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作者： Chen, Guangyu PennState University Libraries

学位级别：Doctor of Philosophy

java-enabled mobile phones are dominating today's market. java is becoming the language of choice for personal mobile information devices such as smart phones and PDAs. This great success can be attributed to several factors, including portability, safety, ease of programming, and mature developer community. java virtual machine (JVM) is the key component of java technologies; its quality, in terms of energy efficiency, memory requirement, performance and reliability, has critical impact on the future success of java technologies in the market of personal information devices. This thesis addresses the four critical issues in the design of a java virtual machine for resource constrained devices: improving energy efficiency, reducing memory requirements, improving performance, and enhancing reliability.

关键词： java virtual machine Embedded Systems

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An Energy-Efficient java virtual machine

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CLOUD COMPUTING 2017年第2期5卷 263-275页

作者： Chen, Kuo-Yi Chang, J. Morris Hou, Ting-Wei Natl Formosa Univ Dept Comp Sci & Informat Engn Huwei Taiwan Iowa State Univ Dept Elect Engn Ames IA 50010 USA Natl Cheng Kung Univ Dept Engn Sci Tainan Taiwan

The power-saving opportunities of long-running application servers which execute on multi-core systems are studied in this paper. The research goal is to develop an efficient power-saving strategy of application servers with the minimum performance degradation in cloud environments. The power-saving strategy is based on the run-time information which is already available in a JVM, the base software component of application servers. Several key findings are revealed through this study. First, the particular behavior of application servers, also known as phases, can be related to the run-time information of a JVM. Thus the phases of an application server can be predicted before the applications actually execute on hardware. Secondly, some particular phases are observed in this study and used to establish the power-saving strategy, such as memory phases and execute phases. Finally, a new finding of idle phase is proposed to reduce significant energy wastage without performance degradations. Based on these findings, a set of power-saving algorithms is proposed and implemented with two widely used JVMs, Sun's Hotspot and Jikes RVM. With the experiments of five multi-threaded benchmarks and two web application benchmarks, the use of proposed power-saving strategy leads to the lowest value of energy-delay product among the other power-saving techniques, and the performance degradation is well below 6 percent.

关键词： Energy efficiency java virtual machine application servers multi-core systems multi-threaded applications

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Cold object identification in the java virtual machine

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SOFTWARE-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE 2017年第1期47卷 79-95页

作者： Briggs, Kim T. Zhou, Baoguo Dueck, Gerhard W. IBM Canada 770 Palladium Dr Ottawa ON Canada Univ New Brunswick Fac Comp Sci Fredericton NB E3B 5A3 Canada

Many java applications instantiate objects within the java heap that are persistent but seldom if ever referenced by the application. Examples include strings, such as error messages, and collections of value objects that are preloaded for fast access. This paper describes a stack-based framework for detecting these cold' objects at runtime, with a view to marshaling and sequestering them in designated regions of the heap where they may be preferentially paged out to a backing store, thereby freeing physical memory pages for occupation by more active objects. Furthermore, we evaluate the correctness and efficiency of stack-based approach with an access barrier. The experimental results from a series of SPECjvm2008 benchmarks are presented. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

关键词： java virtual machine garbage collection cold objects access barrier stack sampling

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Lightweight monitors for the java virtual machine

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SOFTWARE-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE 2005年第3期35卷 281-299页

作者： Yang, BS Moon, SM Ebcioglu, K Seoul Natl Univ Sch Elect Engn Seoul 151742 South Korea IBM Corp TJ Watson Res Ctr Yorktown Hts NY 10598 USA

java supports the monitor construct for language-level synchronization in the context of multithreading. This paper introduces the lightweight monitor, an efficient user-level monitor implementation. The lightweight monitor is useful for single-threaded java programs as well as for multi-threaded java programs with little lock contention. A 32-bit lock is embedded in each object for efficient lock access while other monitor data structures are managed using a hash table. We highly optimized the lock manipulation code, which is translated and inlined by a just-in-time (JIT) compiler. In the most probable cases, only nine SPARC instructions are spent for lock acquisition and five instructions are spent for lock release. Our experimental results indicate that the lightweight monitor is faster than the monitor implementation in the SUN JDK 1.2 RC1 by up to 21 times in the absence of lock contention and by up to seven times in the presence of lock contention. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.

