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layered coding vs. multiple descriptions for video streaming over multiple paths

MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS 2005年第4期10卷 275-285页

作者： Chakareski, J Han, S Girod, B Stanford Univ Dept Elect Engn Informat Syst Lab Stanford CA 94305 USA

In this paper, we examine the performance of specific implementations of multiple description coding and of layered coding for video streaming over error-prone packet switched networks. We compare their performance using different transmission schemes with and without network path diversity. It is shown that, given specific implementations, there is a large variation in relative performance between multiple description coding and layered coding depending on the employed transmission scheme. For scenarios where the packet transmission schedules can be optimized in a rate-distortion sense, layered coding provides a better performance. The converse is true for scenarios where the packet schedules are not rate-distortion optimized.

关键词： layered coding multiple description coding rate-distortion optimized streaming packet path diversity video communication

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layered coding using bitstream decomposition with drift correction

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY 1997年第6期7卷 882-891页

作者： Mathew, R Arnold, JF School of Electrical Engineering University College Australian Defence Force Academy University of New South Wales Canberra ACT Australia

It is well known that layered video coding is useful both for service interworking and as an aid to error resilience. A major drawback of layered coding is that it invariably results in a reduction in overall coding efficiency for the high quality service. An attractive approach would be one in which the high quality service is coded, and then the resulting bitstream is decomposed in such a way that the lower resolution services can be reconstructed using only a subset of the total generated data. This mould mean that there mould be no impact on the coding efficiency of the highest quality service. In this paper we demonstrate that the quality of the lower layer when this approach is used is fundamentally limited by drift. It is shown that even a coarsely quantized, low rate correction signal provides a major benefit to the quality of this lower layer ser,ice while still not impacting significantly on the coding efficiency of the high quality service. Of course, some overhead is introduced in the coding of the lower quality service but the total overhead is still significantly better than simulcast.

关键词： data partitioning frequency scalability layered coding MPEG video coding

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layered coding with Block Turbo Code for Broadcasting and Multicasting Services

Layered Coding with Block Turbo Code for Broadcasting and Mu...

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64th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference

作者： Ryoo, Sunheui Kim, Sooyoung Ahn, Do-Seob

ISBN: (纸本)9781424400621

This paper presents an efficient layered coding scheme using block turbo codes for multimedia broadcasting and multicasting services (MBMS). Because of unidirectional nature of MBMS, we cannot use adaptive coding and modulation schemes using channel quality information from a return link. The layered coding scheme consists of more than two codes that are concatenated and can be separated, and thus the receiver selects a suitable demodulation and decoding scheme for the channel condition. In this paper we demonstrate an example of layered coding scheme using 2D/3D block turbo codes combined with M-ary modulation.

关键词： block turbo code layered coding MBMS rate compatible codes

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Rate-distortion optimized layered coding of high dynamic range videos

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JOURNAL OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION AND IMAGE REPRESENTATION 2012年第6期23卷 908-923页

作者： Lee, Chul Kim, Chang-Su Korea Univ Sch Elect Engn Seoul South Korea

An efficient algorithm to compress high dynamic range (HDR) videos into layered bitstreams is proposed in this work. First, we separate an HDR video sequence into a tone-mapped low dynamic range (LDR) sequence and a ratio sequence, which represents ratios between HDR and LDR pixel values. Then, we encode the LDR and ratio sequences to maximize the rate-distortion (R-D) performance by extending the standard H.264/AVC codec. Specifically, we estimate the distortion of the HDR sequence from those of the LDR sequence and the ratio sequence, and then allocate a limited bit budget to the LDR sequence and the ratio sequence efficiently to maximize the qualities of both LDR and HDR sequences. Conventional LDR devices use only the LDR stream, whereas HDR devices reconstruct the HDR video from the LDR and ratio streams. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm provides significantly better R-D performance than conventional HDR video coding techniques. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： High dynamic range video Video coding Rate-distortion optimization layered coding H.264/AVC Tone mapping Backward compatibility Human visual system

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ON RELAXING THE STRICT HIERARCHICAL CONSTRAINTS IN layered coding OF AUDIO SIGNALS

ON RELAXING THE STRICT HIERARCHICAL CONSTRAINTS IN LAYERED C...

