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The Tomaco Hybrid Matching Framework for SAWSDL semantic web services

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON services COMPUTING 2016年第6期9卷 954-967页

作者： Stavropoulos, Thanos G. Andreadis, Stelios Bassiliades, Nick Vrakas, Dimitris Vlahavas, Ioannis Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki Dept Informat Thessaloniki 54124 Greece

This work aims to advance web Service retrieval, also known as Matching, in two directions. First, it introduces a matching algorithm for SAWSDL, which adapts and extends known concepts with novel strategies. Effective logic-based and syntactic strategies are introduced and combined in a novel hybrid strategy, targeting an envisioned well-defined, real-world scenario for matching. The algorithm is evaluated in a universal environment for matching algorithms, SME2, in an objective, reproducible manner. Evaluation ranks Tomaco high amongst state of the art, especially for early recall levels (first inmacro-averaging precision, up to 0.7 recall). Secondly, this work introduces the Tomaco web application, which aims to promote wide-spread adoption of semantic web services while targeting the lack of user-friendly applications in this field, by integrating a variety of configurable matching algorithms proposed in this paper. It, finally, allows discovery of both existing and user-contributed service collections and ontologies, serving also as a service registry.

关键词： web services Discovery intelligent web services and semantic web Internet reasoning services web-based services

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Approximating query answering on RDF databases

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WORLD WIDE web-INTERNET AND web INFORMATION SYSTEMS 2012年第1期15卷 89-114页

作者： Huang, Hai Liu, Chengfei Zhou, Xiaofang Swinburne Univ Technol Fac ICT Melbourne Vic 3122 Australia Univ Queensland Sch ITEE Brisbane Qld Australia

Database users may be frustrated by no answers returned when they pose a query on the database. In this paper, we study the problem of relaxing queries on RDF databases in order to acquire approximate answers. We address two problems in efficient query relaxation. First, to ensure the quality of answers, we compute the similarities between relaxed queries with regard to the user query and use them to score the potential relevant answers. Second, for obtaining top-k answers, we develop two algorithms. One is based on the best-first strategy and relaxed queries are executed in the ranking order. The batch based algorithm executes the relaxed queries as a batch and avoids unnecessary execution cost. At last, we implement and experimentally evaluate our approaches.

关键词： database applications intelligent web services and semantic web query processing

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Observing LOD: Its Knowledge Domains and the Varying Behavior of Ontologies Across Them

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IEEE ACCESS 2023年 11卷 21127-21143页

作者： Asprino, Luigi Presutti, Valentina Univ Bologna Dept Modern Languages Literatures & Cultures I-40126 Bologna Italy

Linked Open Data (LOD) is the largest, collaborative, distributed, and publicly-accessible Knowledge Graph (KG) uniformly encoded in the Resource Description Framework (RDF) and formally represented according to the semantics of the web Ontology Language (OWL). LOD provides researchers with a unique opportunity to study knowledge engineering as an empirical science: to observe existing modelling practices and possibly understanding how to improve knowledge engineering methodologies and knowledge representation formalisms. Following this perspective, several studies have analysed LOD to identify (mis-)use of OWL constructs or other modelling phenomena e.g. class or property usage, their alignment, the average depth of taxonomies. A question that remains open is whether there is a relation between observed modelling practices and knowledge domains (natural science, linguistics, etc.): do certain practices or phenomena change as the knowledge domain varies? Answering this question requires an assessment of the domains covered by LOD as well as a classification of its datasets. Existing approaches to classify LOD datasets provide partial and unaligned views, posing additional challenges. In this paper, we introduce a classification of knowledge domains, and a method for classifying LOD datasets and ontologies based on it. We classify a large portion of LOD and investigate whether a set of observed phenomena have a domain-specific character.

关键词： Ontologies intelligent systems web services semantic web Knowledge engineering Data engineering Linked data Open data intelligent web services and semantic web knowledge engineering methodologies knowledge and data engineering tools and techniques

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Automatic fuzzy ontology generation for semantic web

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON KNOWLEDGE AND DATA ENGINEERING 2006年第6期18卷 842-856页

作者： Tho, QT Hui, SC Fong, ACM Cao, TH Nanyang Technol Univ Sch Comp Engn Singapore 639798 Singapore Hochiminh City Univ Technol Fac Informat Technol Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam

Ontology is an effective conceptualism commonly used for the semantic web. Fuzzy logic can be incorporated to ontology to represent uncertainty information. Typically, fuzzy ontology is generated from a predefined concept hierarchy. However, to construct a concept hierarchy for a certain domain can be a difficult and tedious task. To tackle this problem, this paper proposes the FOGA ( Fuzzy Ontology Generation frAmework) for automatic generation of fuzzy ontology on uncertainty information. The FOGA framework comprises the following components: Fuzzy Formal Concept Analysis, Concept Hierarchy Generation, and Fuzzy Ontology Generation. We also discuss approximating reasoning for incremental enrichment of the ontology with new upcoming data. Finally, a fuzzy-based technique for integrating other attributes of database to the ontology is proposed.