关键词： monitor lock java virtual machine just-in-time compilation

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An annotation-aware java virtual machine implementation

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CONCURRENCY-PRACTICE AND EXPERIENCE 2000年第6期12卷 423-444页

作者： Azevedo, A Nicolau, A Hummel, J Univ Calif Irvine Dept Informat & Comp Sci Irvine CA 92697 USA Univ Illinois Chicago IL USA

The java bytecode language lacks expressiveness for traditional compiler optimizations, making this portable, secure software distribution format inefficient as a program representation for high performance. This inefficiency results from the underlying stack model, as well as the fact that many bytecode operations intrinsically include sub-operations (e.g. iaload includes the address computation, array bounds checks and the actual load of the array element), The stack model, with no operand registers and limiting access to the top of the stack, prevents the re-use of values and bytecode re-ordering, In addition, the language has no mechanism to indicate which sub-operations in the java bytecode stream are redundant or subsumed by previous ones. As a consequence, the java bytecode language inhibits the expression of important compiler optimizations, including register allocation and instruction scheduling. The java bytecode stream generated by a java bytecode compiler is a significantly under-optimized program representation, The most common solution to overcome this inefficiency is the use of a just-in-time (JIT) compiler to not only generate native code, but perform optimization as well. However, the latter is a time-consuming operation in an already time-constrained translation process, In this paper we present an alternative to an optimizing JIT compiler that makes use of code annotations generated by a java bytecode compiler. These annotations carry information concerning compiler optimizations. During the translation process, an annotation-aware java virtual machine (JVM) system then uses this information to produce high-performance native code without performing much of the necessary analyses or transformations. We describe the implementation of a prototype of an annotation-aware JVM consisting of an annotation-aware JIT compilation system. We conclude the paper showing performance results comparing our system with other JVMs running on SPARC architecture. Co

关键词： dynamic compilation JIT compilation java virtual machine java Bytecode code annotation

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Real-time java virtual machine for information appliances

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONSUMER ELECTRONICS 2000年第4期46卷 949-957页

作者： Lee, YM Tak, BC Maeng, HS Kim, SD Yonsei Univ Dept Comp Sci Parallel Proc Lab Seoul 120749 South Korea

In general, the embedded systems have limited memory spaces and theirs applications require real-time performances. The java virtual machine for embedded information appliances should be designed with these restrictions in consideration. This paper presents appropriate modifications and methods to reshape the genetic java virtual machine to a real-time java virtual machine for embedded information appliances that run reasonably well under the harsh conditions of the embedded systems and also meets the requirements of the realtime performance.

关键词： java virtual machine embedded system bytecode compression information appliances

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Orthogonal persistence in nonvolatile memory architectures: A persistent heap design and its implementation for a java virtual machine

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SOFTWARE-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE 2020年第4期50卷 368-387页

作者： Perez, Taciano D. Neves, Marcelo, V Medaglia, Diego Monteiro, Pedro H. G. De Rose, Cesar A. F. ASML Eindhoven Netherlands Pontificia Univ Catolica Rio Grande do Sul Polytech Sch BR-90619790 Porto Alegre RS Brazil HP Res & Dev Porto Alegre RS Brazil

Current computer systems separate main memory from storage, and programming languages typically reflect this distinction using different representations for data in memory and storage. However, moving data back and forth between these different layers and representations compromise both programming and execution efficiency. To remedy this, the concept of orthogonal persistence (OP) was proposed in the early 1980s advocating that, from a programmer's standpoint, there should be no differences in the way that short-term and long-term data are manipulated. However, at that time, the underlying implementations still had to cope with the complexity of moving data across memory and storage. Today, recent nonvolatile memory (NVM) technologies, such as resistive RAM and phase-change memory, allow main memory and storage to be collapsed into a single layer of persistent memory, opening the way for more efficient programming abstractions for handling persistence. In this work, we revisit OP concepts in the context of NVM architectures and propose a persistent heap design for languages with automatic memory management. We demonstrate how it can significantly increase programmer and execution efficiency, removing the impedance mismatch of crossing semantic boundaries. To validate and demonstrate the presented concepts, we present JaphaVM, an implementation of the proposed design based on JamVM, an open-source java virtual machine. Our results show that JaphaVM, in most cases, executes the same operations between one and two orders of magnitude faster than regular database-based and file-based implementations, while requiring significantly less lines of code.

