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A Hardware-Friendly Lightweight Partition Decision Algorithm for VVC intra and Inter coding

IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING LETTERS 2025年 32卷 941-945页

作者： Zan, Zhao Huang, Leilei Chen, Shushi Zeng, Xiaoyang Fan, Yibo Fudan Univ State Key Lab Integrated Chips & Syst Shanghai 201203 Peoples R China East China Normal Univ Inst Microelect Circuits & Syst Shanghai 200241 Peoples R China

The Versatile Video coding (VVC) standard notably enhances encoding efficiency with the Quad-Tree plus Multi-Type Tree (QTMTT) partition structure. However, the complex QTMTT tool presents substantial challenges in both software and hardware implementation. To overcome those challenges, this paper introduces a hardware-friendly partition decision algorithm for VVC intra and inter coding. Firstly, we propose a lightweight backbone network to extract partition-aware features. Secondly, we employ a Quantisation Parameter (QP) fusion network to regulate the impact of QPs on the partition structure. Additionally, we apply a top-down threshold-driven post-processing algorithm, in which improbable partition types are removed to directly derive the unique partition structure. Experiments show that our method not only exceeds the previous state-of-the-art work in BD-BR performance, but also shows sufficient hardware-friendly characteristics. To the best of our knowledge, this work is among the earliest to comprehensively discuss and implement a hardware-friendly partition decision algorithm.

关键词： Partitioning algorithms Hardware Encoding Signal processing algorithms Prediction algorithms Feature extraction Complexity theory Software algorithms Convolution Software VVC QTMTT partition decision complexity reduction hardware-friendly algorithm convolutional neural network intra coding inter coding

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intra coding With Geometric Information for Urban Building Scenes

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY 2021年第6期31卷 2386-2400页

作者： Wang, Qijun Yan, Aibin Bao, Hua Anhui Univ Sch Comp Sci & Technol Key Lab Intelligent Comp & Signal Proc Minist Educ Hefei 230601 Peoples R China Anhui Univ Sch Elect Engn & Automat Hefei 230601 Peoples R China

Regarding the interior non-local correlations of image content, the intra predictions in image/video coding standards have still not exploited them efficiently. In this article, we propose an intra coding method that leverages the geometric information extracted from the image content to strengthen the coding performance. During the process of image capturing, if the imaging plane of the camera is not fronto-parallel to the surface of an object in reality, the repetitive patterns on the object's surface in real world will appear with a scale shift in the image domain. Thus, the corresponding potential non-local redundancy cannot be removed through the direct utilization of intra block copy and its variants. To address this problem, we begin with a theoretic analysis into the perspective transformation matrix and derive the underlying geometric information that causes the scale shift in the image domain;afterwards, we propose an intra coding framework based on the geometric information to alleviate the scale shift. It is essential for the coding framework to realize block matching in the rectified domain. Our framework mainly consists of two components, i.e., the intra block copy in the rectified domain through planar perspective transformation to obtain a more accurate prediction for the current coding block and the non-local post-processing filtering in the rectified domain after decompression to achieve a better quality of the reconstructed image. The experimental results show that our proposed method can achieve as high as 18% and an average of 5.0% bit-rate saving on the common dataset Urban100 compared to the HEVC reference software HM-SCC-extension with intra block copy and non-local post-processing filtering.

关键词： Image coding Encoding Filtering Buildings Standards Transmission line matrix methods Predictive models intra coding perspective transform intra block copy non-local filtering urban building scenes

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intra coding Strategy for Video Error Resiliency: Behavioral Analysis

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MULTIMEDIA 2020年第9期22卷 2193-2206页

作者： Kazemi, Mohammad Ghanbari, Mohammad Shirmohammadi, Shervin Univ Isfahan Dept Elect Engn Esfahan *** Iran Univ Tehran Sch Elect & Comp Engn Coll Engn Tehran *** Iran Univ Essex Sch Comp Sci & Elect Engn Colchester CO4 3SQ Essex England Univ Ottawa Distributed & Collaborat Virtual Environm Res Lab Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada

One challenge in video transmission is to deal with packet loss. Since the compressed video streams are sensitive to data loss, the error resiliency of the encoded video becomes important. When video data is lost and retransmission is not possible, the missed data should be concealed. But loss concealment causes distortion in the lossy frame which also propagates into the next frames even if their data are received correctly. One promising solution to mitigate this error propagation is intra coding. There are three approaches for intra coding: intra coding of a number of blocks selected randomly or regularly, intra coding of some specific blocks selected by an appropriate cost function, or intra coding of a whole frame. But intra coding reduces the compression ratio;therefore, there exists a trade-off between bitrate and error resiliency achieved by intra coding. In this paper, we study and show the best strategy for getting the best rate-distortion performance. Considering the error propagation, an objective function is formulated, and with some approximations, this objective function is simplified and solved. The solution demonstrates that periodical I-frame coding is preferred over coding only a number of blocks as intra mode in P-frames. Through examination of various test sequences, it is shown that the best intra frame period depends on the coding bitrate as well as the packet loss rate. We then propose a scheme to estimate this period from curve fitting of the experimental results, and show that our proposed scheme outperforms other methods of intra coding especially for higher loss rates and coding bitrates.

关键词： Encoding Distortion Resilience Streaming media Bit rate Linear programming Delays Error resilient video coding video error concealment intra coding

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Fast intra coding unit partition decision in H.266/FVC based on spatial features

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JOURNAL OF REAL-TIME IMAGE PROCESSING 2020年第3期17卷 493-510页

作者： Lin, Ting-Lan Jiang, Hui-Yu Huang, Jing-Ya Chang, Pao-Chi Natl Taipei Univ Technol Dept Elect Engn Taipei Taiwan Natl Cent Univ Dept Commun Engn Video Audio Proc Lab VAPLab Taoyuan Taiwan Natl Cent Univ Dept Commun Engn Taoyuan Taiwan

With the development of technology, the requirements of hardware equipment and user expectations of visual enjoyment are increasingly gradually. The Joint Video Exploration Team (JVET) has established the latest video compression standard, Future Video coding (FVC). FVC adopts QuadTree plus Binary Tree (QTBT) based coding Unit (CU) structure, which not only removes the complex hierarchical structure of the CU, Prediction Unit (PU), and Transform Unit (TU) but also supports square and rectangular coding blocks based on the texture of the video content. Although the QTBT structure can provide superior coding performance, it significantly increases the encoding time, particularly in intra coding. Therefore, developing a fast intra CU partition decision algorithm is essential. In this paper, a fast CU partition decision algorithm in FVC intra coding based on spatial features is proposed. Different spatial features in the pixel domain are proposed in the binary tree and quadtree decision processes. Spatial features for the binary tree are employed for early skipping of the encoding process of CUs with binary tree depth and for early determination of binary tree split mode. Spatial features for the quadtree are employed for early splitting or termination of CUs with quadtree depth. Compared with JEM 5.0, the proposed method can save 23% encoding time on average with a slight increase of 0.62% in the Bjontegaard delta bitrate (BDBR).

关键词： H 266 future video coding (FVC) Fast algorithm intra coding Spatial feature Quadtree plus binary tree (QTBT)

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Fast mode decision algorithm for HEVC intra coding based on texture partition and direction

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JOURNAL OF REAL-TIME IMAGE PROCESSING 2020年第2期17卷 275-292页

作者： Zhu, Wei Yi, Yao Zhang, Hanyu Chen, Peng Zhang, Hua Zhejiang Univ Technol Coll Informat Engn Hangzhou Peoples R China Hangzhou Dianzi Univ Sch Comp Sci & Technol Hangzhou Peoples R China