关键词： intelligent web services and semantic web ontology design uncertainty "fuzzy," probabilistic knowledge representation formalisms and methods concept learning

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Requirements of API Documentation: A Case Study into Computer Vision services

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2022年第6期48卷 2010-2027页

作者： Cummaudo, Alex Vasa, Rajesh Grundy, John Abdelrazek, Mohamed Deakin Univ Appl Artificial Intelligence Inst Geelong Vic 3220 Australia Monash Univ Fac Informat Technol Clayton Vic 3800 Australia Deakin Univ Sch Informat Technol Geelong Vic 3220 Australia

Using cloud-based computer vision services is gaining traction, where developers access AI-powered components through familiar RESTful APIs, not needing to orchestrate large training and inference infrastructures or curate/label training datasets. However, while these APIs seem familiar to use, their non-deterministic run-time behaviour and evolution is not adequately communicated to developers. Therefore, improving these services' API documentation is paramount-more extensive documentation facilitates the development process of intelligent software. In a prior study, we extracted 34 API documentation artefacts from 21 seminal works, devising a taxonomy of five key requirements to produce quality API documentation. We extend this study in two ways. First, by surveying 104 developers of varying experience to understand what API documentation artefacts are of most value to practitioners. Second, identifying which of these highly-valued artefacts are or are not well-documented through a case study in the emerging computer vision service domain. We identify: (i) several gaps in the software engineering literature, where aspects of API documentation understanding is/is not extensively investigated;and (ii) where industry vendors (in contrast) document artefacts to better serve their end-developers. We provide a set of recommendations to enhance intelligent software documentation for both vendors and the wider research community.

关键词： Documentation Taxonomy Computer vision Usability Guidelines Measurement Tools intelligent web services and semantic web code documentation computer vision

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Learning object models from semistructured web documents

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON KNOWLEDGE AND DATA ENGINEERING 2006年第3期18卷 334-349页

作者： Ye, SR Chua, TS Natl Univ Singapore Dept Comp Sci Singapore 117543 Singapore

This paper presents an automated approach to learning object models by means of useful object data extracted from data-intensive semistructured web documents such as product descriptions. Modeling intensive data on the web involves the following three phrases: First, we identify the object region covering the descriptions of object data when irrelevant contents from the web documents are excluded. Second, we partition the contents of different object data appearing in the object region and construct object data using hierarchical XML outputs. Third, we induce the abstract object model from the analogous object data. This model will match the corresponding object data from a web site more precisely and comprehensively than the existing handcrafted ontologies. The main contribution of this study is in developing a fully automated approach to extract object data and object model from semistructured web documents using kernel-based matching and View Syntax interpretation. Our system, OnModer, can automatically construct object data and induce object models from complicated web documents, such as the technical descriptions of personal computers and digital cameras downloaded from manufacturers' and vendors' sites. A comparison with the available hand-crafted ontologies and tests on an open corpus demonstrate that our framework is effective in extracting meaningful and comprehensive models.

关键词： web mining machine learning intelligent web services and semantic web web text analysis knowledge acquisition ontology design computational geometry and object modeling DOM

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Business-OWL (BOWL)-A Hierarchical Task Network Ontology for Dynamic Business Process Decomposition and Formulation

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON services COMPUTING 2012年第2期5卷 246-259页

作者： Ko, Ryan K. L. Lee, E. W. Lee, S. G. Nanyang Technol Univ 630 Hougang Ave 804-60 Singapore 530630 Singapore Singapore Inst Mfg Technol SIMTech Singapore 638075 Singapore Nanyang Technol Univ Sch Mech & Aerosp Engn MAE Singapore 639798 Singapore