关键词： java virtual machine nonvolatile memory orthogonal persistence persistent memory

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Local variable access behavior of a hardware-translation based java virtual machine

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JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE 2008年第11期81卷 2059-2068页

作者： Oi, Hitoshi Univ Aizu Dept Comp Sci Aizu Wakamatsu Fukushima Japan

Hardware bytecode translation is a technique to improve the performance of the java virtual machine JVM), especially on the portable devices for which the overhead of dynamic compilation is significant. However, since the translation is done on a single bytecode basis, a naive implementation of the JVM generates frequent memory accesses for local variables which can be not only a performance bottleneck but also an obstacle for instruction folding. A solution to this problem is to add a small register file to the data path of the microprocessor which is dedicated for storing local variables. However, the effectiveness of such a local variable register file depends on the size and the local variable access behavior of the applications. In this paper, we analyze the local variable access behavior of various java applications. In particular, we will investigate the fraction of local variable accesses that are covered by the register file of a varying size. which determines the chip area overhead and the operation speed. We also evaluate the effectiveness of the sliding register window for parameter passing in context of JVM and on-the-fly optimization of local variable to register file mapping. With two types of exceptions, a 16-entry register file achieves coverages of up to 98%. The first type of exception is represented by the SAXON XSLT processor for which the effect of cold miss is significant. Adding the sliding window feature to the register file for parameter passing turns 6.2-13.3% of total accesses from miss to hit to the register file for the SAXON with XSLTMark. The second type of exception is represented by the FFT, which accesses more than 16 local variables for most of method invocations. In this case, on-the-fly Profiling is effective. The hit ratio of a 16-entry register file for the FFT is increased from 44% to 83% by an array of 8-bit counters. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Microprocessor Performance Variable access behavior java virtual machine Hardware-translation

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Design and performance analysis of a distributed java virtual machine

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS 2002年第6期13卷 611-627页

作者： Surdeanu, M Moldovan, D Language Comp Corp Dallas TX 75206 USA Univ Texas Dept Comp Sci Richardson TX 75083 USA

This paper introduces DISK, a distributed java virtual machine for networks of heterogenous workstations. Several research issues are addressed. A novelty of the system is its object-based, multiple-writer memory consistency protocol (OMW). The correctness of the protocol and its java compliance is demonstrated by comparing the nonoperational definitions of Release Consistency, the consistency model implemented by OMW, with the java virtual machine memory consistency model (JVMC), as defined in the java virtual machine Specification, An analytical performance model was developed to study and compare the design trade-offs between OMW and the lazy invalidate Release Consistency (LI) protocols as a function of the number of processors, network characteristics, and application types. The DISK system has been implemented and running on a network of 16 Pentium III computers interconnected by a 100 Mbps Ethernet network. Experiments performed with two applications: parallel matrix multiplication and traveling salesman problem confirm the analytical model.

关键词： object-oriented distributed shared memory java virtual machine performance analysis memory consistency protocols consistency models

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Applying the framework of Turing machine developing system for implementing java virtual machine

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JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING 2012年第3 Suppl.1期12卷 S161-S168页

作者： Liaw, Heh-Tyan Liou, Ay-Hwa Andy Huang, Shang Tamkang Univ Dept Informat Management New Taipei Taiwan

The Turing machine can be used for rigorous study of the computation theory. In theory the Turing machine can simulate modern computers, but the actual implementation would be very difficult. This paper proposes a framework of Turing machine developing system. This developing system has been used successfully to implement a special Turing machine that is capable of executing java bytecode. Demonstrations of this paper have shown the effectiveness of adopting the Turing machine for practical computation. In addition, the developing system can be applied to demonstrate the principle and concept of Turing machines.

关键词： Turing machine java virtual machine GUI computation theory

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