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High-Speed IM/DD Transmission Using Partial Response Signaling With Precoding and Memoryless Decoding

JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY 2024年第11期42卷 4038-4047页

作者： Hu, Qian Borkowski, Robert Nokia Bell Labs Murray Hill NJ 07974 USA

Partial response (PR), or correlative coding techniques, most commonly employed in the form of duobinary or polybinary schemes, can shape signal spectra, thus mitigate performance penalties due to non-ideal channels. In this work, we investigate the advantages of a family of PR encoders of the type (1+D)(n), which are applied digitally to pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) in a bandwidth-limited intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) system. Precoding is applied to enable memoryless decoding of PR signals based on a multilevel slicer and modulo operation. To quantify the improvements possible with the schemes under study, we simulate the signal-to-noise (SNR) advantage achievable with PR signaling in comparison to PAM for various transmitter and receiver bandwidths. The simulation results show that PR signaling can improve the performance when operating under a bandwidth constraint of approximately 0.44 symbol rate and lower. An experiment involving a high-speed IM/DD transmission is conducted, wherein the performance of different PAM and PR signals is compared. Highest net bitrate is achieved using (1+D)-PAM-8 signal at 200 GBd, yielding a record net bitrate of 510 Gbit/s for an IM/DD link employing baseband modulation.

关键词： intensity modulation and direct detection optical fiber communication partial response signaling

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Exponential-Memory-Polynomial-Based Nonlinear Equalizer for C-Band IM/DD Systems

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IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2024年第21期36卷 1261-1264页

作者： Liu, Xing Hu, Chengju Cai, Yi Zhao, Jian South China Univ Technol Sch Elect & Informat Engn Guangzhou 510641 Peoples R China Soochow Univ Sch Elect & Informat Engn Suzhou 215006 Jiangsu Peoples R China

We propose a novel exponential memory polynomial decision-feedback equalizer (EMP-DFE) for nonlinear compensation in intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) systems. Different structures of EMP are investigated and the proposed one achieves the best performance by including both self- and cross-beating terms of all nonlinear orders while balancing the complexity. Experiments of a 96-112Gbit/s PAM-4 system over 10-30km single-mode fiber show that the proposed EMP-DFE outperforms diagonally-pruned Volterra DFE, diagonally-pruned absolute-term Volterra DFE and trigonometric memory polynomial DFE in terms of both ultimate performance and the performance at the same complexity.

关键词： Decision feedback equalizers Complexity theory Polynomials Optical attenuators Optical fiber amplifiers Symbols Optical transmitters intensity modulation and direct detection nonlinear equalizer exponential memory polynomial

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Gerchberg-Saxton Based FIR Filter for Electronic Dispersion Compensation in IM/DD Transmission Part II: Experimental Demonstration and Analysis

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JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY 2023年第5期41卷 1428-1435页

作者： Wu, Xiong Karar, Abdullah S. Zhong, Kangping Gurkan, Zeynep Nilhan Lau, Alan Pak Tao Lu, Chao Hong Kong Polytech Univ Photon Res Inst Dept Elect & Informat Engn Hong Kong Peoples R China Hong Kong Polytech Univ Shenzhen Res Inst Shenzhen 518057 Peoples R China Amer Univ Middle East Coll Engn & Technol Egaila 15453 Kuwait Poet Technol Inc Shenzhen 518057 Peoples R China

In this article, the first experimental demonstration of a non-iterative electronic dispersion compensation (EDC) solution implemented at the transmitter using a finite impulse response (FIR) filter optimized with the Gerchberg-Saxton (GS) algorithm, is presented, for intensity-modulation and direct-detection (IM/DD) systems. The theoretical framework and preliminary simulations have been presented in Part I of this work. Here, the performance is compared between the GS FIR filter and the iterative GS algorithm in 56-Gb/s on-off keying (OOK) transmissions over 80-km single mode fiber (SMF) with a post feed-forward equalizer (FFE) for combating residual inter-symbol interference. Furthermore, the influence of the pulse shape (raised cosine or rectangular) and modulation format (return-to-zero (RZ) or non-return-to-zero (NRZ)) on the measured bit error ratio (BER) is investigated, while changing the number of FIR taps, post-FFE taps, and post-FFE samples-per-symbol. It is shown that within the range of the target digital extinction ratios (DERs) for which the original iterative GS algorithm offers benefit, both analytical and numerical methods for calculating the optimum FIR taps, outlined in Part I, produce similar BER performance as predicted. Hence, the former method is extended, here, through a non-recursive frequency response formula, which offers insight into the action of the GS filter with different pulse shaping and enables the derivation of the explicit GS impulse response. It is also shown that rectangular RZ exploits the full benefit of GS filtering through a uniform spectrum, achieving BER < 3.8x10(-3), with a 641-tap T/2-spaced pre-EDC FIR filter and a 3-tap adaptive T-spaced post-FFE.

