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SFY-A Lightweight, High-Frequency, and Phase-Resolving Wave Buoy for Coastal Waters

JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY 2025年第2期42卷 133-154页

作者： Hope, Gaute Seldal, Torunn Irene Rabault, Jean Bryhni, Helge Thomas Bohlinger, Patrik Bjorkqvist, Jan-Victor Nordam, Tor Kleven, Atle Mostaani, Arsalan Furevik, Birgitte Rugaard Hole, Lars Robert Storvik, Roger Breivik, Oyvind Norwegian Meteorol Inst Oslo Norway Univ Bergen Bergen Norway Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol Dept Phys Trondheim Norway SINTEF Ocean Trondheim Norway Finnish Meteorol Inst Helsinki Finland

Small lightweight wave buoys, designed to operate near the coast, have been developed. The buoys are designed to record and transmit the full-time series of surface acceleration at 52 Hz. The buoy uses the cellular network to transfer data and position (up to 80 km from the base station). This reduces costs and increases bandwidth. The low cost and low weight permit the buoys to be deployed easily and in arrays in areas where satellite and wave models struggle to resolve wave and current interaction. The buoys are tested in a wave flume, the open water, and the breaking waves of the surf. The conditions range from calm to significant wave heights exceeding 7 m and crashing breakers with accelerations exceeding 10g. The high sample rate captures the impulse of breaking waves and allows them to be studied in detail. Breaking waves are measured and quantified in the open water. We measure breaking waves in the surf and recover the trajectory of waves breaking in the field to a higher degree than previously done. The time series of surface elevation, and accurate positioning, permits the signal of adjacent buoys to be correlated in a coherent phase-resolved way. Finally, we offer an explanation and solution for the ubiquitous low-frequency noise in inertial measurement unit (IMU)-based buoys and discuss the necessary sampling and design to measure the areas of breaking waves.

关键词： Wave breaking Oceanic waves Buoy observations In situ oceanic observations instrumentation/sensors Surface observations

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A 90-m-Tall Neutrally Buoyant Instrument Chain for Measuring Ocean Fine Structure in a Quasi-Lagrangian Reference Frame

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JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY 2025年第4期42卷 425-434页

作者： Alford, Matthew H. Thode, Aaron Voet, Gunnar Laferriere, Alison B. Le Boyer, Arnaud Couto, Nicole Souhrada, Kevin Bevans, Dieter Berkenpas, Eric Freeman, Lauren Univ Calif San Diego Scripps Inst Oceanog La Jolla CA 92093 USA Naval Undersea Warfare Ctr Keyport WA USA Second Star Robot Silver Spring MD USA Naval Undersea Warfare Ctr Newport RI USA

Measurements from Lagrangian floats have enabled many advances in our understanding of small-scale ocean flows and their resulting turbulence. However, they lack the vertical span needed to fully contextualize the flow. As a compromise, a 90-m-tall, neutrally buoyant drifting instrumented system was designed and tested. An adaptive buoyancy engine ensures the system stays within a preset depth range while dangling a densely instrumented thermistor chain and an upward-looking 300-kHz ADCP. Once the system reaches its target depth, the buoyancy engine shuts down. The system then follows isopycnals, drifting laterally and vertically with the mean flow averaged over its vertical extent. This reference frame offers a unique view of the evolving shear and strain fields. Preliminary observations and interpretations demonstrate the system's usefulness and provide a detailed view of near-inertial and high-frequency internal waves and their estimated mixing. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We have built and tested a new instrument consisting of a Doppler current profiler inside a neutrally buoyant float and a dangling vertical string of closely spaced temperature sensors. The system allows investigation of the small-scale breaking waves that lead to ocean turbulence while drifting with the waves as they are swept along with the background flow. Understanding the details of how these motions lead to ocean mixing is important to improving climate simulations.

