prime accounted for the information actually present in the neural responses and to see how noise correlations affected encoding and decoding in real data. These analyses showed that d prime provides an accurate measure of information encoding and decoding in our population of neurons. We also found that the effect of noise correlations on information encoding was somewhat larger than the effect of noise correlations on information decoding, but both were relatively small. Finally, as predicted theoretically, the effects of correlations were slightly greater for larger ensembles (3 - 8 neurons) than for pairs of neurons.

关键词： .possibility negative examine largest correlations pair PERSPECTIVES Neurophysiol neural responses zero populations of neurons information coding information measures effect of noise

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ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING NEURONS WITHIN THE THERMOAFFERENT SYSTEM

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EXPERIMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 1986年第1期64卷 70-76页

作者： WERNER, J SCHINGNITZ, G MATHEI, J 1.Institut für Physiologie AG Elektrophysiologie Ruhr-Universit?t — MA 4/59 D-4630 Bochum 1 Federal Republic of Germany

A total of 740 midbrain, thalamic, and hypothalamic neurons were tested as to their distribution and response/stimulus characteristics by means of thermal stimulation of the scrotal skin. The most frequent response type exhibited a basic discharge rate up to a threshold temperature and then switched to a maximum firing rate. The inverse behaviour was found in a low proportion. The temperature range in which the neurons switch from the ‘low’ to the ‘high’ state has been called the ‘operating range’ of the neuron. This study reveals, in contrast to former studies, that the ‘operating range’ is extremely narrow. This holds both for the individual neuron and for the populations studied. It is confirmed by simultaneous recordings and by cross correlation analysis that there is only one temperature threshold for all warm responsive neurons involved. It is concluded that according to the mean firing rate, temperature may only be discriminated as to below or above threshold. This means that a binary information is transmitted. For continuous temperature sensation and regulation either further neuronal types disposing of a continuous temperature/frequency characteristic or additional coding mechanisms have to be assumed. The major task of the switching neurons, integrating information from all over the body should be the generation of a trigger signal for warm defence.

关键词： Thermoafferent system Operating range Response/stimulus characteristic information coding Rats

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Action potential timing precision in dorsal cochlear nucleus pyramidal cells

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JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 2007年第6期97卷 4162-4172页

作者： Street, Sarah E. Manis, Paul B. Univ N Carolina Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA Univ N Carolina Dept Cell & Mol Physiol Chapel Hill NC USA

Many studies of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) have focused on the representation of acoustic stimuli in terms of average firing rate. However, recent studies have emphasized the role of spike timing in information encoding. We sought to ascertain whether DCN pyramidal cells might employ similar strategies and to what extent intrinsic excitability regulates spike timing. Gaussian distributed low-pass noise current was injected into pyramidal cells in a brain slice preparation. The shuffled autocorrelation-based analysis was used to compute a correlation index of spike times across trials. The noise causes the cells to fire with temporal precision (SD congruent to 1-2 ms) and high reproducibility. Increasing the coefficient of variation of the noise improved the reproducibility of the spike trains, whereas increasing the firing rate of the neuron decreased the neurons' ability to respond with predictable patterns of spikes. Simulated inhibitory postsynaptic potentials superimposed on the noise stimulus enhanced spike timing for > 300 ms, although the enhancement was greatest during the first 100 ms. We also found that populations of pyramidal neurons respond to the same noise stimuli with correlated spike trains, suggesting that ensembles of neurons in the DCN receiving shared input can fire with similar timing. These results support the hypothesis that spike timing can be an important aspect of information coding in the DCN.

关键词： Action Potentials Cochlear Nucleus Pyramidal Cells Reaction Time 动作电位蜗神经核锥体细胞反应时间 Action Potentials timing sequence Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials noise current Reaction Time Pyramidal Cells information coding Neurons Auditory stimuli Cochlear Nucleus

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Two-Frequency information Recording Using Stimulated Photon Echo in a Three-Level System

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JOURNAL OF RUSSIAN LASER RESEARCH 2014年第6期35卷 525-530页

作者： Garnaeva, G. I. Nefediev, L. A. Ahmedshina, E. N. Kazan Fed Univ Inst Phys Kazan 420008 Russia

We study recording of information in a three-level system at external spatially inhomogeneous electric fields in the case of its coding in the first two-frequency object laser pulse. At two-frequency information recording, the temporal shape of a two-frequency object pulse is correlated with stimulated photonecho response. We observe that stimulated photon-echo responses are observed to be locked during the action of an external spatially inhomogeneous electric field between the first and second or after the third two-frequency pulse.

