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The German and Japanese health care systems: an international comparison using an input-output model

PUBLIC HEALTH 2016年 141卷 63-73页

作者： Rump, A. Schoeffski, O. Inst Radiobiol Bundeswehr Neuherberg Str 11 D-80937 Munich Germany Friedrich AlexanderUniv Erlangen Nurnberg Lehrstuhl Gesundheitsmanagement Erlangen Germany

Objectives: The German and Japanese health care systems have common roots, but have evolved differently. Whereas the German system is often considered as expensive and poorly efficient, people in Japan are viewed as healthy and health care as comparatively cheap. In this study, we compared the quality, the effectiveness and efficiency of the German and Japanese health care systems. Study design: This study includes comparative health care data analysis. Method: The quality and effectiveness of the German and Japanese health care systems were analyzed using an input-output model including 12 countries based on health indicators published by the OECD. Besides the invested resources, a risk-related input dimension was used for risk adjustment. The efficiency of the systems was assessed by relating the average output to the health expenses per capita. Results: Health risks seem qualitatively different in Germany and Japan, but at the aggregate level, lifestyle does not seem to be an outstanding explanatory factor for health outcome differences between both countries. For investments in health resources, Germany is in a top position, whereas in the international comparison, the outcome is rather poor. The resources invested in Japan are also high, but slightly less than in Germany, whereas on average, the outcome is better. However, in the international comparison, resources as well as results in Japan show a very high variability. Relating the average output to the health expenses per capita indicates that on the average, the health care system in Japan is more efficient than in Germany. Conclusion: Germany and Japan have a quality problem with their health care systems. In Germany there is a transmission failure from structural to outcome quality that might be related to coordination problems between the outpatient and inpatient sector. Japan shows an unbalanced system that may be suspected to have a quality problem as a whole. As the development of the remuneration sy

关键词： Germany Japan Health system input-output model Quality Efficiency

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Study on the CO₂ emissions embodied in the trade of China's steel industry: based on the input-output model

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NATURAL HAZARDS 2017年第3期86卷 989-1005页

作者： Li, Li Lei, Yalin He, Chunyan Wu, Sanmang Chen, Jiabin China Univ Geosci Sch Humanities & Econ Management Beijing 100083 Peoples R China Minist Land & Resources Key Lab Carrying Capac Assessment Resource & Envi Beijing 100083 Peoples R China China Univ Geosci Foreign Language Dept Beijing 100083 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Land & Resource Econ Beijing 101149 Peoples R China

The impact of trade on the environment and the climate has become a focus of attention. Tending to develop industries with higher added values, developed countries rely on importing high energy consumption goods from developing countries, and however, some CO2 emissions are embodied in the process of import. Currently, the accounting method of the territorial responsibility used to get the international data of greenhouse gas inventories ignores the difference between domestic consumption and export demands. Thus, developing countries bear the responsibility of pollution emissions from the export. The steel industry is an important basic industry of China's national economy as well as a vital part in the industrial system. With the expansion of trade scale, the impact of the export and import of China's steel on CO2 emissions is growing. This paper studied the embodied CO2 emissions in the trade of China's steel from 2005 to 2014, using the input-output model and the trade data of the China's steel imports and exports. The results indicate that (1) the complete CO2 emissions of China's steel industry are high. (2) The increase in the export scale makes the embodied CO2 emissions in the trade of China's steel export increase, and (3) China is a net exporter of CO2 emissions in the steel trade. Especially after 2007, the value of China's steel exports has been larger than that of China's steel imports, so China had borne much CO2 emissions responsibility in the trade of China's steel. Therefore, this paper puts forward that, in the future, the export structure of goods should be optimized into the high-tech products with the high added value, low energy consumption and low carbon emissions, and meanwhile, service industry is promoted to improve technical support to reduce CO2 emissions in the steel industry.

关键词： Steel trade Embodied CO2 emissions input-output model China

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An improved input-output model for energy analysis: A case study of Suzhou

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ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS 2010年第9期69卷 1805-1813页

作者： Liang, Sai Wang, Can Zhang, Tianzhu Tsinghua Univ Dept Environm Sci & Engn Beijing 100084 Peoples R China

There are some disadvantages in current input-output models for energy. This study proposes a methodology named hybrid physical input-output model for energy analysis (HPIOMEA) to study energy metabolism, taking Suzhou in China as an example. The HPIOMEA calculates energy resources in both energetic and mass units and air pollutants in mass units simultaneously from the perspective of energy balance and mass balance, which is beyond the reach of current input-output tables for energy. In addition, it can validate the rationality of the table compilation and energy projection, and illustrate the direct and accumulative effects of energy and air pollutants. The HPIOMEA reflects the physical reality of energy metabolism much better. In addition, future work on energy analysis is proposed. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Energy analysis input-output model Suzhou

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Discrete Second Order Sliding Mode Control for Nondecouplable Multivariable Systems via input-output model 22

Discrete Second Order Sliding Mode Control for Nondecouplabl...