关键词： Ocean instrumentation/sensors Internal waves Turbulence

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Comparison of Concurrent Radar and Aircraft Measurements in Florida Thunderstorm Cirrus Anvils

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JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES 2025年第1期82卷 159-176页

作者： Gapp, Nicholas J. Delene, David j. Schmidt, Jerome m. Harasti, Paul r. Univ North Dakota Grand Forks ND 58202 USA Marine Meteorol Div Naval Res Lab Monterey CA USA Sci Applicat Int Corp Monterey CA USA

Concurrent measurements of anvil cirrus clouds are obtained using the highly instrumented North Dakota Citation Research Aircraft and the Cloud and Precipitation Radar with Discrete Hydrometeor Detection (CPR-HD), a C-band, high-resolution radar on the Atlantic coast of Florida. The CPR-HD alternatively transmits two waveforms, a lower-resolution (narrowband) beam and a high-resolution (wideband) beam with along-beam range resolutions of 34 and 0.5 m, respectively. A specialized operating strategy allows the range windows of the CPR HD to lock onto the Citation Research Aircraft using downlinked position information and track the aircraft in real time for the duration of the flight, providing nearly concurrent in situ and remote observations in space and time. Radar reflectivity factor with uncertainty is calculated using a combined particle size spectrum obtained from in situ cloud probes. Comparing the derived reflectivity factor to the observed wideband reflectivity factor for the 1 August 2015 flight shows that 84% of the 1-s-averaged data agree within their respective uncertainties across the sampled range from -15 to 20 dBZ. Uncertainties within the analyzed cases are 62.6 dBZ on average for derived reflectivity factor and 63.0 dBZ for the wideband reflectivity factor. A derived relationship between CPR-HD reflectivity factor and particle mass allows vertical profiles of water content in cirrus anvil clouds to be determined from CPR-HD observations with a known uncertainty.

关键词： Aircraft observations In situ atmospheric observations instrumentation/sensors Radars/Radar observations

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PixPol: An In-Water Multispectral Polarized Upwelling Radiance Distribution Camera System

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JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY 2024年第11期41卷 1081-1092页

作者： Blocker, E. Riley Voss, Kenneth J. Univ Miami Dept Phys Coral Gables FL 33146 USA NASA Ocean Ecol Lab Goddard Space Flight Ctr Greenbelt MD 20771 USA Sci Syst & Applicat Inc Lanham MD 20706 USA

PixPol is an in-water multispectral polarized upwelling radiance distribution fi sheye camera system. Its imaging sensors utilize a pixel-level polarizer structure allowing for polarimetric retrieval from one image capture, offering an advantage compared to other in-water polarimetric fi sheye camera systems that require information from multiple images. When submerged, PixPol images a scene from which the fi rst three Stokes parameters are derived at an angular resolution of 1 degrees within a fi eld of view that encompasses all azimuthal angles up to an elevation of 43 degrees from nadir. For all viewing angles, Stokes parameter I and the linear polarization parameters, Q / I and U / I , are retrieved with an interpixel uncertainty of +/- 5%, +/- 0.02%, and +/- 0.02%, respectively. From these parameters, an uncertainty of +/- 0.01 is attained for the degree of linear polarization and +/- 0.9 degrees for the angle of linear polarization. A description of the camera system, its radiometric and polarization calibration, and the associated uncertainties are described. Example images of the distribution of downwelling polarized light in the sky just above the ocean's surface and upwelling polarized light just below the surface are provided.