关键词： stimulated photon echo three-level system two-frequency information recording information locking effect spatially inhomogeneous electric field information coding

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Cell Type-Specific Control of Spike Timing by Gamma-Band Oscillatory Inhibition

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CEREBRAL CORTEX 2016年第2期26卷 797-806页

作者： Hasenstaub, Andrea Otte, Stephani Callaway, Edward Salk Inst Biol Studies Crick Jacobs Ctr Theoret & Computat Biol 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd La Jolla CA 92037 USA

Many lines of theoretical and experimental investigation have suggested that gamma oscillations provide a temporal framework for cortical information processing, acting to either synchronize neuronal firing, restrict neuron's relative spike times, and/or provide a global reference signal to which neurons encode input strength. Each theory has been disputed and some believe that gamma is an epiphenomenon. We investigated the biophysical plausibility of these theories by performing in vitro whole-cell recordings from 6 cortical neuron subtypes and examining how gamma-band and slow fluctuations in injected input affect precision and phase of spike timing. We find that gamma is at least partially able to restrict the spike timing in all subtypes tested, but to varying degrees. Gamma exerts more precise control of spike timing in pyramidal neurons involved in cortico-cortical versus cortico-subcortical communication and in inhibitory neurons that target somatic versus dendritic compartments. We also find that relatively few subtypes are capable of phase-based information coding. Using simple neuron models and dynamic clamp, we determine which intrinsic differences lead to these variations in responsiveness and discuss both the flexibility and confounds of gamma-based spike-timing systems.

关键词： dynamic clamp information coding inhibition neurophysiology

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Linking dynamics of the inhibitory network to the input structure

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JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016年第3期41卷 367-391页

作者： Komarov, Maxim Bazhenov, Maxim Univ Calif San Diego Dept Med La Jolla CA 92093 USA Univ Potsdam Dept Phys & Astron Karl Liebnecht Str 24 D-14476 Potsdam Germany Nizhnii Novgorod State Univ Dept Control Theory Gagarin Ave 23 Nizhnii Novgorod 606950 Russia

Networks of inhibitory interneurons are found in many distinct classes of biological systems. Inhibitory interneurons govern the dynamics of principal cells and are likely to be critically involved in the coding of information. In this theoretical study, we describe the dynamics of a generic inhibitory network in terms of low-dimensional, simplified rate models. We study the relationship between the structure of external input applied to the network and the patterns of activity arising in response to that stimulation. We found that even a minimal inhibitory network can generate a great diversity of spatio-temporal patterning including complex bursting regimes with non-trivial ratios of burst firing. Despite the complexity of these dynamics, the network's response patterns can be predicted from the rankings of the magnitudes of external inputs to the inhibitory neurons. This type of invariant dynamics is robust to noise and stable in densely connected networks with strong inhibitory coupling. Our study predicts that the response dynamics generated by an inhibitory network may provide critical insights about the temporal structure of the sensory input it receives.

关键词： Inhibitory neurons information coding Neural network Olfactory system Spike sequences Odor discrimination

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Synchronization in monkey motor cortex during a precision grip task. I. Task-dependent modulation in single-unit synchrony

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JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 2001年第2期85卷 869-885页

作者： Baker, SN Spinks, R Jackson, A Lemon, RN Inst Neurol Sobell Dept Neurophysiol London WC1N 3BG England

Neural synchronization in the cortex, and its potential role in information coding, has attracted much recent attention. In this study, we have recorded long spike trains (mean, 33,000 spikes) simultaneously from multiple single neurons in the primary motor cortex (M1) of two conscious macaque monkeys performing a precision grip task. The task required the monkey to use its index finger and thumb to move two spring-loaded levers into a target, hold them there for 1 s, and release for a food reward. Synchrony was analyzed using a time-resolved cross-correlation method, normalized using an estimate of the instantaneous firing rate of the cell. This was shown to be more reliable than methods using trial-averaged firing rate. A total of 375 neurons was recorded from the M1 hand area;235 were identified as pyramidal tract neurons. Synchrony was weak [mean k' = 1.05 +/- 0.04 (SD)] but widespread among pairs of M1 neurons (218/1359 pairs with above-chance synchrony), including output neurons. Synchrony usually took the form of a broad central peak [average width, 18.7 +/- 8.7 (SD) ms]. There were marked changes during different phases of the task. As a population, synchrony was greatest during the steady hold period in striking contrast to the averaged cell firing rate, which was maximal when the animal was moving the levers into target. However, the modulation of synchrony during task performance showed considerable variation across individual cell pairs. Two types of synchrony were identified: oscillatory (with periodic side lobes in the cross-correlation) and nonoscillatory. Their relative contributions were quantified by filtering the cross-correlations to exclude either frequencies from 18 to 37 Hz or all higher and lower frequencies. At the peak of population synchrony during the hold period, about half (51.7% in one monkey, 56.2% in the other) of the synchronization was within this oscillatory bandwidth. This study provides strong support for assemblies of neurons b

