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Transient stability mechanism of grid-connected inverter-interfaced distributed generators using droop control strategy

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APPLIED ENERGY 2018年 210卷 737-747页

作者： Yu, Moduo Huang, Wentao Tai, Nengling Zheng, Xiaodong Wu, Pan Chen, Weidong Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Sch Elect Informat & Elect Engn Shanghai 200240 Peoples R China Guangxi Elect Power Res Inst Nanning 530023 Peoples R China

The large-scale application of renewable energy is promising to solve the energy crisis over the world. Renewable energy is generally integrated into distribution networks or microgrids through inverters. inverter interfaced distributed generators (IIDGs) have the advantage of utilizing renewable energy effectively and flexibly. However, the wide interconnection of IIDGs causes transient stability to the public grid. This paper presents the transient stability mechanism of the grid-connected IIDGs using droop control. The transient stability mechanism is obtained by combining the transient stability condition and the comprehensive dynamic trace. The transient stability condition is proposed by the transient model and IIDGs' operation features. The comprehensive dynamic trace is formulated by the active and reactive power curves during transient events. The mechanism is able to reflect the relations between transient stability and droop factors and reveal the transient behaviors of IIDGs. The transient stability judgment is correspondingly developed. A series of simulations demonstrate the correctness and effectiveness of the transient stability mechanism. The transient stability mechanism better expands and develops the utilization of renewable energy.

关键词： Transient stability inverter-interfaced distributed generator Droop control Distribution network Stability criteria

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Fault location method for petal-shaped distribution network with inverter-interfaced distributed generators

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Global Energy Interconnection 2021年第6期4卷 543-553页

作者： Xiaolong Chen Shu Yuan Yongli Li Zhongqing Li Zhian Zeng Shaobo Geng Key Laboratory of Smart Grid of Ministry of Education Tianjin University Tianjin UniversityTianjin 300072P.R.China China Electric Power Research Institute Beijing 100192P.R.China State Grid Chongqing Electric Power Company Chongqing 400000P.R.China State Grid Hebei Electric Power Company Shijiazhuang 050021P.R.China

In this paper,a fault location method for the petal-shaped distribution network(PSDN)with inverter-interfaced distributed generators(IIDGs)is proposed to shorten the time of manual *** order to calculate the fault position,the closed-loop structure of the PSDN is skillfully exploited,and the common control strategies of IIDGs are *** asymmetrical faults,a fault line identification formula based on the negative-sequence current phase differences is presented,and a fault location formula only utilizing the negative-sequence current amplitudes is derived to calculated the fault *** symmetrical faults,the positive-sequence current at both ends of lines and the current output from IIDGs are used to identify the fault line,and the positive-sequence current on multiple lines are used to pinpoint the fault *** this method,corresponding current phasors are separated into amplitudes and phases to satisfy the limitation of communication *** simulation results show that the error is generally less than 1%,and the accuracy of the proposed method is not affected by the fault type,fault position,fault resistance,load current,and the IIDG penetration.

关键词： Petal-shaped distribution network inverter-interfaced distributed generator Fault-location method Fault characteristic analysis

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Analysis and calculation method for multiple faults in low-resistance grounded systems with inverter-interfaced distributed generators based on a PQ control strategy

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY SYSTEMS 2022年 138卷 107980-107980页

作者： Li, Jie Bi, Haoran Li, Chengxin Li, Jing Zeng, Dehui Wang, Gang South China Univ Technol Sch Elect Power Engn Guangzhou 510641 Peoples R China Guangzhou Jiayuan Elect Power Technol Co Ltd Guangzhou 510610 Peoples R China