关键词： Ocean Atmosphere-ocean interaction Optical phenomena Optical properties In situ oceanic observations instrumentation/sensors

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Measurement Biases in Ocean Temperature Profiles from Marine Mammal Dataloggers

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JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY 2024年第7期41卷 629-645页

作者： Gouretski, Viktor Roquet, Fabien Cheng, Lijing Chinese Acad Sci Inst Atmospher Phys Int Ctr Climate & Environm Sci Beijing Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Ctr Ocean Mega Sci Qingdao Peoples R China Univ Gothenburg Dept Marine Sci Gothenburg Sweden

The study focuses on biases in ocean temperature profiles fi les obtained by means of Satellite Relay Data Loggers (SRDL recorders) and time-depth recorder (TDR) attached to marine mammals. Quasi-collocated profiles fi les from Argo fl oats and from ship-based conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) profilers fi lers are used as reference. SRDL temperature biases depend on the sensor type and vary with depth. For the most numerous group of Valeport 3 (VP3) and conductivity- temperature-fluorescence fl uorescence (CTF) sensors, the bias is negative except for the layer 100-200 m. The vertical bias structure suggests a link to the upper-ocean thermal structure within the upper 200-m layer. Accounting for a time lag which might remain in the postprocessed data reduces the bias variability throughout the water column. Below 200-m depth, the bias remains negative with the overall mean of 2 0.027 degrees 6 0.07 degrees C. degrees C. The suggested depth and thermal corrections for biases in SRDL data are within the uncertainty limits declared by the manufacturer. TDR recorders exhibit a different bias pattern, showing the predominantly positive bias of 0.08 degrees-0.14 degrees C degrees- 0.14 degrees C below 100 m primarily due to the systematic error in pressure.

关键词： instrumentation/sensors Bias Quality assurance/control Statistical techniques Uncertainty

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2022 CEOS International Thermal Infrared Radiometer Comparison. Part I: Laboratory Comparison of Radiometers and Blackbodies

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JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY 2024年第3期41卷 295-307页

作者： Yamada, Yoshiro Harris, Subrena Hayes, Michael Simpson, Rob Wimmer, Werenfrid Holmes, Raymond Nightingale, Tim Lee, Arrow Jepsen, Nis Morgan, Nicole Goettsche, Frank M. Niclos, Raquel Perello, Martin Donlon, Craig Fox, Nigel Natl Phys Lab Teddington England Univ Southampton Southampton England Sci & Technol Facil Council Rutherford Appleton Lab Didcot OX11 0QX Oxon England Danish Meteorol Inst Copenhagen Denmark CSIRO Australian Bur Meteorol Battery Point Tas Australia Karlsruhe Inst Technol Eggenstein Leopoldshafen Germany Univ Valencia Valencia Spain European Space Agcy Noordwijk Netherlands

An international comparison of field deployed radiometers for sea surface skin temperature (SSTskin) retrieval was conducted in June 2022. The campaign comprised a laboratory comparison and a field comparison. In the laboratory part, the radiometers were compared with reference standard blackbodies, while the same was done with the blackbodies used for the calibration of the radiometers against a transfer standard radiometer. Reference values were provided by the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), traceable to the primary standard on the International Temperature Scale of 1990. This was followed by the field comparison at a seaside pier on the south coast of England, where the radiometers were compared against each other while viewing the closely adjacent surface of the sea. This paper reports the results of the laboratory comparison of radiometers and blackbodies. For the blackbody comparison, the brightness temperature of the blackbody reported by the participants agreed with the reference value measured by the NPL transfer standard radiometer within the uncertainties for all temperatures and for all blackbodies. For the radiometer comparison, the temperature range of most interest from the SSTskin retrieval point of view is 10 degrees-30 degrees C, and in this temperature range, and up to the maximum comparison temperature of 50 degrees C, all participants' reported results were in agreement with the reference. On the other hand, below 0 degrees C the reported values showed divergence from the reference and the differences exceeded the uncertainties. The divergence shows there is room for improvement in uncertainty estimation at lower temperatures, although it will have limited implication in the SSTskin retrieval.