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22nd Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation (MED)

作者： Houda, Romdhane Khadija, Dehri Said, Nouri Ahmed Univ Gabes Tunisia Natl Engn Sch Gabes Dept Elect Engn Medenine St Gabes 6029 Tunisia Univ Gabes Tunisia Natl Engn Sch Gabes Gabes 6029 Tunisia

ISBN: (纸本)9781479959013

In this work, a robust discrete second order sliding mode control (2-DSMC) via input-output model for multivariable systems was proposed. Firstly, a discrete second order sliding mode control for decouplable multivariable systems was presented. Then, a robust discrete second order sliding mode control for nondecouplable multivariable systems was developed. The synthesis of the last proposed control law needed the use of a polynomial matrix called interactor matrix. A numerical example proved that very satisfactory performances were recorded in terms of reducing the chattering phenomenon using new discrete second order sliding mode control for nondecouplable multivariable (MIMO) systems.

关键词： MIMO systems discrete systems multivariable control systems polynomial matrices variable structure systems 2-DSMC chattering phenomenon decouplable multivariable systems input-output model interactor matrix nondecouplable multivariable systems polynomial matrix robust discrete second order sliding mode control Educational institutions MIMO Polynomials Robustness Sliding mode control Vectors

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Measuring Flow of Ideas Between Scientific Disciplines Using input-output model: A theoretical feasibility study

Measuring Flow of Ideas Between Scientific Disciplines Using...

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IEEE International Professional Communication Conference

作者： Tabatabaei, Nahid Beheshti, Jamshid McGill Univ Sch Informat Studies Montreal PQ H3A 2T5 Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9781424420858

The main objective of this article is to explore if the principles of input-output model can reveal the flow of ideas between scientific disciplines. The input-output model originates from economics and the current study attempts to investigate its applicability in the context of scientific communications. In this context, scientific disciplines, as the main producers of scientific knowledge and also the most productive resources of modem economics, are constantly interacting with each other.

关键词： input-output model Interdisciplinary relations Citation analysis Scientific communication

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Biohydrogen development in United States and in China: An input-output model study

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY 2011年第21期36卷 14238-14244页

作者： Lee, Duu-Hwa Lee, Duu-Jong Chiu, Ling-Hui Natl Taiwan Ocean Univ Inst Appl Econ Keelung 202 Taiwan Natl Taiwan Univ Sci & Technol Dept Chem Engn Taipei 106 Taiwan Fudan Univ Dept Environm Sci & Engn Shanghai 200433 Peoples R China

Marcoeconomic models can be applied to forecast economic changes under particular scenarios. The input-output (IO) model, a macroeconomic model, can characterize interactions among all sectors in an economy using readily available IO databases. However, the main drawback of the conventional IO model is its inability to forecast economic changes recursively. This study extended the conventional IO model by incorporating a weighted share of new productivities and demands into the technical coefficients matrix and applied this novel IO model to forecast how investment will enhance production technology progress and how economic structure reformation will affect biohydrogen industry development in the US and China. Simulation results reveal that, although economic structures in the US and China differ markedly, progress for the biohydrogen industry is generally independent of economic structures or whether produced biohydrogen is used to power fuel cell cars. Conversely, the rate of development of the biohydrogen industry depends heavily on investment. By 2040, total production values from biohydrogen investments will be US$83.1 and US$67.0 billion in the US and China, respectively, generating investment multipliers of 9.30 and 8.96, respectively. Copyright (C) 2011, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Biohydrogen input-output model RAS The US China

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output Feedback Robust MPC Subject to input Saturation Based on input-output model 28

Output Feedback Robust MPC Subject to Input Saturation Based...

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28th Chinese Control and Decision Conference

作者： Ping, Xubin Qian, Bo Xidian Univ Sch Electromech Engn Xian 710071 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781467397148

This paper presents a synthesis approach of output feedback robust model predictive control for the system with both polytopic uncertainty and bounded disturbance. The system is represented by a input-output model such that the requirement of on-line estimating system's state is not required. Earlier results are extended by selecting a Lyapunov matrix with full dimension and considering input saturation. Compared with the previous result, the conservatism of controller design is decreased. The on-line calculated controller can guarantee that the closed-loop system converge to a neighborhood of origin. A continuous stirred tank reactor control system is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the approach.

