In the years before 1947, many if not most, engineers had the idea that it was physically impossible for a solid to amplify electrical signals. After Bell Labs demonstrated that this idea was wrong, how would engineer...
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In the years before 1947, many if not most, engineers had the idea that it was physically impossible for a solid to amplify electrical signals. After Bell Labs demonstrated that this idea was wrong, how would engineers and managers go about bringing the new amplifying device up to the level of usability of the vacuum tube? How would its unique characteristics be exploited? How would we convince the armed forces that this device could meet their demanding applications? Why did the early transistors lend themselves well to computing circuits and lend themselves poorly to linear amplification? What was the origin of practices such as temperature cycling and burn-in that became widespread in later years? How did Astounding Science Fiction Magazine play a role? How was information exchanged with universities and government organizations:, How were project managers chosen and how did they manage? Some of the answers will be found in these memoirs recalling J.A. Morton's Signal Corps project and J.H Felker's TRADIC Phase I computer project.
Janetos and Cole (1981) make several errors in their analysis of optimal performance and the performance of simple rules (rules of thumb). These errors are pointed out and the correct analysis supplied. Techniques and...
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Janetos and Cole (1981) make several errors in their analysis of optimal performance and the performance of simple rules (rules of thumb). These errors are pointed out and the correct analysis supplied. Techniques and ideas which can be usefully applied to many problems in this area are illustrated.
作者：
Murray, Scott A.Firth, AdamUniv Edinburgh
Primary Palliat Care Res Grp St Columbas Hosp Chair Primary Palliat Care Edinburgh EH8 9YL Midlothian Scotland Univ Edinburgh
Primary Palliat Care Res Grp Gen Practice Edinburgh EH8 9YL Midlothian Scotland Univ Edinburgh
Ctr Populat Hlth Sci Primary Palliat Care Res Grp Edinburgh EH8 9AG Midlothian Scotland
Information about the 2012 Society of Academic Primary Care Conference held in Glasgow, Scotland in October 2012 is presented. Topics include effect of stopping smoking on health, Resilience as a measure for primary c...
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Information about the 2012 Society of Academic Primary Care Conference held in Glasgow, Scotland in October 2012 is presented. Topics include effect of stopping smoking on health, Resilience as a measure for primary care and family medicine. The conference featured several officials including Tony Kendrick, Dean of Hull York Medical School, England, Trevor Thomas, University of Bristol, Great Britain, and Doctor Cathy Reagan.
A common theory of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptom onset includes toddlers who do not display symptoms until well after age 2, which are termed late-onset ASD cases. Objectives were to analyze differences in cl...
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A common theory of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptom onset includes toddlers who do not display symptoms until well after age 2, which are termed late-onset ASD cases. Objectives were to analyze differences in clinical phenotype between toddlers identified as ASD at initial evaluations (early diagnosed) versus those initially considered nonspectrum, then later identified as ASD (late diagnosed). Two hundred seventy-three toddlers recruited from the general population based on a failed developmental screening form or parent or physician concerns were followed longitudinally from 12 months and identified as early- and late-diagnosed cases of ASD, language delayed, or typically developing. Toddlers completed common standardized assessments and experimental eye-tracking and observational measures every 9-12 months until age 3. Longitudinal performance on standardized assessments and experimental tests from initial evaluations were compared. Delay in social communication skills was seen in both ASD groups at early-age initial assessment, including increased preference for nonsocial stimuli, increased stereotypic play, reduced exploration, and use of gestures. On standardized psychometric assessments, early-diagnosed toddlers showed more impairment initially while late-diagnosed toddlers showed a slowing in language acquisition. Similar social communication impairments were present at very early ages in both early-detected ASD and so-called late-onset ASD. data indicate ASD is present whether detected or not by current methods, and development of more sensitive tools is needed.
A decade later, in 1894, Christiaan Eijkman in Batavia, Indonesia examined workers (prisoners, actually) fed unpolished versus polished rice and reported beriberi only in the latter group. Eijkman, a Dutch-trained phy...
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A decade later, in 1894, Christiaan Eijkman in Batavia, Indonesia examined workers (prisoners, actually) fed unpolished versus polished rice and reported beriberi only in the latter group. Eijkman, a Dutch-trained physician, was a keen observer of nature and learned about the milling process, which removed the peripaceum or \"silver skin\" from brown rice. Eijkman\'s studies were based on a natural experiment in chickens in which the birds became ill on a diet of polished rice and were \"cured\" when another keeper fed them uncooked, unpolished rice. This is a real example of serendipity.
Mexico recently embarked on a structural transformation to achieve universal social protection in health. This reform was based on what Reich and colleagues identified as the pillars of public policy: technical, polit...
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Mexico recently embarked on a structural transformation to achieve universal social protection in health. This reform was based on what Reich and colleagues identified as the pillars of public policy: technical, political, and ethical.1 The three must act in harmony to support the complex edifice of reform. In particular, political agreements can only be reached when they are guided by ideas and ideals. Ideas take the form of knowledge derived from science. Ideals take the form of values derived from ethics. Ideas can be transformed into the evidence base for sound decision making. Ideals can be transformed into the integrity base for coherent action.
Few would deny that life is a lottery, but the idea that the outcome of medical treatment is also a lottery is only slowly becoming accepted by doctors and patients. For centuries patients have wanted and respected th...
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Few would deny that life is a lottery, but the idea that the outcome of medical treatment is also a lottery is only slowly becoming accepted by doctors and patients. For centuries patients have wanted and respected the omnipotent doctor who would make decisions with total certainty, but rising standards of education have generated a healthy lay scepticism about medical activities. The National Lottery is a valuable paradigm for the difficulties of making clinical decisions: patients can accept the idea that some who buy tickets will certainly win, some certainly will not, but that the outcome in any week for an individual is totally unknown and utterly dependent on chance-and so with medical treatment.
This article surveys some of the recent literature on technology markets, and summarizes its main issues and insights. We structure our analysis in three parts: the supply and demand of technology;the factors that con...
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This article surveys some of the recent literature on technology markets, and summarizes its main issues and insights. We structure our analysis in three parts: the supply and demand of technology;the factors that condition the formation and growth of technology markets;industry structure and dynamic issues. In addition, we summarize some of the studies that have tried to document the size and growth of these markets. We find that the literature has focused mainly on the supply of technology, but several other aspects of these markets remain under-studied, including the demand for external technology, the role of uncertainty in technology markets, and the dynamic interaction between industry structure and the market for technology. Understanding these will illuminate whether markets for technology will continue to grow or remained confined to pockets of the economy.
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