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The commons: A model for understanding collective action and entrepreneurship in communities

JOURNAL OF BUSINESS VENTURING 2020年第5期35卷 106034-106034页

作者： Meyer, Camille Univ Cape Town Grad Sch Business Portswood Rd Cape Town South Africa

The creation of commons-resources that are shared, accessible, and collectively owned and managed by communities-is increasingly being adopted by social entrepreneurs as a way of contributing to community development and putting value into economic activities. Yet, little research is evident related to the entrepreneurial processes involved in the creation and commercialization of these shared resources. Drawing on the institutional analysis and development framework developed by Ostrom (2005), I explain how commons are entrepreneurially created. Based on a comparative study of five community banks in Brazil, I derive two ideological principles of collective entrepreneurship that help sustain commercialization of commons without commodification, namely 'self-organization' and 'right to access'. I elucidate how these principles are enacted across venture levels through downward and upward mechanisms of social control facilitated by entrepreneurs who enhance collective action. This article contributes to the entrepreneurship theory of commons by explaining how commons are entrepreneurially created and by adding the collective entrepreneurship principles and mechanisms that commons of different types need in order to achieve and sustain wealth-creation options without incurring the downsides of commodification.

关键词： Commons Decommodification Community enterprise institutional analysis and development framework Microfinance Brazil

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Can industries be parties in collective action? Community energy in an Iranian industrial zone

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ENERGY RESEARCH & SOCIAL SCIENCE 2020年 70卷

作者： Eslamizadeh, Sina Ghorbani, Amineh Kunneke, Rolf Weijnen, Margot Delft Univ Technol Fac Technol Policy & Management Jaffalaan 5 NL-2628 BX Delft Netherlands

The industrial sector plays a huge role in creating economic growth. While energy is vital for industries to thrive, various factors are undermining the availability of energy including phasing out of fossil fuels, CO2 emission caps and, the large gap between the fast developments of industrial clusters and the energy supply, especially in developing countries. Recently, enabled by renewable energy technologies, a transition process is taking place towards decentralized settings for energy provision where households in neighbourhoods initiate renewable electricity cooperatives. The question addressed in this research is if or to what extent the model of collective action deployed by citizen cooperatives is applicable to collaborations between industries in an industrial cluster. We identified the conditions for the establishment of Industrial Community Energy Systems (InCES) from a collective action perspective by using Ostrom's institutional analysis and development framework. The case study selected is the industrial city of Arak, one of the largest and most diversified industrial clusters in Iran. Besides desk research, data was also collected by conducting semi-structured interviews and by holding stakeholder workshops. The results of this study highlight the importance of community spirit and trust for the establishment of InCES, unlike citizen cooperatives where finance and environmental attitude are essential. A transparent legal framework to resolve conflicts that might emerge in industrial partnerships is another crucial element given the many differences among industries such as differences in energy demand and in usage patterns.

关键词： Collective action Industrial collaboration Common pool resources Community energy systems Renewable energy transition institutional analysis and development framework

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Lost in Transactions: Analysing the institutional Arrangements Underpinning Urban Green Infrastructure

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ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS 2018年 147卷 399-409页

作者： Mekala, Gayathri Devi MacDonald, Darla Hatton Univ Melbourne Parkville Campus Melbourne Vic 3010 Australia Univ Tasmania Tasmanian Sch Business & Econ Private Bag 84 Hobart Tas 7001 Australia

Urban development has altered surface-water hydrology of landscapes and created urban heat island effects. With climate change, increasing frequency of extreme heat events and in some areas, episodic drought and flooding, present new challenges for urban areas. Green infrastructure holds potential as a cost-effective means of providing microclimate cooling and stormwater diversion. Further, green open spaces when combined with the provision of equipment and facilities have the potential to promote physical and emotional well-being. However successful implementation may be predicated on co-ordinated efforts of multiple agencies. The institutional analysis and development framework developed by Crawford and Ostrom is used in a case study to understand the institutional impediments, transaction costs and gaps in responsibility associated with the delivery of green infrastructure. Lessons learned are potentially transferable to other urban settings. Our analysis reveals areas of high transaction costs as well as a gap in the polycentric decision-making of agencies. The local government council is concerned with the well-being of its residents but has limited financial capacity. None of the agencies who deliver green infrastructure have responsibility for facilitating the indirect or preventative health benefits. Thus, a co-ordination problem among agencies can lead to suboptimal investments in green infrastructure.