关键词： Finite impulse response filters modulation Dispersion Filtering algorithms Signal processing algorithms Frequency-domain analysis Transfer functions Digital to analog converter digital signal processing electronic dispersion compensation finite impulse response filter Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm intensity modulation and direct detection Mach-Zehnder modulator

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Pre-Equalized DMT Signal Transmission Utilizing Low-Resolution DAC With Channel Response Dependent Noise Shaping Technique

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JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY 2023年第10期41卷 3065-3073页

作者： Yin, Mingzhu Li, Fan Wang, Wei Zou, Dongdong Chen, Yifan Yi, Xingwen Li, Zhaohui Sun Yat Sen Univ Sch Elect & Informat Technol Guangdong Prov Key Lab Optoelect Informat Proc Chi Guangzhou 510275 Peoples R China Southern Marine Sci & Engn Guangdong Lab Zhuhai Zhuhai 519000 Peoples R China

In this paper, a channel response dependent noise shaping (CRD-NS) technique is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for the pre-equalized discrete multi-tone (DMT) signal transmission in intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) system with a low-resolution digital-to-analog converter (DAC). Compared with traditional NS technique, the proposed CRD-NS technique can bring signal-to-quantization noise ratio (SQNR) improvement and solve the unevenly distributed SQNR problem in pre-equalized DMT signal induced by residual quantization noise without introducing additional computational complexity. Transmission and reception of 100 Gb/s 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)-DMT signal generated by a 3-bit DAC are experimentally demonstrated to verify the effectiveness of the proposed CRD-NS technique. The experimental results show that the bit-error ratio (BER) performance of 100 Gb/s 16 QAM-DMT signal with CRD-NS technique outperforms the corresponding signal with traditional NS technique. Compared with digital resolution enhancer (DRE) technique, in which channel response is also considered, the CRD-NS technique shows a similar noise shaping capability with DRE in pre-equalized DMT signal transmission, while the computational complexity can be significantly reduced, the number of real multiplications per sample is reduced from 81 to 7.

关键词： Quantization (signal) Noise shaping Nonlinear filters Maximum likelihood detection Computational complexity Bonding Bandwidth Channel response dependent noise shaping technique discrete multi-tone intensity modulation and direct detection

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Analysis of Four-Wave Mixing Penalties in 800G-LR4 Optical Links 24

Analysis of Four-Wave Mixing Penalties in 800G-LR4 Optical L...

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24th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON)

作者： Rahman, Talha Lin, Youxi Wettlin, Tom Stojanovic, Nebojsa Calabro, Stefano Kuschnerov, Maxim Huawei Technol Duesseldorf GmbH Munich Res Ctr Munich Germany

The performance of 4x200G PAM4 in datacentre links is evaluated. Due to the small chromatic dispersion value in O-band, four-wave mixing (FWM) may induce severe penalties. However, the FWM penalty can be avoided by le... 详细信息

ISBN: (纸本)9798350377330;9798350377323

关键词： Four-wave mixing datacentre network intensity modulation and direct detection

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Adaptive Dispersion Estimation for Linearized Electronic Dispersion Compensation in IM-DD Systems

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China Communications 2025年第4期22卷 55-64页

作者： Huo Jiahao Tao Jianlong Zhang Xiaoying Zhu Jin Qin Peng Wei Huangfu School of Computer and Communication Engineering University of Science and TechnologyBeijing 100083China