High efficiency video coding (HEVC) is the newest video coding standard, which employs some advanced coding techniques as compared to the previous standard H.264. The flexible quad-tree partitioning of coding tree unit (CTU) and various candidate modes of prediction unit (PU) significantly promote the video compression efficiency;however, these techniques lead to a great amount of computational loads. In this paper, a fast mode decision algorithm for HEVC intra coding is proposed based on texture partition and direction. It consists of two sub-algorithms: the CTU depth range prediction (CDRP) and the intra-prediction mode selection (IPMS). The CDRP reduces the recursive partition number of coding unit (CU) based on the correlation between the CTU texture partition and the optimum CU partition, and it first calculates the texture partition flags of different-size CUs from bottom to top. Then, it employs these partition flags to predict the depth range of the current CTU and decide whether to terminate the CU partition in advance. In order to reduce the number of candidate PU modes for the Hadamard optimization, the IPMS first uses the three-step selection of the candidate modes. The first step selects the candidate modes based on the correlation between the texture directions and the optimum PU modes. The second step selects the candidate modes by using the best modes among the selected modes in the first step. The third step selects the candidate modes by using the spatial correlation of the optimum modes between the current PU and its adjacent PUs. Then, in order to reduce the number of candidate modes for the rate-distortion optimization, the IPMS utilizes the numerical relationship of the sorted Hadamard costs of above selected modes, the optimum modes of adjacent PUs and the statistical characteristics of the small-size PUs. Compared to the original algorithm in HEVC test model, the proposed overall algorithm can reduce 60% encoding time on average with only a 1

关键词： High efficiency video coding intra coding Mode decision Texture partition and direction

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A hybrid M-channel filter bank and DCT framework for H.264/AVC intra coding

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2010年第2期47卷 225-238页

作者： Gao, Yi Chen, Jiazhong Yu, Shengsheng Yang, Jie Zhou, Jingli Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Dept Comp Sci Wuhan 430074 Peoples R China

In H. 264/AVC, discrete cosine transform (DCT) is performed on the residual blocks after prediction. However, the mismatch between variable block sizes and the fixed transform matrix not only degrades decorrelation performance but also causes severe blocky artifacts inside the blocks. In previous work, M-channel filter bank system (MCFBS) was proposed to overcome these defects. However, the increased percentage of encoding time by using MCFBS is very high, especially for intra coding. More seriously, the constructed M-channel filter bank with floating-point coefficients is an obstacle to hardware implementation. In this work, a hybrid M-channel Filter bank and DCT (HMD) framework is proposed for intra coding. Besides, the integer transform of a newly constructed M-channel filter bank is also implemented for HMD. Experimental results demonstrate that HMD can reduce 64-69% of the complexity of MCFBS with negligible quality degradation.

关键词： M-channel filter bank Discrete cosine transform intra coding H.264/AVC

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In favor of fully intra coding for HEVC video transmission over lossy channels

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SIGNAL IMAGE AND VIDEO PROCESSING 2021年第1期15卷 165-173页

作者： Kazemi, Mohammad Univ Isfahan Dept Elect Engn Esfahan *** Iran

Packet loss is inevitable when the video is transmitted over lossy channels. HEVC, due to the relatively large coding unit and high compression ratio, is much sensitive to data loss. Against the data loss, the responses of inter or intra coded blocks/frames are not the same. In the case of intra coding, the inter-frame dependency is removed and hence the error propagation is mitigated. However, with intra coding, since there is no motion vector, error concealment is more challenging than inter coding. Another difference between inter and intra coding is compression ratio where it is usually much better when using inter prediction. In this paper, taking into account the above trade-offs, a series of experiments is conducted to show the domain of preference of intra or inter coding in the application of HEVC video transmission over packet lossy networks. It is achieved that, if ratio of bitrates of I-Frames and P-Frames is smaller than a threshold, fully intra coding provides higher PSNR than some complicated methods;the improvement is as much as 2.5 dB sometimes. The performance of the proposed method is not the best as experimental results show, but besides its acceptable Rate-Quality behavior, it provides some side advantages.