The short-circuit characteristics of low-resistance grounded systems (LRGSs) under multiple faults have fundamentally changed because of the high penetration level of inverter-interfaced distributed generators (IIDGs). However, an analysis and calculation method for multiple faults (ACMMF) with IIDGs that is a standard basis for fault features, relay protection, safe evaluation and design of LRGSs is currently lacking. A novel systematic ACMMF is analytically proposed in this paper based on ideal transformer and multiport network theory. Based on the proposed ACMMF, composite networks under various fault conditions are established, which provides a straightforward presentation of fault current paths and equivalent impedance and simplifies the modelling procedure for fault analysis and calculation. Furthermore, to overcome the strong nonlinear inter-IIDG couplings, an iterative correction algorithm is proposed for accurate IIDG fault current calculations. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed method is verified by PSCAD/EMTDC simulation. The results show that the proposed methods have good adaptivity to different system structures, operation modes, fault types and flexible access of IIDGs.

关键词： Multiple faults Analysis and calculation inverter-interfaced distributed generator Ideal transformer Low-resistance grounded system Multiport network Symmetrical components

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Novel Strategy for Accurate Locating of Voltage Sag Sources in Smart Distribution Networks with inverter-interfaced distributed generators

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ENERGIES 2017年第11期10卷 1885页

作者： Chen, Rusi Lin, Tao Bi, Ruyu Xu, Xialing Wuhan Univ Sch Elect Engn Wuhan 430072 Hubei Peoples R China Hubei Collaborat Innovat Ctr High Efficiency Util Wuhan 430068 Hubei Peoples R China State Grid Corp China Cent China Branch Wuhan 430063 Hubei Peoples R China

With the aid of power quality monitoring systems (PQMSs), accurate locating of voltage sag sources, which has important significance for guiding maintenance personnel in finding and repairing faults as well as improving power supply reliability, has been becoming a new research hotspot. However, existing methods have unsatisfactory locating accuracy due to the integration of distributed generators (DGs) and fault resistance. In this paper, a novel strategy for accurately locating voltage sag sources in smart distribution networks is proposed. Based on inverse theory, which is well applied in geophysics, the accurate location issue is treated as a two-step optimization model. It aims at making the distribution of voltage phasors and current phasors obtained by theoretical short-circuit calculation match those actually observed as closely as possible. To guarantee the feasibility of the strategy, the effect of inverter-interfaced DGs (IIDGs) which are the main form of DG is considered in the short-circuit calculations. To guarantee the location accuracy of the strategy, fault resistance is treated as an optimization variable in the two-step optimization model to eliminate estimation error of fault resistance. Via two modified IEEE benchmarks with different scales, the validity and the superiorities in applicability and accuracy of the proposed strategy are verified.

关键词： smart distribution network voltage sag short-circuit fault accurate locating inverse theory two-step optimization model inverter-interfaced distributed generator

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An adaptive protection scheme for multiple single-phase grounding faults in radial distribution networks with inverter-interfaced distributed generators

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY SYSTEMS 2023年第1期152卷

作者： Li, Jie Feng, Jingtong Bai, Hao Wang, Haoming Li, Wei Huang, Min Wang, Gang South China Univ Technol Sch Elect Power Engn Guangzhou 510641 Peoples R China China Southern Power Grid Elect Power Res Inst Guangzhou 510663 Peoples R China

Conventional zero-sequence current (ZSC) protection relays for low-resistance grounded systems (LGSs) are confronting challenges due to the risk of multiple single-phase grounding faults (MSGFs) and the ongoing increase in the penetration of inverter-interfaced distributed generators (IIDGs). Such issues concerning false or failure tripping require a reconsideration of traditional solutions. This paper presents a novel adaptive ZSC protection scheme using the current-compensation method for LGSs with IIDGs. The mechanism for in-phase MSGFs and out-of-phase MSGFs in LGSs with IIDGs is formulated. The ZSC calculation method for LGSs with IIDGs is introduced via the zero-sequence compensation factor, where the feeder ZSC generated by MSGFs is converted to its counterpart during a single fault. With the manufacturing message specification (MMS) protocol in IEC 61850 that is selected to help share IIDG information, the adaptive ZSC protection philosophy is implemented, which automatically amends the ZSC and sets the protection settings of all relays in real-time. The validity of theoretical analyses and the performance of the protection scheme have been demonstrated by using the PSCAD/EMTDC simulation under various scenarios.