An adaptive dispersion estimation(ADE)is proposed to compensate dispersion and estimate the transfer function of the fiber channel with GerchbergSaxton(G-S)algorithm,using the stochastic gradient descent(SGD)method in the intensity-modulation and direct-detection(IM-DD)system,improving the tolerance of the algorithm to chromatic dispersion(CD).In order to address the divergence arising from the perturbation in the amplitude of the received signal caused by the filtering effect of the non-ideal channels,a channel-compensation equalizer(CCE)derived from the back-to-back(BTB)scenario is employed at the transmitter to make the amplitude of the received signal depicting the CD effect more *** simulation results demonstrate the essentiality of CCE for the convergence and performance improvement of the G-S *** show that it supports 112Gb/s four-level pulse amplitude modulation(PAM4)over 100 km standard single-mode fiber(SSMF)transmission under the 7%forward error correction(FEC)threshold of ***,ADE improves the tolerance to wavelength drift from about 4 nm to 42 nm,and there is a better tolerance for fiber distance perturbation,indicating the G-S algorithm and its derived algorithms with the ADE scheme exhibit superior robustness to the perturbation in the system.

关键词： chromatic dispersion digital signal process intensity modulation and direct detection

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Accelerating LMS-Based Equalization With Correlated Training Sequence in Bandlimited IM/DD Systems

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JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY 2022年第13期40卷 4268-4275页

作者： Yao, Shuang Tang, Xizi Zhang, Rui Zhou, Qi Su, Shang-Jen Hsu, Chin-Wei Alfadhli, Yahya Ma, Xiaoli Chang, Gee-Kung Georgia Inst Technol Sch Elect & Comp Engn Atlanta GA 30308 USA

As higher symbol rates are utilized in the intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) scheme to meet the unrelenting growth of data traffic, overcoming the inter-symbol interference (ISI) induced by the limited bandwidth has become increasingly crucial. Channel equalization based on digital signal processing (DSP) is an effective solution, where least-mean squares (LMS) algorithm is adopted to adjust tap coefficients. However, the LMS algorithm usually has slow rate of convergence and requires lots of training symbols. This work proposes a novel training sequence to accelerate the LMS-based equalization. A first-order Markov chain (MC) is employed for sequence generation, which introduces correlation between samples and shapes signal spectrum. Compared with the conventional training sequence that consists of independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) samples and has a white spectrum, the MC sequence enables faster convergence of tap coefficients and mean-squared error (MSE). Moreover, an experimental demonstration of a 43 Gbaud PAM-4 signal shows that the proposed sequence can achieve a lower pre-forward-error-correction (pre-FEC) bit error rate (BER) than that of the i.i.d. sequence with the same length. When the PAM-4 signal is transmitted over a 5-km standard single mode fiber (SSMF) with 6-dB system bandwidth of 10 GHz, more than 70% training sequence length reduction can be attained. When the fiber length is increased to 10 km and the signal suffers from severe power fading, more than 48% reduction can be achieved.

关键词： Training Bandwidth Convergence Equalizers Signal processing algorithms Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions Symmetric matrices Channel equalization digital signal processing intensity modulation and direct detection least-mean squares

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Ultrahigh-Net-Bitrate 363 Gbit/s PAM-8 and 279 Gbit/s Polybinary Optical Transmission Using Plasmonic Mach-Zehnder Modulator

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JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY 2022年第10期40卷 3338-3346页

作者： Hu, Qian Borkowski, Robert Lefevre, Yannick Cho, Junho Buchali, Fred Bonk, Rene Schuh, Karsten De Leo, Eva Habegger, Patrick Destraz, Marcel Del Medico, Nino Duran, Hamit Tedaldi, Valentino Funck, Christian Fedoryshyn, Yuriy Leuthold, Juerg Heni, Wolfgang Baeuerle, Benedikt Hoessbacher, Claudia Nokia Bell Labs D-70469 Stuttgart Germany Nokia Bell Labs B-2018 Antwerp Belgium Nokia Bell Labs Murray Hill NJ 07974 USA Nokia Network Infrastruct Opt Networks Div D-70469 Stuttgart Germany Polariton Technol Ltd CH-8803 Ruschlikon Switzerland Swiss Fed Inst Technol Inst Electromagnet Fields IEF CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland

We summarize our experimental exploration of the capabilities of an ultrabroad-bandwidth plasmonic Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM), in an intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) system for short-reach optical transmission up to 10 km. We study modulation, transmission, and reception of ultrahigh-symbol-rate (up to 304 GBd) multi-level optical signals with two different signaling schemes: pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), with up to 8 amplitude levels and partial-response-encoded binary (polybinary) modulation with memory length up to 4. By mapping the performance to a concatenated soft-decision (SD) and hard-decision (HD) forward error correction (FEC) coding scheme, a net bitrate of 363.4 Gbit/s is possible with PAM-8 signaling and 279.0 Gbit/s with tetrabinary (polybinary) signaling after 10 km standard single-mode fiber transmission. Considering an HD-only coding scheme, a net bitrate of 318.0 Gbit/s is possible with PAM-6 and 277.1 Gbit/s with tetrabinary.