关键词： Video transmission intra coding Inter coding Error concealment

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An efficient scalable intra coding algorithm for spatial scalability in enhancement layer

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS 2011年第5期98卷 583-598页

作者： Wang, Zhang Lu, Lijun Chinese Acad Surveying & Mapping Beijing 100830 Peoples R China Beihang Univ Sch Elect & Informat Engn Beijing 100191 Peoples R China

Scalable video coding (SVC) is attractive due to the capability of reconstructing lower resolution or lower quality signals from partial bit streams, which allows for simple solutions adaptted to network and terminal capabilities. This article addresses the spatial scalability of SVC and proposes an efficient H.264-based scalable intra coding algorithm. In comparison with precious single layer intra prediction (SLIP) method, the proposed algorithm aims to improve the intra coding performance of the enhancement layer by a new inter layer intra prediction (ILIP) method. The main idea of ILIP is that up-sampled and reconstructed pixels of the base layer are very useful to predict and encode those pixels of the enhancement layer, especially when those neighbouring pixels are not available. Experimental results show that the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) data of luminance component of encoded frames are improved, and both bit-rates and computation complexity are maintained very well. For sequence Football, the average increase of PSNR is up to 0.21 dB, while for Foreman and Bus, they are 0.14 dB and 0.17 dB, respectively.

关键词： spatial scalability enhancement layer H.264 standard intra coding scalable video coding

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A fast CU partition and mode decision algorithm for HEVC intra coding

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SIGNAL PROCESSING-IMAGE COMMUNICATION 2018年 67卷 140-148页

作者： Liao, Weihang Chen, Zhenzhong Wuhan Univ Sch Remote Sensing & Informat Engn Wuhan 430079 Hubei Peoples R China

The latest video coding standard H.265/HEVC is a milestone because it can achieve up to 50 % coding performance improvement compared to the widely used H.264/AVC, owing to the newly introduced coding tools. However, these new techniques also introduce dramatic computational complexity increase. In order to release the computational burden while maintaining the coding efficiency, a two-part fast intra coding algorithm is proposed in this paper. First a CTU depth range prediction and two Bayesian decision rules are applied to accelerate the CU partition process. The depth search range of the current CTU is restricted by the neighboring CTUs on account of the spatial correlation. And one early split and one early termination strategies is presented based on the minimum Bayesian decision rule. Next, a three-step fast intra mode decision algorithm is performed to speed up the intra coding, both the depth information and the orientation information of the current CU are used to skip some unnecessary intra mode check, and the order of Most Probable Modes (MPM) is adjusted to further remove redundant calculation. As demonstrated in the experimental results, our proposed algorithm can reduce 52.9% encoding time on average with the cost of an negligible coding efficiency loss under the All-intra configuration.

关键词： High Efficiency Video coding (HEVC) intra coding Fast algorithm Bayesian decision rule

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Modified rate distortion optimization using inter-block dependence for H.264/AVC intra coding

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONSUMER ELECTRONICS 2008年第3期54卷 1383-1388页

作者： You, Jongmin Choi, Changryoul Jeong, Jechang Hanyang Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Seoul 133791 South Korea

H.264/AVC allows several prediction schemes including variable modes for intra and inter predictions. To take full advantage of all allowed modes, H.264 employs rate distortion optimization (RDO) as its mode decision method. However, RDO incorporated into the H.264 encoder assumes block independence because calculating rate distortion (RD) cost for all possible mode sets requires a huge number of computations. In contrast to this assumption, coding efficiency of intra prediction in the H.264 encoder is affected by reference pixels in neighboring blocks. Thus, RDO in the H.264 encoder has potential to improve coding performance by considering the accuracy of intra prediction for the next blocks during the mode decision process of the current block. In this paper, we propose new criteria 14x4 mode decision and by using this criteria, the proposed method considers more mode sets to improve RD performance compared to the original RDO. Although the proposed method requires more computations compared to the original RDO, experimental results indicate that the proposed method noticeably improves coding efficiency compared to the original RDO.(1).

关键词： H.264 intra coding mode decision rate distortion video coding

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