关键词： Adaptive protection relay inverter-interfaced distributed generator Low-resistance grounded system Multiple single-phase grounding faults Zero-sequence compensation factor

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Interharmonic Differential Relay With a Soft Current Limiter for the Protection of inverter-Based Islanded Microgrids

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY 2021年第3期36卷 1349-1359页

作者： El-Sayed, Wael T. El-Saadany, Ehab F. Zeineldin, Hatem H. Khalifa Univ EECS Dept Adv Power & Energy Ctr Abu Dhabi 31757 U Arab Emirates Cairo Univ Fac Engn Giza 12624 Egypt

inverter-interfaced distributed generators (IIDGs) introduce a major challenge for the protection of inverter-based islanded microgrids (IBIMs) due to their limited fault current contribution. This paper proposes a new strategy for the protection of IBIMs, founded on two novel aspects including a soft current limiter and an interharmonic differential relay. In addition to limiting the fault current, the proposed current limiter performs an amplitude modulation of the output fault current from the IIDG which occurs only during fault conditions. This modulation produces interharmonic currents with specific signatures that flow towards the fault. The process of injecting interharmonics is spontaneously initiated by a subset of the IIDGs upon the fault occurrence without a need for a fault detection scheme. Thereafter, based on the locally detected interharmonics, an interharmonic differential relay requiring low bandwidth communication is proposed to identify and isolate the fault. The proposed strategy has been validated using PSCAD/EMTDC. The results confirm the ability of the proposed protection strategy to protect IBIMs considering different fault types, locations, and values of the fault resistance without the need for additional fault detection components or high-bandwidth communication which may constraint the applicability and reliability of the protection schemes.

关键词： Current limiters Fault currents Microgrids Resistance Bandwidth Protective relaying Microgrid inverter-interfaced distributed generator current limiter differential protection interharmonics

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Analytical Fault Modeling of Droop-Controlled IIDG and its Cluster

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID 2024年第4期15卷 3706-3721页

作者： Fang, Chongkai Mu, Longhua Tongji Univ Coll Elect & Informat Engn Shanghai 201804 Peoples R China

Fault modeling of inverter-interfaced distributed generators (IIDGs) is the basis of power system fault calculation and protection scheme design. Due to its inherent properties and flexible control strategy, analyzing the transient-state fault responses of droop-controlled IIDG is difficult, and an analytical fault model has yet to be proposed. This work establishes a controlled voltage source-based fault equivalent model of droop-controlled IIDG in synchronous reference frame to address this research gap. The impacts of droop characteristics, virtual impedance, double-closed-loop controller, current limiting, and low-voltage-ride-through requirements are all considered, and the obtained model can cover both the transient- and steady-state fault responses. An IIDG clustering method based on the equivalent admittance matrix of the grid is also proposed, which lays the groundwork for model reduction. A corresponding model aggregation method is then provided. With this, the complexity of fault analysis for peer-to-peer controlled distributed power systems can be significantly reduced. The scheme proposed in this paper is verified by simulation experiments in PSCAD/EMTDC software.

关键词： inverter-interfaced distributed generator droop control microgrid fault modeling model reduction

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A d-axis based current differential protection scheme for an active distribution network

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Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems 2022年第1期7卷 338-348页

作者： Lindong Zang Guibin Zou Chenghan Zhou Maoran Zheng Tao Du School of Electrical Engineering Shandong UniversityJi’nanChina Power Dispatching and Control Center China Southern Power GridGuangzhouChina Shandong Shanda Electric Power Technology Co.LTD Ji’nanChina

The emergence of distributed generators has changed the operational mode and fault characteristics of the distribu-tion network,in a way which can severely influence *** paper proposes a d-axis-based current differential protection *** d-axis current characteristics of inverter-interfaced distributed generators and synchronous generators are *** differential protection criterion using sampling values of the d-axis current component is then *** to conventional phase-based current differential protection,the proposed protection reduces the number of required communication channels,and is suitable for distribution networks with inverter-interfaced distributed generators with complex fault ***,a 10 kV active distribution network model is built in the PSCAD platform and protection prototypes are developed in *** sensitivity and fast speed are verified by simulation and RTDS-based tests.

