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Evaluation of a java ahead-of-time compiler for Embedded Systems

COMPUTER JOURNAL 2012年第2期55卷 232-252页

作者： Jung, Dong-Heon Moon, Soo-Mook Bae, Sung-Hwan Seoul Natl Univ Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci Seoul 151742 South Korea

java embedded systems often include java middleware classes installed on the client device. For higher performance, they can be compiled into machine code before runtime using an ahead-of-time compiler (AOTC). There are many approaches to AOTC, yet a bytecode-to-C (b-to-C) AOTC which translates the bytecode into the C code and then compiles it using an existing optimizing compiler such as gcc would be the most straightforward one. This paper explores a few important design and optimization issues of a b-to-C AOTC, including the compilation form for the translated C code, the call interfaces among translated and interpreted java methods, and java-specific optimizations by the AOTC that can complement the gcc optimizations. We evaluate these issues with our b-to-C AOTC implemented on the MIPS platform for the Sun's CDC VM to understand their performance impact.

关键词： java ahead-of-time compiler bytecode-to-C embedded systems java virtual machine code optimizations

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java client ahead-of-time compiler for embedded systems 07

Java client ahead-of-time compiler for embedded systems

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Conference on Languages, compilers and Tools for Embedded Systems

作者： Hong, Sunghyun Kim, Jin-Chul Shin, Jin Woo Moon, Soo-Mook Oh, Hyeong-Seok Lee, Jaemok Choi, Hyung-Kyu Seoul Natl Univ Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci Seoul 151742 South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)9781595936325

The performance of embedded java virtual machine can be improved by ahead-of-time compiler ( AOTC), which translates bytecode into machine code in the server and installs the machine code on the client device. Although AOTC is more advantageous than just-in-time compiler (JITC) due to its absence of the translation overhead, AOTC cannot be applicable to dynamically downloaded classes at runtime. This paper proposes client-AOTC (c-AOTC) which performs AOTC on the client device using the JITC module installed on the device, complementing the server-AOTC. The machine code of a method translated by JITC is cached on a persistent memory of the device, and when the method is invoked again in a later run of the program, the machine code is loaded and executed directly without the translation and interpretation overhead. One of major issues in c-AOTC is relocation because some of the addresses used by the cached machine code are not correct when the machine code is loaded and used in a different run;those addresses should be corrected before they are used. Constant pool resolution and inlining complicate the relocation problem and we propose our solutions. We developed a c-AOTC on Sun's CDC VM reference implementation ( RI) and our evaluation results indicate that cAOTC can improve the performance significantly, as much as an average of 12%. We also experiment with the issue of reducing the number of c-AOTC methods to be cached when the persistent space is tight, with a graceful degradation of performance.

关键词： java ahead-of-time compiler just-in-time compiler relocation early binding java virtual machine J2ME CDC performance experimentation languages

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java client ahead-of-time compiler for embedded systems

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ACM SIGPLAN NOTICES 2007年第7期42卷 63-72页

作者： Hong, Sunghyun Kim, Jin-Chul Shin, Jin Woo Moon, Soo-Mook Oh, Hyeong-Seok Lee, Jaemok Choi, Hyung-Kyu Seoul Natl Univ Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci Seoul 151742 South Korea

关键词： java ahead-of-time compiler just-in-time compiler relocation early binding java virtual machine J2ME CDC performance experimentation languages

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Efficient exception handling in java bytecode-to-C ahead-of-time compiler for embedded systems

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COMPUTER LANGUAGES SYSTEMS & STRUCTURES 2008年第4期34卷 170-183页

作者： Jung, Dong-Heon Park, JongKuk Bae, Sung-Hwan Lee, Jaemok Moon, Soo-Mook Seoul Natl Univ Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci Seoul 151742 South Korea

One of the most promising approaches to java acceleration in embedded systems is a bytecode-to-C ahead-of-time compiler (AOTC). It improves the performance of a java virtual machine (JVM) by translating bytecode into C code, which is then compiled into machine code via an existing C compiler. One important design issue in AOTC is efficient exception handling. Since the excepting point and the exception handier may locate in different methods on a call stack, control transfer between them should be streamlined, while an exception would be an "exceptional" event, so it should not slow down normal execution paths. Previous AOTCs often employed a technique called stack cutting based on a setjmp()/Iongjmp() pair, which we found is involved with too much performance overheads. Also, when the AOTC and the interpreter are employed concurrently (e.g., some methods are AOTCed while other methods are interpreted), the performance of normal execution paths is affected more seriously. This paper proposes a simpler solution based on an exception check after each method call, merged with garbage collection check for reducing its overhead. Our evaluation results on SPECjvm98 on Sun's CVM indicate that our technique can improve the performance of stack cutting by more than 25%. A similar performance benefit can be noted on a hybrid execution environment of both the AOTC and the interpreter. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： bytecode-to-C java ahead-of-time compiler exception handling stack cutting java virtual machine J2ME CDC

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Client ahead-of-time compiler for embedded java platforms

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SOFTWARE-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE 2009年第3期39卷 259-278页

作者： Hong, Sunghyun Kim, Jin-Chul Moon, Soo-Mook Shin, Jin Woo Lee, Jaemok Oh, Hyeong-Seok Choi, Hyung-Kyu Seoul Natl Univ Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci Seoul 151742 South Korea

Many embedded java platforms execute two types of java classes: those installed statically on the client device and those downloaded dynamically from service providers at run time. For achieving higher performance, the static java classes can be compiled into machine code by ahead-of-time compiler (AOTC) in the server, and the translated machine code can be installed on the client device. Unfortunately, AOTC cannot be applicable to the dynamically downloaded classes. This paper proposes client-AOTC (c-AOTC), which performs AOTC on the client device using the just-in-time compiler (JITC) module installed on the device, obviating the JITC overhead and complementing the server-AOTC. The machine code of a method translated by JITC is cached on a persistent memory of the device, and when the method is invoked again in a later run of the program, the machine code is loaded and executed directly without any translation overhead. A major issue in c-AOTC is relocation because sonic of the address constants embedded in the cached machine code are not correct when the machine code is loaded and used in a different run;those addresses should be corrected before they are used. Constant pool resolution and inlining complicate the relocation problem, and we propose our solutions. The persistent memory overhead for saving the relocation information is also an issue, and we propose a technique to encode the relocation information and compress the machine code efficiently. We developed a c-AOTC on Sun's CDC VM reference implementation, and our evaluation results indicate that c-AOTC can improve the performance significantly, as much as an average of 12% for EEMBC and 4% for SpecJVM98, with a persistent memory overhead of 1% on average. Copyright (c) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

关键词： java ahead-of-time compiler just-in-time compiler relocation early binding java virtual machine J2ME CDC

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