关键词： institutional analysis and development framework Urban strategy Climate change Ecosystem services

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Assessing Action Situation Networks: A Configurational Perspective on Water and Energy Governance in Irrigation Systems

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WATER ECONOMICS AND POLICY 2019年第1期5卷

作者： Kimmich, Christian Villamayor Tomas, Sergio Swiss Fed Res Inst Environm & Resource Econ WSL Zurcherstr 111 CH-8903 Birmensdorf ZH Switzerland Masaryk Univ Fac Social Studies Jostova 10 Brno 61500 Czech Republic Univ Autonoma Barcelona Inst Ciencia & Tecnol Ambientals E-08193 Barcelona Spain

The action situation is a core component of actor-centered institutional analysis of natural resource governance. institutional analysis frameworks have been extended to observe multiple situations structured into networks. If further operationalized, this extension can improve policy diagnosis of human-environmental interactions. This paper proposes two complementary ways to move in that direction. First, we propose the use of qualitative configurational analysis and game theory to study the interactions between situations and assess the contribution of each to a desired outcome. Second, we draw on centrality measures to assess the benefits and risks of implementing policies that aim to change the equilibria in action situations. Both analytical strategies are applied to two cases involving irrigation and energy governance. In the Spanish case, centrality of the water allocation situation justifies a configuration of drought measures that also tackle cooperation in monitoring and infrastructure maintenance. In the Indian case, groundwater governance and adequate infrastructure capacity provision are necessary preconditions to enable coordinated technology adoption, which facilitates incentives for regulated irrigation. In both the cases, some action situations' positive outcomes are necessary in every configuration to guarantee optimal equilibria in the network. In the context of energy-fed irrigation systems, the proposed analytical strategies permit integrating interactions between water use, energy use and food production decisions in policy diagnoses. The analysis can be extended to identify archetypes, network closure, as well as structural and functional connectivity of networks in social-ecological systems.

关键词： Network analysis configurational analysis institutional analysis and development framework water-energy-food nexus social-ecological system Spain India

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The institutional Settings for the development of Public Services through State-Owned Enterprises in Brazil

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 2018年第1期41卷 59-71页

作者： Silvestre, Hugo Consciencia Gomes, Ricardo Correa Gomes, Ricardo Miorin UNILAB Ctr Policy & Publ Adm Campus LiberdadeAve Abolicao3 Ctr BR-62790000 Redencao Brazil Univ Brasilia Dept Adm Brasilia DF Brazil

The findings of this study make a timely contribution to the development of public services. Based on the institutional analysis and development (IAD) framework, this study analyzes under which institutional settings state-owned enterprises (SOEs) can be social and financial options for public service provision in Brazil. Applying a multi-case research design, this study's findings show that SOEs can be a suitable option for Brazilian social and financial development when: markets are weak or noncompetitive;if few decisional players act;if political interference is minimized regarding operational decisions;and if corporate control is effective to avoid mismanagement and corruption. Brazilian SOEs are effective economic and social tools, but they need to peroxide value improve their corporate control (in the case of Petrobras) and strategic centralization decisions (in the case of Eletrobras).

关键词： Brazil institutional analysis and development framework state-owned enterprises multi-case study

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A semiautomated approach to analyzing polycentricity

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ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND GOVERNANCE 2018年第4期28卷 308-318页

作者： Heikkila, Tanya Weible, Christopher M. Univ Colorado Sch Publ Affairs Denver CO 80204 USA

For decades, institutional scholars have embraced the concept of polycentricity as a way to describe systems of governance with multiple, overlapping centers of authority. However, intellectual progress on polycentricity has been constrained by inconsistent conceptual measurement, an overemphasis on small-n versus large-n research designs, a lack of attention to the variation in actors and authorities across policy-specific issues, and unrefined methods of data analyses. This article offers a new path forward by applying a semiautomated approach to conduct a comparative analysis of polycentricity within and between 11 oil and gas regulations in Colorado, USA. Drawing lessons from the institutional analysis and development framework and network analyses, dyadic network relations between actors and rules were used to describe the polycentric structure of Colorado's oil and gas regulations. The polycentric structure that emerges features core and peripheral actors who vary in their associations to rules and imperatives (i.e., deontics). The conclusion presents an agenda for advancing knowledge of polycentricity and institutional design using these conceptual and methodological foundations.

关键词： fracking institutional analysis institutional analysis and development framework institutional grammar policy design polycentricity

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INTEGRATION OF SMALL-SCALE MOHAIR FARMERS INTO THE COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY IN LESOTHO: A NEW institutional ECONOMICS APPROACH

INTEGRATION OF SMALL-SCALE MOHAIR FARMERS INTO THE COMMERCIA...

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作者： MONTOELI ASHBY RANTLO Rhodes University

学位级别：博士

Agriculture continues to be a strategic sector in the development of most low-income countries like Lesotho where small-scale farming is the dominant livelihood activity that provides income and employment to the people. Smallholder farmers' integration into the commercial agricultural markets is a crucial element for economic development and has become a part of development strategies for developing countries and the objectives of international development institutions. The integration of the smallholders into these markets is dependent upon a number of factors including formal and informal institutions. Factors like population growth and demographic changes, technological change and introduction of new commodities, development of infrastructure and market institutions, development of the nonfarm sector and broader economy, rising labour opportunity costs, and macroeconomic, trade and sectoral policies affecting prices and other driving forces determine market participation. In addition, development of input and output markets, institutions like property rights and land tenure, market regulations, cultural and social factors affecting consumption preferences, production and market opportunities and constraints, agro-climatic conditions, and production and market related risks are other factors that affect the commercialisation process. On the other hand, factors like smallholder resource endowments including land and other natural capital, labour, physical capital, and human capital among others are household specific and considered internal determinants of market participation. Nevertheless, the decision to participate in agricultural markets lies with the individual farming household. Under the New institutional Economics (NIE), this decision is influenced by institutional factors such as risk and preferences, factors which affect household production and the level of costs associated with market transactions. These market transactions are commonly referred to as