关键词： modulation Optical modulation Optical fibers Optical waveguides Adaptive optics Optical receivers Optical pulses intensity modulation and direct detection plasmonic Mach-Zehnder modulator ultrahigh-speed optical transmission

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Experimental Demonstrations of Point-to-Multipoint Flexible Optical Transceiver-Enabled Concurrent direct Inter-ONU and Upstream Communications in IMDD PONs

Experimental Demonstrations of Point-to-Multipoint Flexible ...

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2023 Asia Communications and Photonics Conference/2023 International Photonics and Optoelectronics Meetings, ACP/POEM 2023

作者： Jin, Wei Chen, Lin He, Jiaxiang Giddings, Roger Philip Hao, Ming Tang, Jianming School of Electronic Engineering Bangor University Bangor United Kingdom College of Electronics and Information Engineering Shanghai University of Electric Power Shanghai China School of Automation and Information Engineering Sichuan University of Science and Engineering Yibin China

ISBN: (纸本)9798350312614

Point-to-multipoint flexible optical transceiver-enabled concurrent direct inter-ONU and upstream communications are experimentally demonstrated in >62.47Gbit/s@27km IMDD PONs. The PONs flexibly and adaptively establish simultaneous ONU-to-ONU and ONU-to-OL T communication connections according to end-user's dynamic requirements. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： intensity modulation and direct detection inter-ONU communications multi-channel aggregation passive optical networks point-to-multipoint transceivers

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A cascaded bit-weighted distribution matching for LDPC-coded PS-64QAM DMT in a high-speed Unamplified IM-DD system

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OPTICAL FIBER TECHNOLOGY 2024年 86卷

作者： Zhang, Long Yang, Xiongwei Wang, Kaihui Liu, Jiaxuan Wang, Chen Shi, Junting He, Wenzhong Wu, Ying Zhao, Feng Zhou, Wen Yu, Jianjun Fudan Univ State Key Lab ASIC & Syst Key Lab Informat Sci Electromagnet Waves MoE Shanghai 200433 Peoples R China Fudan Univ Sch Informat Sci & Technol Shanghai 200433 Peoples R China Xian Univ Posts & Telecommun Xian 710121 Peoples R China

We experimentally demonstrate the generation and transmission of probabilistic shaping (PS) 64-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (64-QAM) discrete multi-tone (DMT) signal with low-density parity-check (LDPC)-coded modulation based on two-stage bit-weighted distribution matching (TS-BWDM) in a high-speed unamplified intensity modulation and direct detection system. The TS-BWDM scheme is based on a two-stage bit-weighted inversion algorithm, which has the advantages of no complex multiplication and division operations and low hardware implementation complexity. As the key content of TS-BWDM, before FEC coding, the bit-weighted intervention operation is used to change the bit probability of a specific sequence in the parallel binary sequence. The two-stage bit-weighted inversion operation and one-stage weight-labeling bit insertion is performed for achieving the target symbol probability distribution. As a result, it does not add a significant amount of extra redundant bits. Additionally, the high-accuracy training symbols-based sampling frequency offset (SFO) estimation method and digital interpolation are used to compensate SFO. In our experiments, the TS-BWDMbased PS-64QAM DMT signals with a net rate of 157.3-Gb/s transmission over 10-km non-zero dispersionshifted fiber can be achieved. The system performance is investigated under two LDPC code rates (3/4 and 9/10) and three PS parameter values (k = 3, 5 and 9). The experimental results show that the receiver power sensitivity and the system fiber nonlinear effect tolerance can be significantly improved compared with uniformlydistributed signals.

关键词： Probabilistic shaping Two-stage bit-weighted distribution matching DMT Sampling frequency offset intensity modulation and direct detection

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