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HEVC quantization parameter selection algorithm based on inter-frame dependency

MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2020年第19-20期79卷 13951-13966页

作者： Huang, Xiaofeng Li, Dong Yin, Haibing Hangzhou Dianzi Univ 11582 St Hangzhou Hangzhou 310018 Peoples R China

Massive inter predictive modes are adopted in latest High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard to eliminate temporal redundancies, which results in stronger inter-frame dependency among neighboring frames than previous standards like H.264. The inter-frame dependency makes currently independent rate-distortion optimization (RDO) non-optimal any more. Quantization parameter (QP) selection algorithm taking inter-frame dependency into consideration is supposed to optimize RDO based rate control greatly. According to our research, the inter-frame dependency is reflected by the linear relationship between QP change (Delta QP) and the resulting change of distortion (Delta D). An adaptive QP selection algorithm for global RDO is proposed based on the modeling function between Delta D and Delta QP in this paper. Firstly, based on intensive statistic analysis, three parameters (initial QP (QP over bar \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} the length of pictures of group (GOP), and the average of SATD of one frame) are used to formulate the relationship between Delta D and Delta QP. Secondly, the resulting rate change Delta R relative to Delta QP is also formulated similarly. Thirdly, optimized Lagrangian multiplier (lambda) is calculated with these two mathematic models. Finally, we refine QP values based on the optimized lambda in terms of dependent RDO. The experimental results show that the proposed frame-level QP selection algorithm can decrease Bj circle divide tegaard Delta BitRate (BD-BR) by about 1.62% at the random-access (RA) configuration and 1.13% at the low-delay (LD) configuration, respectively. At the same time, it doesn't increase complexity significantly.

关键词： High efficiency video coding Rate-distortion optimization inter-frame dependency Quantization parameter

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Adaptive Quantization Parameter Selection For H.265/HEVC by Employing inter-frame dependency

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY 2018年第12期28卷 3424-3436页

作者： He, Jing Yang, En-Hui Yang, Fuzheng Yang, Kehu Xidian Univ State Key Lab Integrated Serv Networks Xian 710071 Shaanxi Peoples R China Univ Waterloo Dept Elect & Comp Engn Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada

Rate-distortion optimization (RDO) is widely applied in video coding, which aims at minimizing the coding distortion at a target bitrate. Conventionally, RDO is performed independently on each individual frame to avoid high computational complexity. However, extensive use of temporal/spatial predictions result in strong coding dependencies among neighboring frames, which make the current RDO be non-optimally used. To further improve video coding performance, it would be desirable to perform global RDO among a group of neighboring frames while maintaining approximately the same coding complexity. In this paper, the problem of global RDO is studied by jointly determining the quantization parameters (QPs) for a group of neighboring frames. Specifically, an adaptive frame-level QP selection algorithm is proposed for the H.265/HEVC random access coding by taking into account the inter-frame dependency. To measure the inter-frame dependency, a model based on the energy of prediction residuals is first established. With the help of the model, the problem of global RDO is then analyzed for the hierarchical coding structure in H.265/HEVC. Finally, the QP and the corresponding Lagrangian multiplier for each coding frame are determined adaptively by considering the total impact of its coding distortion on that of future frames in the encoding order. Experimental results show that in comparison with HM-16.0, the proposed algorithm reduces, on average, the BD-rate by 3.49% with negligible increase of encoding time. In addition, the quality fluctuation of the coded video by the proposed algorithm is lower than that by HM-16.0.