关键词： model predictive control input saturation uncertain system input-output model

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Relay Sliding Mode Control of Multiloop Systems Based on the input-output model

Relay Sliding Mode Control of Multiloop Systems Based on the...

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IEEE Conference on Control and Applications (CCA)

作者： Yildiz, Solen Kumbay Demircioglu, Huseyin Hacettepe Univ Dept Elect & Elect Engn TR-06800 Ankara Turkey

ISBN: (纸本)9781479977871

Sliding mode control was originally defined using the state-space formulation and this tradition continues to be dominant in sliding mode studies. As an alternative, a sliding mode approach based on the input-output representation of systems was proposed for relay controlled systems. Recent studies on relay sliding mode control based on the input-output representation have shown that this approach is a very simple, yet very effective control method. This paper aims to study the performance of this approach on multiloop systems. Conditions for sliding motion in multiloop relay systems and the robustness of the technique are presented, along with a computer simulation and real application, proving the effectiveness of the method.

关键词： input-output stability relay control robust control variable structure systems computer simulation input-output model input-output representation multiloop relay systems relay sliding mode control robustness state-space formulation Mathematical model Noise measurement Relays Sliding mode control Storage tanks Transfer functions Variable structure systems input-output relay relay control input-output stability Noise measurement Storage Tanks Computer Simulation TRANSFER FUNCTIONS Robust control Mathematical model state space

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Measuring employment in global value chains based on an inter-country input-output model with multinational enterprises

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STRUCTURAL CHANGE AND ECONOMIC DYNAMICS 2024年 68卷 148-162页

作者： Bai, Shukuan Zhang, Boya Ning, Yadong Dalian Univ Technol 2 Linggong Rd Dalian 116024 Liaoning Peoples R China

With rapid globalization, employment in global value chains (GVCs) has attracted increasing attention. Multinational enterprises (MNEs) are the major participants in GVC activities, whose employment creation through cross-border direct investment in GVCs has not been systematically characterized, leading to an underestimation of GVCs and their employment impacts. To fill this gap, this study measures the employment embodied in GVCs based on an inter-country input-output model with MNEs. The major findings are as follows: (1) the contribution of MNEs to GVC employment is significant (accounting for 7.4-8.0 %), especially in high-income economies (13.8 %) and high-tech manufacturing industries (22.6 %);(2) the major route by which foreign direct investment (FDI) drives employment is through D-F type production-sharing activities that satisfy local demand;and (3) the sectoral structure of FDI-related GVC employment not only varies between economies but also among the three types of production-sharing activities (D-F type, F-D type, and F-F type). These findings provide valuable insights for understanding how MNEs affect employment in GVCs and can help accurately assess the potential impacts of GVCs on the labor market.

关键词： Employment Global value chain Multinational enterprise Foreign direct investment input-output model

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A multi-region input-output model for optimizing virtual water trade flows in agricultural crop production

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MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2018年第1期29卷 63-75页

作者： Aviso, Kathleen B. Holaysan, Sed Anderson K. Promentilla, Michael Angelo B. Yu, Krista Danielle S. Tan, Raymond R. De La Salle Univ Chem Engn Dept Manila Philippines De La Salle Univ Sch Econ Manila Philippines

Purpose - The onset of climate change is expected to result in variations in weather patterns which can exacerbate water scarcity issues. This can potentially impact the economic productivity of nations as economic activities are highly dependent on water especially for agricultural countries. In response to this, the concepts of virtual water and water footprint have been introduced as metrics for measuring the water intensity of products, services and nations. Researchers have thus looked into virtual water trade flows as a potential strategy for alleviating water scarcity. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach - Environmentally extended input-output models (IOMs) are often used to analyze interactions between economic and ecological systems. This work thus develops a multi-regional input-output model for optimizing virtual water trade between different geographic regions in consideration of local environmental resource constraints, product demands and economic productivity. Findings - A case study on agriculture crop production and trade in different regions of the Philippines is utilized to demonstrate the capabilities of the model. The results show that the optimal strategy does not necessarily limit a water-scarce region to produce less water-intensive crops. Research limitations/implications - The model uses an input-output framework whose fixed coefficients reflect a fixed technological state. As such, the model is best used for short-term projections, or projections for mature technological state (i.e. where no major gains in efficiency or yield can be foreseen). Practical implications - The proposed modeling framework can be used in any geographic region (provided relevant statistical data are available for calibration) to provide decision support for optimal use of limited water resources. Originality/value - The model proposed in this work has general applicability to the optimal planning of agro-industrial systems under wat

关键词： Water footprint Optimization input-output model Virtual water Water resource management

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