关键词： Small-scale mohair farmers smallholders mohair informal market formal market market participation market integration New institutional Economics institutional analysis and development framework institutions transaction costs

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Investigating the Effects of Social Trust and Perceived Organizational Support on Irrigation Management Performance in Rural China

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WATER 2018年第9期10卷 1252-1252页

作者： Yang, Liu Rezitis, Anthony Zhu, Yuchun Ren, Yang Northwest A&F Univ Coll Econ & Management 3 Taicheng Rd Yangling 712100 Shaanxi Peoples R China Univ Helsinki Dept Econ & Management POB 27 FIN-00014 Helsinki Finland Agr Univ Athens Dept Agr Econ & Rural Dev Iera Odos 75 Athens 11855 Greece

Understanding the factors affecting irrigation management performance is crucial for sustainable resource use, especially with the decentralized management mode of irrigation systems being implemented in rural China. This paper contributes to the research field by incorporating different categories of social trust and perceived organization support (POS) into the analysis of irrigation management performance, by linking multiple elements that are based on the institutional analysis and development (IAD) framework. We employed principal component analysis (PCA) and ordered probit regression to analyze a database covering 785 households in the upstream of the Yellow River basin. The results suggested that social trust and POS positively affected the irrigation management performance, and social trust strengthened the positive effect of POS on the performance. Furthermore, the results indicated that personal trust and institutional trust, as well as perceived emotional support and physical support, positively affected the performance. In addition, we also found that household characteristics, household cognition, group characteristics, physical conditions, and rules-in-use also had significant impact on the performance. This paper can be used to inform the government that social trust and POS need to be considered in the common-pool resources (CPRs) management.

关键词： social trust perceived organizational support irrigation management performance institutional analysis and development framework Yellow River basin ordered probit

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Forest recreation as a governance problem: four case studies from Switzerland

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EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH 2017年第3期136卷 511-526页

作者： Wilkes-Allemann, Jerylee Hanewinkel, Marc Putz, Marco Swiss Fed Inst Technol Nat Resource Policy Univ Str 16 CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland Univ Freiburg Chair Forestry Econ & Forest Planning Tennenbacher Str 4 D-79106 Freiburg Germany Swiss Fed Res Inst WSL Econ & Social Sci Zurcherstr 111 CH-8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland

Recreational activities have undergone a change from mainly passive forms (e.g. rest, relaxation, reinvigoration, solitude and escape) to more active forms (e.g. mountain biking, climbing and running). Correspondingly, the demand for forest recreation infrastructure to support the more active forms has increased. However, very little is known about what features characterise the planning and management of forest recreation infrastructure. This study takes four in-depth mountain-bike trail cases in Switzerland to characterise the planning and management of forest recreation infrastructure. The analysis is performed using the institutional analysis and development framework (Ostrom in Governing the commons: the evolution of institutions for collective action, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1990) and qualitative data based on cases and interviews. We argue that by considering the identified external features (formal and informal rules, location) and process features (partnerships, public participation, conflicts, profitability perspectives, time frame of process, funding of process and approval), we can better plan and manage active forms of forest recreation. Conflict situations and response strategies associated with mountain-bike-trail planning and management are also identified. The findings are relevant for other regions facing the growing use of forests for recreational and leisure activities.

关键词： Forest recreation Forest planning and management Forest governance Mountain biking Mountain-bike trail institutional analysis and development framework

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Incorporating Outcomes from Collaborative Processes into Government Decision Making: A Case Study from Low Water Response Planning in Ontario, Canada

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ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS 2017年 132卷 169-178页

作者： Roth, Alyssa P. de Loe, Rob C. Univ Waterloo Sch Environm Resources & Sustainabil 200 Univ Ave W Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada Univ Waterloo Water Policy & Governance Grp 200 Univ Ave W Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada

Collaborative approaches are increasingly being used by governments in western countries to address complex environmental policy problems. These approaches often bring together diverse actors in settings that allow for joint problem solving. However, the effectiveness of collaboration can be undermined if governments choose to ignore the outcomes of collaboration in their decision making processes. In this paper we report findings from a study of a drought-based collaborative process. We evaluate the extent to which the provincial government in Ontario, Canada, used recommendations from collaborative groups in its Low Water Response program. Interviews, document analysis and personal observations provided the data for a qualitative, multi-case study analysis. Three cases were chosen where collaborative teams made decisions designed to balance ecological and economic water issues during drought. The institutional analysis and development framework provided a conceptual foundation for evaluating the extent to which collaborative outcomes were used by government. Even though the provincial government did not accept the most important decision made by collaborative teams (to declare severe drought), participants were generally satisfied with outcomes achieved through collaboration, especially social and environmental outcomes. Challenges revealed through the study included insufficient capacity, lack of clear program requirements, and issues inherent with low water. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Collaborative governance outcomes low water response water management communication institutional analysis and development framework Ontario, Canada

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