关键词： Rate-distortion optimization (RDO) quantization parameter (QP) inter-frame dependency Lagrangian multiplier

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Lagrangian Multiplier Adaptation for Rate-Distortion Optimization With inter-frame dependency

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY 2016年第1期26卷 117-129页

作者： Li, Shuai Zhu, Ce Gao, Yanbo Zhou, Yimin Dufaux, Frederic Sun, Ming-Ting Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Sch Elect Engn Chengdu 610051 Peoples R China Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Sch Elect Engn Ctr Robot Chengdu 611731 Peoples R China Ctr Natl Rech Sci Lab Traitement & Commun Informat Inst Mines Telecom Telecom ParisTech F-75634 Paris France Univ Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA

Rate-distortion optimization (RDO) is widely used in video coding, which plays a critical role in enhancing the coding efficiency substantially. Currently, the RDO process is performed in a way that coding efficiency of each coding unit (CU) is maximized independently without considering the dependency among CUs. As we know, in the current hybrid video coding structure, spatial/temporal prediction techniques are extensively used, which introduce strong dependency among CUs. In this paper, we investigate RDO with inter-frame dependency, where the impact of coding performance of the current CU on that of the following frames is considered. Accordingly, an RDO scheme taking the inter-frame dependency into account is proposed by adapting the Lagrangian multiplier. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme can achieve about 3.22% and 3.19% BD-rate saving in average over the state-of-the-art High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) reference software HM15.0 in the low-delay P (LDP) and low-delay B (LDB) coding structures, respectively, with no extra encoding time. The proposed scheme can obtain a significantly higher coding gain than the multiple quantization parameter (MQP) (+/- 3) optimization technique that would greatly increase the encoding time by a factor of about six. Coupled with MQP optimization, the proposed scheme can further achieve about 5.96% and 5.57% BD-rate savings in average over the HEVC and about 4.03% and 4.07% over the HEVC with MQP optimization, under the specified common test conditions for LDP and LDB coding structures, respectively.

关键词： High-rate assumption inter prediction inter-frame dependency rate-distortion optimization (RDO)

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Rate distortion optimization with adaptive content modeling for random-access versatile video coding

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INFORMATION SCIENCES 2023年第1期645卷

作者： Chen, Yi Wang, Shiqi Ip, Horace Kwong, Sam City Univ Hong Kong Dept Comp Sci Kowloon Hong Kong Peoples R China

In this paper, we study the capability of improving the rate-distortion (RD) performance based on the adaptive content modeling in the Versatile Video Coding (VVC) standard. In particular, the frame-level dependent relationships and inherent RD relationship are explored. As such, the rate dependency, distortion dependency and inherent RD characteristics are fully utilized in the global rate distortion optimization (RDO) process, and the quantization parameter (QP) for each frame could be adaptively solved. To facilitate the adaptive QP calculation, a two-pass coding strategy is proposed. In the first-pass coding, the video statistics are sufficiently collected with the proposed Dual Motion Compensation and Residual Coding (DMCRC) method to generate the parameters for the content-aware models. During the second-pass coding, the optimal QP at the frame level is obtained by optimizing the global RD performance with the dependent and inherent models. The proposed algorithm is implemented on VVC test model (VTM-4.0) and achieves significant performance gain for test sequences with constant and varying scenes.

关键词： Versatile video coding Rate-distortion optimization Quantization parameter inter-frame dependency Adaptive QP selection

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interframe-DEPENDENT RATE-QP-DISTORTION MODEL FOR VIDEO CODING AND TRANSMISSION

INTERFRAME-DEPENDENT RATE-QP-DISTORTION MODEL FOR VIDEO CODI...

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IEEE international Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)

作者： Aklouf, Mourad Leny, Marc Kieffer, Michel Dufaux, Frederic EKTACOM F-91940 Les Ulis France Univ Paris Saclay CNRS Cent Supelec Lab Signaux & Syst F-91192 Gif Sur Yvette France

ISBN: (纸本)9781665441155

In this paper, we propose a new inter-dependent Rate-QP-Distortion model. This model predicts the size of the picture after compression based on the distortion (D) of the reference frame and the current Quantization parameter (QP). This model is particularly useful when adjusting the QP of the picture according to the allocated bitrate budget. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms other models in the literature. In the video sequence Tango, up to 90% of all prediction errors are inferior to 8.6% when using constant QP encoding, and 90% of all prediction errors are inferior to 12% when using variable QP encoding. One application of this model is in low latency video streaming, where each frame of the video sequence needs to be coded with a specific target bitrate, due to variations of the instantaneous transmission rate.