Collaborative Business Processes (cBPs) form the backbone of enterprise integration. With the growing reliance on the web as a medium of business collaboration, there is an increasing need to quickly and dynamically form cBPs. However, current Business-to-Business (B2B) information systems are still static in nature, and are unable to dynamically form cBPs based on high-level Business Goals (BGs) and their underlying criteria (e.g., item cost, product name, order quantity, etc). This paper introduces the Business-OWL (BOWL), an ontology rooted in the web Ontology Language (OWL), and modeled as a Hierarchical Task Network (HTN) for the dynamic formation of business processes. An ontologized extension and augmentation of traditional HTN, BOWL describes business processes as a hierarchical ontology of decomposable business tasks encompassing all possible decomposition permutations. Through BOWL, high-level business goals (e.g., "Buy") can be easily decomposed right down to the lowest level tasks (e.g., "Send Purchase Order"), effectively bridging the gap between high-level business goals with operational level tasks and complementing currently static business process modeling languages. The design of BOWL and a case study demonstrating its implementation are also discussed.

关键词： Workflow management intelligent web services and semantic web ontology design computer-supported collaborative work electronic data interchange

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Context-Based Matching and Ranking of web services for Composition

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON services COMPUTING 2009年第3期2卷 210-222页

作者： Segev, Aviv Toch, Eran Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol Dept Knowledge Serv Engn Taejon 305701 South Korea Carnegie Mellon Univ Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA

In this work, we propose a two-step, context-based semantic approach to the problem of matching and ranking web services for possible service composition. We present an analysis of different methods for classifying web services for possible composition and supply a context-based semantic matching method for ranking these possibilities. semantic understanding of web services may provide added value by identifying new possibilities for compositions of services. The semantic matching ranking approach is unique since it provides the web service designer with an explicit numeric estimation of the extent to which a possible composition "makes sense." First, we analyze two common methods for text processing, TF/IDF and context analysis;and two types of service description, free text and WSDL. Second, we present a method for evaluating the proximity of services for possible compositions. Each web service WSDL context descriptor is evaluated according to its proximity to other services' free text context descriptors. The methods were tested on a large repository of real-world web services. The experimental results indicate that context analysis is more useful than TF/IDF. Furthermore, the method evaluating the proximity of the WSDL description to the textual description of other services provides high recall and precision results.

关键词： intelligent web services and semantic web Internet reasoning services web text analysis

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The LRA Workbench: an IDE for efficient REST API composition through linked metadata

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JOURNAL OF BIG DATA 2021年第1期8卷 1-26页

作者： Serrano, Diego Stroulia, Eleni Univ Alberta Dept Comp Sci 2-32 Athabasca Hall Edmonton AB Canada

The number of web APIs for accessing information and services is continuously increasing, and yet, no tools exist to automate the time-consuming and error-prone process of invoking those APIs and composing their responses. The recent emergence of widely-adopted, standardized, web-API description formats and the development of Linked Data technologies for data integration have motivated our work on the LRA (Linked REST APIs) methodology [1, 2]. LRA relies on RDF service specifications to automate the development process around the usage of web APIs. This automation represents a great opportunity to systematize and improve the quality of serviceoriented application development. However, LRA's reliance on SPARQL as the userinteraction model may hinder its adoption, because it requires developers to learn the intricacies of the unconventional graph data model and its associated datasets. In this paper we have developed the LRA Workbench (LRAWbench), which takes advantage of the emergent schema of web-API specifications, in order to simplify the formulation of LRA-compliant SPARQL queries. Our empirical evaluation of the LRAWbench usability demonstrates that our tool significantly improves the performance of developers formulating SPARQL queries for LRA. A subsequent study on the effectiveness of the LRAWbench demonstrated that developers using LRA tend to produce code with considerable better structural complexity, in less time, than developers manually composing APIs.

关键词： intelligent web services and semantic web services integration framework Service-oriented architecture

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Representation and Comprehension in Machine Translation and intelligent Decision Support

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IEEE intelligent SYSTEMS 2011年第4期26卷 40-47页

作者： Bolia, Robert S. Slyh, Raymond E. US Off Naval Res Global Tokyo Japan USAF Res Lab Wright Patterson AFB OH 45433 USA

A contributing factor to failures of machine translation and large-scale intelligent decision-support systems is the unavailability of "common sense" about the world and about language and its contextual use... 详细信息

关键词： intelligent Systems Machine Translation Natural Language Processing Knowledge Representation Formalisms And Methods Applications And Expert Knowledge Intensive Systems intelligent web services and semantic web Knowledge Acquisition Philosophical Foundations

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