关键词： Hand Strength Motor Cortex 握力运动皮质 Hand Strength Cross correlation single unit levers simians precision grip Primary Motor Cortex information coding sidelobe Neurons

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Modeling the effect of locus coeruleus firing on cortical state dynamics and single-trial sensory processing

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2015年第41期112卷 12834-12839页

作者： Safaai, Houman Neves, Ricardo Eschenko, Oxana Logothetis, Nikos K. Panzeri, Stefano Ist Italiano Tecnol Neural Computat Lab I-38068 Rovereto Italy Max Planck Inst Biol Cybernet Dept Physiol Cognit Proc D-72076 Tubingen Germany Univ Manchester Div Imaging Sci & Biomed Engn Manchester M13 9PT Lancs England

Neuronal responses to sensory stimuli are not only driven by feedforward sensory pathways but also depend upon intrinsic factors (collectively known as the network state) that include ongoing spontaneous activity and neuromodulation. To understand how these factors together regulate cortical dynamics, we recorded simultaneously spontaneous and somatosensory-evoked multiunit activity from primary somatosensory cortex and from the locus coeruleus (LC) (the neuromodulatory nucleus releasing norepinephrine) in urethane-anesthetized rats. We found that bursts of ipsilateral-LC firing preceded by few tens of milliseconds increases of cortical excitability, and that the 1- to 10-Hz rhythmicity of LC discharge appeared to increase the power of delta-band (1-4 Hz) cortical synchronization. To investigate quantitatively how LC firing might causally influence spontaneous and stimulus-driven cortical dynamics, we then constructed and fitted to these data a model describing the dynamical interaction of stimulus drive, ongoing synchronized cortical activity, and noradrenergic neuromodulation. The model proposes a coupling between LC and cortex that can amplify delta-range cortical fluctuations, and shows how suitably timed phasic LC bursts can lead to enhanced cortical responses to weaker stimuli and increased temporal precision of cortical stimulus-evoked responses. Thus, the temporal structure of noradrenergic modulation may selectively and dynamically enhance or attenuate cortical responses to stimuli. Finally, using the model prediction of single-trial cortical stimulus-evoked responses to discount single-trial state-dependent variability increased by similar to 70% the sensory information extracted from cortical responses. This suggests that downstream circuits may extract information more effectively after estimating the state of the circuit transmitting the sensory message.

关键词： oscillations state dependence dynamical systems information coding somatosensation

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Acoustic cues used for species recognition can differ between sexes and sibling species: evidence in shearwaters

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ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR 2012年第1期84卷 239-250页

作者： Cure, Charlotte Mathevon, Nicolas Mundry, Roger Aubin, Thierry Univ Paris 11 CNRS UMR 8195 Equipe Commun Acoust AnimCNPS F-91405 Orsay France Univ St Etienne Equipe Neuroethol Sensorielle CNPS CNRSUMR 8195 St Etienne France CNRS Ctr Neurosci Paris Sud UMR 8195 F-91405 Orsay France Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol Leipzig Germany

In birds, species identity is one of the most important messages conveyed by vocalizations and is the basis for effective acoustic communication between conspecifics. Acoustic analyses can reveal which acoustic cues signal species identity, that is, the cues that could potentially be used by birds for species recognition, whereas playback experiments aim to determine which cues birds actually use for species recognition. Few studies have compared the acoustic cues used for species-specific recognition between closely related species and between sexes within species. We focused on three shearwater species (Puffinus yelkouan, Puffinus mauretanicus, Calonectris d. diomedea) breeding in the Mediterranean basin. In a previous study we showed that males and females of these three closely related species produce broadband calls strongly modulated in frequency and share a wide range of acoustic features signalling species identity. Here, we investigated whether these birds use similar acoustic cues for species recognition. Playback experiments showed that these cues were more similar between species of the genus Puffinus that rely mainly on frequency modulation than between Puffinus and Calonectris species, the latter using mainly frequency spectrum-related cues. In spite of similarities between the Puffinus species, we found substantial differences, P. mauretanicus being more sensitive to frequency value modification than P. yelkouan. We also found that females of the three species rely on more acoustic parameters to identify species than males. Our results show that the species-specific recognition system can show significant differences between closely related species and between sexes. (C) 2012 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： acoustic communication Calonectris information coding playback experiment Puffinus seabird shearwater species-specific recognition

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