关键词： HEVC x265 inter-frame dependency Rate-QP model video coding

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A novel adaptive quantization method for video coding

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2018年第12期77卷 14817-14840页

作者： Xiang, Guoqing Jia, Huizhu Yang, Mingyuan Li, Yuan Xie, Xiaodong Peking Univ Natl Engn Lab Video Technol Beijing 100871 Peoples R China Cooperat Medianet Innovat Ctr Beijing Peoples R China Beida Binhai Informat Res Tianjin Peoples R China Beijing BOYA HUALU Technol Inc Beijing 100080 Peoples R China

In this paper, we propose a novel AQ (Adaptive Quantization) algorithm to improve the subjective coding performance. Firstly, the factors affecting a suitable adaptive quantization method are carefully analyzed. Two important conclusions are drawn to guide designing a suitable AQ method. Secondly, based on the drawn analysis, a novel SATD (Sum of the Transformed Difference) based temporal adaptive quantization method is proposed. The proposed method fully considers the temporal characteristics, which can produce more visual-friendly QP (quantization parameter) offset distribution. Experiments are performed on x264 and HM16.0, respectively. With SSIM (Structure Similarity) as the metric, more than 21.07% BD-Rate (Bjontegaard-Delta Rate) saving can be achieved on x264, and on HM16.0, 8.07% and 7.99% BD-Rate savings can be obtained for LDP (Low-Delay-main-P) and LDB (Low-Delay-main-B) configurations, respectively, which is better than the state-of-the-art methods.

关键词： inter-frame dependency Adaptive quantization QP offset SSIM Subjective quality

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A perceptually temporal adaptive quantization algorithm for HEVC

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JOURNAL OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION AND IMAGE REPRESENTATION 2018年 50卷 280-289页

作者： Xiang, Guoqing Jia, Huizhu Yang, Mingyuan Zhang, Xinfeng Huang, Xiaofeng Liu, Jie Xie, Xiaodong Peking Univ Natl Engn Lab Video Technol Beijing 100871 Peoples R China Beijing BOYA HUALU Technol Inc Beijing 100080 Peoples R China Univ Southern Calif Ming Hsieh Dept Elect Engn Los Angeles CA 90089 USA Nvidia Co Shanghai Peoples R China Cooperat Medianet Innovat Ctr Tianjin Peoples R China Beida Binhai Informat Res Tianjin Peoples R China

Adaptive quantization (AQ) proves to be an effective coding tool to improve the performance of video coding. This paper presents a perceptually temporal AQ method to improve the subjective coding performance for High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). We first put forward a perceptual quality oriented motion estimation algorithm, which is conducted with a spatial-temporal just noticeable distortion (JND) model. Then one perceptual feature in temporal domain is proposed to develop our AQ method, which can generate different quantization parameter (QP) offsets for each coding unit (CU). The proposed method fully utilizes the temporal and perceptual characteristics of each CU, which can produce more visual-friendly QP offsets distribution. Experiments are conducted on HM16.0 (HEVC reference software), and with SSIM (Structure Similarity Index Metric) as the distortion metric, more than 8.08% and 7.95% rate savings can be obtained for Low-Delay-P (LDP) and Low-Delay-B (LDB) configurations on average, respectively. The subjective quality evaluation demonstrates that the proposed AQ method can achieve comparable visual quality as the HM16.0 while the proposed method can yield remarkable bitrate reductions.

关键词： inter-frame dependency AQ QP offset JND SSIM Subjective quality

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Efficient frame-level bit allocation algorithm for H.265/HEVC

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IET IMAGE PROCESSING 2017年第4期11卷 245-257页

作者： He, Jing Yang, Fuzheng Xidian Univ State Key Lab Integrated Serv Networks Xian 710071 Peoples R China