关键词： Ocean Sea surface temperature Infrared radiation instrumentation/sensors Remote sensing Measurements

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Evaluation and Intercomparison of Small Uncrewed Aircraft Systems Used for Atmospheric Research

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JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY 2024年第2期41卷 127-145页

作者： De Boer, Gijs Butterworth, Brian J. Elston, Jack S. Houston, Adam Pillar-little, Elizabeth Argrow, Brian Bell, Tyler M. Chilson, Phillip Choate, Christopher Greene, Brian R. Islam, Ashraful Martz, Ryan Rhodes, Michael Rico, Daniel Stachura, Maciej Lappin, Francesca M. Segales, Antonio R. Whyte, Seabrooke Wilson, Matthew Univ Colorado Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci Boulder CO 80309 USA NOAA Phys Sci Lab Boulder CO 80305 USA Univ Colorado Integrated Remote & In Situ Sensing Boulder CO 80309 USA Black Swift Technol Boulder CO USA Univ Nebraska Sch Comp Lincoln NE USA Univ Nebraska Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci Lincoln NE USA Univ Oklahoma Cooperat Inst High Impact & Severe Weather Res & O Norman OK USA Univ Oklahoma Sch Meteorol Norman OK USA

Small uncrewed aircraft systems (sUAS) are regularly being used to conduct atmospheric research and are starting to be used as a data source for informing weather models through data assimilation. However, only a limited number of studies have been conducted to evaluate the performance of these systems and assess their ability to replicate measurements from more traditional sensors such as radiosondes and towers. In the current work, we use data collected in central Oklahoma over a 2 -week period to offer insight into the performance of five different sUAS platforms and associated sensors in measuring key weather data. This includes data from three rotary -wing and two fixed -wing sUAS and included two commercially available systems and three university -developed research systems. Flight data were compared to regular radiosondes launched at the flight location, tower observations, and intercompared with data from other sUAS platforms. All platforms were shown to measure atmospheric state with reasonable accuracy, though there were some consistent biases detected for individual platforms. This information can be used to inform future studies using these platforms and is currently being used to provide estimated error covariances as required in support of assimilation of sUAS data into weather forecasting systems.

关键词： Aircraft observations Data quality control In situ atmospheric observations instrumentation/sensors Measurements Unpiloted aerial systems

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HALOBATES: An Autonomous Surface Vehicle for High-Resolution Mapping of the Sea Surface Microlayer and Near-Surface Layer on Essential Climate Variables

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JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY 2024年第12期41卷 1197-1211页

作者： Wurl, Oliver Gassen, Lisa Badewien, Thomas h. Braun, Axel Emig, Sven Holthusen, Lina a. Lehners, Carola Meyerjuergens, Jens Ribas, Mariana ribas Carl von Ossietzky Univ Oldenburg Inst Chem & Biol Marine Environm Ctr Marine Sensors Wilhelmshaven Germany

Essential climate variables (ECVs) are physical, chemical, or biological parameters supporting the characterization of the climate system. The oceanic ECVs temperature and salinity have been defined for the sea surface (upper 1 mm) and bulk water (upper 2 m). Direct observation and sampling of the sea surface from ships and buoys are limited due to the potential loss of integrity of the sea surface and contamination by the research platform. The design, development, and operation of a research vehicle with autonomous capabilities based on commercially available components are described in this study. The autonomous operation and fully automated sampling enable high-resolution mapping of the sea surface microlayer (SML), i.e., the upper , 1-mm layer and the near-surface layer (,1.2 m). Sampling the SML is based on a rotating glass disk sampler. The autonomous surface vehicle HALOBATES has been equipped with multiple conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) sensors in a fl ow-through system to measure both sea surface and bulk temperature and salinity. The performance of the autopilot under various scenarios is demonstrated. Typical anomalies of ECVs within the SML and near-surface layer are evident and forced by both atmospheric and oceanic processes. Data analyses reveal HALOBATES' ability to resolve thermohaline structure on different spatial and temporal scales, for example, small-scale freshwater lenses and thermohaline changes across oceanic fronts. The integration of an acoustic Doppler current profiler supports the interpretation of thermohaline structures. HALOBATES is a platform with cutting-edge technology for understanding climate-related processes between the ocean and atmosphere and providing high-resolution sea surface data for validating satellite products of ECVs.

