Source code authorship attribution is the task of identifying who develops the code based on learning based on the programmer style. It is one of the critical activities which used extensively in different aspects suc...
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Source code authorship attribution is the task of identifying who develops the code based on learning based on the programmer style. It is one of the critical activities which used extensively in different aspects such as computer security, computer law, and plagiarism. This paper attempts to investigate source code authorship attribution by capturing natural language aspects of the code rather than only using minimal set of syntactic and stylistic code features as explored in the previous literature. It proposes an evolutionary feature selection model to improve the accuracy of authorship attribution by implementing two language models (uni-gram and bi-gram). The proposed approach uses K-Nearest Neighbor as a classifier and Genetic Algorithm as a feature selection technique. Two experiments have been demonstrated on a public Authorship Attribution dataset on GitHub, the experiments include various evolutionary feature selection models. Notably, the obtained results in both experiments were compared with the related studies, and show a significant improvement in terms of accuracy.
Software bills of materials (SBOMs) promise to become the backbone of software supply chain hardening. We deep-dive into six tools and the SBOMs they produce for complex open source java projects, revealing challenges...
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Software bills of materials (SBOMs) promise to become the backbone of software supply chain hardening. We deep-dive into six tools and the SBOMs they produce for complex open source java projects, revealing challenges regarding the accurate production and usage of SBOMs.
The occurrence of the genus Charaea Baly, 1878 is confirmed on the islands of java, Bali and Borneo (Indonesia, Malaysia). Cynorta abdominalis Jacoby, 1891 from java and Bali is transferred to Charaea and the new repl...
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The occurrence of the genus Charaea Baly, 1878 is confirmed on the islands of java, Bali and Borneo (Indonesia, Malaysia). Cynorta abdominalis Jacoby, 1891 from java and Bali is transferred to Charaea and the new replacement name Ch. fruhstorferi nom. nov. is proposed for it due to homonymy with Charaea abdominale (Jacoby, 1890) from China (Hubei). The position of Cneorane abdominalis Jacoby, 1890 in Charaea is confirmed. Charaea borowieci sp. nov. from java, Ch. bryanti sp. nov. and Ch. sarawakense sp. nov., both from Malaysia (Sarawak), are described. All species are photographed and compared with related species. Charaea merahkupak Takizawa, 2017 from Malaysia (Sabah) is not congeneric with Charaea. Currently, its correct assignment is unknown and the species is still formally classified in Charaea.
This article explores the generational reproduction of farming and agrarian relations in the Indonesian islands of java and Flores. Concentrating mainly on women and men who have managed, or are trying, to establish f...
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This article explores the generational reproduction of farming and agrarian relations in the Indonesian islands of java and Flores. Concentrating mainly on women and men who have managed, or are trying, to establish farming livelihoods, we ask how, why and when do young rural people find-or fail to find-pathways into farming? And in today's increasingly diversified rural contexts, how far do land transmission processes between the generations continue to influence the positioning of the new generation? Our case studies provide an empirical counter to dominant policy framings that locate the rural youth 'problem' in young people's deficient mentalities, knowledge and skills, and assume that young farmers stay in the village after leaving school, start farming immediately and by their early 20s become full-time farmers. Our study points to the structural exclusion of young people from access to land;to the fact that most will not become farmers immediately after leaving school, and that when they do get access to farmland, they typically become part-time farmers, combining agricultural and nonfarm activities. While rural class positions and structures are certainly multidimensional, land and agrarian relations still appear as strong bases for the positioning of the new generation.
Source code understandability is a desirable quality factor affecting long-term code maintenance. Understandability of source code can be assessed in a variety of ways, including subjective evaluation of code fragment...
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Source code understandability is a desirable quality factor affecting long-term code maintenance. Understandability of source code can be assessed in a variety of ways, including subjective evaluation of code fragments (perceived understandability), correctness, and response time to tasks performed. It can also be assessed using various source code metrics, such as cyclomatic complexity or cognitive complexity. Programming languages are evolving, giving programmers new ways to do the same things, e.g., iterating over collections. Functional solutions (lambda expressions and streams) are added to typical imperative constructs like iterators or for-each statements. This research aims to check if there is a correlation between perceived understandability, understandability measured by task correctness, and predicted by source code metrics for typical tasks that require iteration over collections implemented in java. The answer is based on the results of an experiment. The experiment involved 99 participants of varying ages, declared java knowledge and seniority measured in years. Functional code was perceived as the most understandable, but only in one case, the subjective assessment was confirmed by the correctness of answers. In two examples with the highest perceived understandability, streams received the worst correctness scores. Cognitive complexity and McCabe's complexity had the lowest values in all tasks for the functional approach, but - unfortunately - they did not correlate with answer correctness. The main finding is that the functional approach to collection manipulation is the best choice for the filter-map-reduce idiom and its alternatives (e.g., filter-only). It should not be used in more complex tasks, especially those with higher complexity metrics.
This study aims to address the growing challenge of Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects in java, Indonesia, by developing a remote sensing-based model of ecological corridors for UHI mitigation. Leveraging multi-source re...