Rate control (RC) plays a critical role in video coding for regulating the coded bit-stream to achieve the target bitrate, which involves two basic steps: bit allocation (BA) and quantisation parameter selection. Here, the former is a key element to directly affect the performance of RC. So, in this study, an efficient frame-level BA algorithm is proposed for the latest video coding standard H.265/high-efficiency video coding (HEVC). First, by analysing the optimisation problem of the frame-level BA, two factors have been found to be related to the frame-level BA, which are inter-frame dependency and the target bitrate. Then, a measure of inter-frame dependency is put forward to reflect the correlation among consecutive frames. Finally, according to the results of allocation weights through the dynamic programming method, the relationships among the allocation weights and the two factors are investigated, and based on which the efficient BA model is established. Experimental results show that in comparison with the original RC scheme in HM-14.0, the proposed frame-level BA algorithm reduces, on average, BD-rate by 5.19% with negligible encoding time increase. In addition, the proposed algorithm also achieves higher GOP-level RC accuracy compared with the original RC scheme in HM.

关键词： video coding optimisation H 265-high-efficiency video coding frame-level bit allocation rate control coded bit-stream target bit rate quantisation parameter selection video coding standard optimisation problem inter-frame dependency intra-frame complexity inter-frame complexity consecutive frames allocation weights dynamic programming BjOntegaard-delta rate group-of-picture-level RC accuracy

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Introducing GOP-Level Quantization Parameter Offset In High Efficiency Video Coding

Introducing GOP-Level Quantization Parameter Offset In High ...

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11th IEEE international Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting (BMSB)

作者： Xu, L. Zhu, C. Zhou, Y. Wang, Y. Gao, Y. Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Sch Elect Engn Chengdu Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781467390446

Due to an extensive use of spatial-temporal prediction techniques, a large amount of the spatial temporal dependency is incurred in video coding. To optimize coding performance in the block-based hybrid coding architecture, rate-distortion optimization (RDO) techniques are widely employed based on different levels ranging from frame-level to slice-level, to coding tree unit (CTU)-level, coding unit (CU)-level and prediction unit (PU)-level. However the dependency among groups of pictures (GOPs) has not been addressed. Through a statistical analysis of the reference dependency among GOPs under the Random-Access (RA) configuration in the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard, we then develop a GOP-level Quantization Parameter (QP) optimization scheme to further enhance the coding performance. The experimental results justify effectiveness of our proposed scheme, where 0.96% Bjontegaard Delta rate (BD-rate) saving can be achieved on average with the RA configuration with a lower overall coding complexity, compared with the latest reference software HM 16.4 of HEVC standard.

关键词： Rate-distortion optimization HEVC video coding Random-Access structure inter-frame dependency

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inter-frame DEPENDENT RATE-DISTORTION OPTIMIZATION USING LAGRANGIAN MULTIPLIER ADAPTION

INTER-FRAME DEPENDENT RATE-DISTORTION OPTIMIZATION USING LAG...

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IEEE international Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME)

作者： Li, Shuai Zhu, Ce Gao, Yanbo Zhou, Yimin Dufaux, Frdric Sun, Ming-Ting Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Chengdu Peoples R China Telecom ParisTech Paris France Univ Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781479970827

It is known that, in the current hybrid video coding structure, spatial and temporal prediction techniques are extensively used which introduce strong dependency among coding units. Such dependency poses a great challenge to perform a global rate-distortion optimization (RDO) when encoding a video sequence. RDO is usually performed in a way that coding efficiency of each coding unit is optimized independently without considering dependeny among coding units, leading to a suboptimal coding result for the whole sequence. In this paper, we investigate the inter-frame dependent RDO, where the impact of coding performance of the current coding unit on that of the following frames is considered. Accordingly, an inter-frame dependent rate-distortion optimization scheme is proposed and implemented on the newest video coding standard High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) platform. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme can achieve about 3.19% BD-rate saving in average over the state-of-the-art HEVC codec (HM15.0) in the low-delay B coding structure, with no extra encoding time. It obtains a significantly higher coding gain than the multiple QP (+/- 3) optimization technique which would greatly increase the encoding time by a factor of about 6. Coupled with the multiple QP optimization, the proposed scheme can further achieve a higher BD-rate saving of 5.57% and 4.07% in average than the HEVC codec and the multiple QP optimization enabled HEVC codec, respectively.

关键词： Rate-distortion optimization inter-frame dependency high-rate assumption Lagrangian multiplier HEVC

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