关键词： Ocean Atmosphere-ocean interaction In situ oceanic observations instrumentation/sensors Sampling Surface observations

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Validation of Doppler Wind Lidar Measurements with an Uncrewed Aircraft System (UAS) in the Daytime Atmospheric Boundary Layer

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JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY 2024年第7期41卷 705-723页

作者： Boventer, Jakob Bramati, Matteo Savvakis, Vasileios Beyrich, Frank Kayser, Markus Platis, Andreas Bange, Jens Eberhard Karls Univ Tubingen Geo & Umweltforschungszentrum Tubingen Germany German Meteorol Serv DWD Meteorol Observ Lindenberg Richard Assmann Observ Offenbach Germany

One of the most widely used systems for wind speed and direction observations at meteorological sites is based on Doppler wind lidar (DWL) technology. The wind vector derivation strategies of these instruments rely on the assumption of stationary and homogeneous horizontal wind, which is often not the case over heterogeneous terrain. This study focuses on the validation of two DWL systems, operated by the German Weather Service [Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD)] and installed at the boundary layer fi eld site Falkenberg (Lindenberg, Germany), with respect to measurements from a small, fi xed-wing uncrewed aircraft system (UAS) of the type Multi-Purpose Airborne Sensor Carrier (MASC-3). A wind vector intercomparison at an altitude range from 100 to 500 m between DWL and UAS is performed, after a quality control of the aircraft's data accuracy against a cup anemometer and wind vane mounted on a meteorological mast also operating at the location. Both DWL systems exhibit an overall root-mean-square difference in the wind vector retrieval of less than 22% for wind speed and lower than 18 degrees degrees for wind direction. The enhancement or deterioration of these statistics is analyzed with respect to scanning height and atmospheric stability. The limitations of this type of validation approach are highlighted and accounted for in the analysis.

关键词： Wind instrumentation/sensors Lidars/Lidar observations Measurements Remote sensing Unpiloted aerial systems

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The Near-Infrared Airglow Camera on the International Space Station

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JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY 2024年第2期41卷 147-160页

作者： Gelinas, L. J. Hecht, H. Rudy, R. J. Aerosp Corp Space Sci Applicat Lab El Segundo CA 90245 USA Kookoosint Sci Camarillo CA USA

The OH airglow layer is a persistent feature of Earth's upper mesosphere, centered near 87 km altitude, that can be perturbed by atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs) and instabilities. While ground -based airglow imaging has been used to study these perturbations locally, this technique is limited by tropospheric weather. Space -based remote sensing provides a platform to measure these processes globally. In addition, portions of the OH airglow band span an atmospheric window, allowing airglow illumination of the ground for imaging of nighttime clouds and Earth terrain features. The Near -Infrared Airglow Camera (NIRAC) images the airglow at 1.6 um and while deployed to the International Space Station (ISS) from May 2019 to November 2021 demonstrated these applications. The camera uses a patented motioncompensation system with a custom rectilinear lens that allows multisecond, nearly smear -free imaging (similar to<1.5 pixels) at a ground pixel resolution of similar to 83 m. With a similar to 170 km X 170 km ground swath, NIRAC acquires overlapping images at a 7-10-s cadence. Parallax considerations enable detection of both AGWs and instabilities in the airglow, and scenes can be analyzed for terrain and cloud height. NIRAC also has a short -exposure daytime mode for cloud and ground imagery. This study describes NIRAC and its operations on the ISS and presents imagery examples of Earth terrain and surface phenomenology (such as fires), cloud imagery at all moon phases day and night, and the nighttime detection of AGWs and instabilities above 80 km altitude.

关键词： Convective clouds Gravity waves Hurricanes/typhoons instrumentation/sensors Remote sensing Satellite observations

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