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This study aims to address the growing challenge of Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects in java, Indonesia, by developing a remote sensing-based model of ecological corridors for UHI mitigation. Leveraging multi-source remote sensing data and advanced tools such as Google Earth Engine (GEE) and Linkage Mapper, we identify and analyze ecological networks to mitigate heat impacts. The results reveal that the UHI effect is notably prevalent along the northern coastal regions of java, with temperatures soaring to 39.77 degrees C, while the southern areas are associated with low surface temperatures (cold sources). Among the 100 identified urban ecological corridors, 28 are heat-heat corridors (connecting heat sources), which are critical for targeted mitigation efforts. This study provides policy-relevant insights for policymakers, emphasizing the development of green infrastructure-such as urban parks and tree-lined pathways-along heatheat corridors to enhance airflow and reduce heat. Cross-regional collaboration is essential to integrate ecological corridors into urban planning, particularly in heat-prone areas. Policies should prioritize preserving and expanding green spaces, while public engagement and remote sensing tools like GEE can support adaptive management.
Archaeological and historical sailing modeling has become an increasingly productive field of study in the twenty-first century. The research has largely concentrated on methodological development, yet comparisons bet...
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Archaeological and historical sailing modeling has become an increasingly productive field of study in the twenty-first century. The research has largely concentrated on methodological development, yet comparisons between models have so far been lacking. In this paper we juxtapose two directed sailing models, Digital Navigator and qtVlm, on a route from East java to South Sumatra. In the early seventeenth century, the former was a major producer and exporter of rice and salt, while especially Jambi, Indonesia, on the island of Sumatra, had become dependent on imports due to cash-cropping of black pepper. Our simulation results show the optimal sailing season on this route falls between May and September, and that La Ni & ntilde;a events somewhat affect the length of this time window. During favorable winds both models produce quite similar routes. In adverse winds there is more variation between the models and the temporal frequency of wind data has more marked effects on routing. The models' sailing durations match fairly well to the one measured from the Selden Map of China, but the simulated optimized routes tend to take more direct open sea routes than the coast-hugging route on the map. This implies that other factors such as ease of navigation played a more significant role in route selection than mere efficiency. Furthermore, a comparison to the production schedules of rice and salt in the Gresik region shows that products from the same summer's harvests would have been available for export to Sumatra.
This article examines the human toll of the 1944-1945 famine in java, Indonesia's main island. It estimates birth and death rates for the Indonesian population in java during 1941-1951. Using the net population lo...
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This article examines the human toll of the 1944-1945 famine in java, Indonesia's main island. It estimates birth and death rates for the Indonesian population in java during 1941-1951. Using the net population loss method, the article approximates a net loss of 3.3 million people during the 1942-1945 Japanese occupation period. This includes 1.8 million excess deaths;0.7 million during 1944 and 1.1 million during 1945. The remainder are 1.4 million missing births in 1944 and 1945, associated with the malnutrition of women of childbearing ages and physical separation of wives from husbands recruited by Japanese authorities for forced labour.
This article presents the first complete critical edition and annotated English translation of the nineteenth-century javanese mystical poem Suluk Lonthang. Combining different disciplinary expertise in old and modern...
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This article presents the first complete critical edition and annotated English translation of the nineteenth-century javanese mystical poem Suluk Lonthang. Combining different disciplinary expertise in old and modern javanese philology, Tantric Studies, and Islamic Studies, it interprets the protagonist of the poem as an expression of the multifaceted and multivocal javanese religious landscape of the time, whose historical-and translocal-roots can be discerned in Sufi traditions from the Islamicate and Persianate worlds, as well as Tantric traditions from both pre-Islamic java and the Indian subcontinent.
Population growth and rapid development can increase the need for land, especially for settlements which impacts the reduced land availability on java Island. This impact is unavoidable Land Cover Change (LCC). The LC...
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Population growth and rapid development can increase the need for land, especially for settlements which impacts the reduced land availability on java Island. This impact is unavoidable Land Cover Change (LCC). The LCC that occurs needs special attention as it can significantly impact climate change, contributing to 33% of global carbon emissions. One of the supporting factors of LCC is topographic variation. No studies on priority areas for settlement management consider the LCC results based on topographic variations. Thus, this study aims to model the priority areas for handling LCC residential areas based on topographic variations by considering the 2000-2018 Land Cover data on the island of java, Indonesia, and to compare the residential priority area results with the 2030 land cover prediction model using the Markov Chain-Cellular Automata method. Topographic variations that cause LCC can be determined by looking at the threshold in each land cover change class with its elevation class, using a mathematical approach to obtain an average value in each land cover change. The results showed that areas with low topography change more rapidly than those with high topography. The modeling results will also be validated with Land Cover data in 2020 by looking at changes from 2018 on topographic variations and whether they are following the predetermined threshold. The validation results show an overall accuracy value of 0.796. This study hopes it can be considered for policy making in development planning, especially in java, Indonesia.
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