关键词： inverter-interfaced distributed generator Active distribution network D-axis current Differential protection Sampling value

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An FTU-Based Method for Locating Single-Phase High-Impedance Faults Using Transient Zero-Sequence Admittance in Resonant Grounding Systems

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY 2022年第2期37卷 913-922页

作者： Li, Jie Liu, Yinliang Li, Chengxin Zeng, Dehui Li, Haifeng Wang, Gang South China Univ Technol Sch Elect Power Engn Guangzhou 510641 Guangdong Peoples R China China Southern Power Grid Co Ltd Elect Power Res Inst Distribut Dept Guangzhou 510080 Peoples R China Guangzhou Jiayuan Elect Power Technol Co Ltd Guangzhou 510610 Peoples R China

A novel fault location scheme using feeder terminal units (FTUs) for high-impedance grounding faults in resonant grounding systems (RGSs) is presented. The parallel resonance for a high-impedance fault (HIF) in an RGS with inverter-interfaced distributed generators (IIDGs) is analyzed. The process exhibits unique distribution features for transient zero-sequence components involving underdamped and overdamped states. We conclude that the transient zero-sequence admittances (TZSAs) from FTUs upstream of the fault point have the maximum value, while the TZSAs obtained from FTUs downstream of the fault point are small for HIFs. Therefore, the proposed location scheme uses FTUs to calculate the maximum values of the TZSA. By comparing with action criteria, the distribution automation (DA) master station utilizes the above results of each FTU to locate the faulty feeder section. The accuracy of the fault characteristics and the proposed method are validated by applying a real-time digital simulator (RTDS) and an FTU-based monitoring system. Additionally, the proposed scheme demonstrates an excellent and reliable performance, considering various faulty feeder sections, fault resistances, arcing faults, fault inception angles, imbalances and the presence of IIDGs and noise.

关键词： Circuit faults Transient analysis Grounding Fault location Resistance Steady-state Monitoring Fault location feeder terminal unit high-impedance earth fault inverter-interfaced distributed generator resonant grounding system transient zero-sequence admittance

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Analysis of Grid-Forming IIDG's Transient- and Steady-State Fault Model

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID 2022年第2期13卷 1187-1199页

作者： Fang, Chongkai Mu, Longhua Wang, Zihao Chen, Guozhen Tongji Univ Coll Elect & Informat Engn Shanghai 201804 Peoples R China

Due to the inherent characteristics of inverter- interfaced distributed generators (IIDG), their fault responses are different from those of conventional synchronous generators. Investigating fault responses of IIDGs and establishing their fault models will benefit the fault calculation and protection scheme design for microgrids. This paper focuses on grid-forming IIDGs (GFGs) and hierarchically analyzes their fault characteristics under symmetrical and asymmetrical faults. A generic fault model of GFG, which covers both the transient- and steady-state, is proposed. Impacts of the transfer function of controllers, the current limiting module, and the fluctuation of DC-link voltage on GFG's transient- and steady-state fault responses are respectively investigated. The influence of GFG's topology is also considered, and both three-phase three-wire and three-phase four-wire GFGs are covered in the fault analysis. Model parameters calculation methods for all kinds of fault conditions are presented. It is found that the fault type, the fault severity, and the response speed of the DC power regulator all have significant impacts on GFG's fault responses. The fault analysis and fault model are verified by simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink.

关键词： Circuit faults Voltage control Analytical models Transient analysis Steady-state Current limiters Transfer functions Microgrid inverter-interfaced distributed generator fault analysis fault model

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