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IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)

作者： Nanjundaswamy, Tejaswi Viswanatha, Kumar Rose, Kenneth Univ Calif Santa Barbara Dept Elect & Comp Engn Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781479928934

Scalable coders generate hierarchically layered bitstreams to serve content at different quality levels, wherein the base layer provides a coarse quality reconstruction and successive layers incrementally refine the quality. However, it is widely recognized that there is an inherent performance penalty due to the scalable coding structure, when compared to independently encoded copies. To mitigate this loss we propose a layered compression framework, having roots in information theoretic concepts, which relaxes the strict hierarchical constraints, wherein only a "subset" of the information of a lower quality level is shared with higher quality levels. In other words, there is flexibility to also have "private" information at each quality level, beside information that is common to multiple levels. We employ this framework within the MPEG Scalable AAC and propose an optimization scheme to jointly select parameters of all the layers. Experimental evaluation results demonstrate the utility of the flexibility provided by the proposed framework.

关键词： Audio compression audio streaming layered coding scalable audio coding joint optimization

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Strata: layered coding for Scalable Visual Communication 14

Strata: Layered Coding for Scalable Visual Communication

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20th ACM Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom)

作者： Hu, Wenjun Mao, Jingshu Huang, Zihui Xue, Yiqing She, Junfeng Bian, Kaigui Shen, Guobin Yale Univ New Haven CT 06520 USA Peking Univ Beijing Peoples R China Microsoft Res Beijing Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781450327831

Existing code designs for display-camera based visual communication all have an all-or-nothing behavior, i.e., they assume the entire code must be decoded. However, diverse operational conditions due to device hardware diversity (in camera resolution and frame rate) and distance range motivate more scalable designs. In this paper, we borrow the notion of hierarchical modulation from traditional RF communication, and design Strata, a layered coding scheme for visual communication. Strata can support a range of frame capture resolutions and rates, and deliver information rates correspondingly. Strata embeds information at multiple granularity into the same code area spatially or the same frame interval temporally. It ensures all layers are decodable independently, by controlling the amount of interference between adjacent layers. Further, our design is recursive and extends readily to generate more layers. Compared with existing codes, it significantly extends the operational range, though at the expense of less capacity than a single-layer code.

关键词： Display-camera links layered coding scalable visual communication

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Adaptive Multicast Scheme for OFDMA-based Multicast Wireless Systems Using layered coding

Adaptive Multicast Scheme for OFDMA-based Multicast Wireless...

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IEEE 23rd International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)

作者： Chen, Lei Wang, Xiaoxiang Teng, Yinglei He, Gaoning Beijing Univ Posts & Telecommun Minist Educ Key Lab Universal Wireless Commun Beijing 100876 Peoples R China Alcatel Lucent Shanghai Bell Shanghai 201206 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781467325691

In conventional multicast scheme (CMS), the total throughput of multicast group is constrained by the user with the worst channel quality. In order to overcome this problem of limited throughput, we consider a resource allocation algorithm based on layered coding, when a limited feedback scheme is considered. A novel subcarrier and power algorithm is exploited for targeting the maximum throughput (MT) of enhancement layers while at the same time guaranteeing the quality of services (QoS) requirements of all users. In this paper, a three-step subcarrier allocation algorithm and two power allocation algorithms are proposed. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms CMS. Moreover, it obtains more throughput than another existing algorithm.

关键词： Multicast Resource Allocation layered coding QoS

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LEARNED layered coding FOR SUCCESSIVE REFINEMENT IN THE WYNER-ZIV PROBLEM 49

LEARNED LAYERED CODING FOR SUCCESSIVE REFINEMENT IN THE WYNE...

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49th IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP)

作者： Joukovsky, Boris De Weerdt, Brent Deligiannis, Nikos Vrije Univ Brussel VUB IETRO Dept Pleinlaan 2 B-1050 Brussels Belgium Imec Kapeldreef 75 B-3001 Leuven Belgium

ISBN: (纸本)9798350344868;9798350344851

We propose a data-driven approach to explicitly learn the progressive encoding of a continuous source, which is successively decoded with increasing levels of quality and with the aid of correlated side information. This setup refers to the successive refinement of the Wyner-Ziv coding problem. Assuming ideal Slepian-Wolf coding, our approach employs recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to learn layered encoders and decoders for the quadratic Gaussian case. The models are trained by minimizing a variational bound on the rate-distortion function of the successively refined Wyner-Ziv coding problem. We demonstrate that RNNs can explicitly retrieve layered binning solutions akin to scalable nested quantization. Moreover, the rate-distortion performance of the scheme is on par with the corresponding monolithic Wyner-Ziv coding approach and is close to the ratedistortion bound.

关键词： Wyner-Ziv coding successive refinement layered coding nested scalar quantization recurrent neural networks

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A Cache Scheduling Scheme Based on layered coding VOD System

A Cache Scheduling Scheme Based on Layered Coding VOD System

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8th International Conference on Grid and Cooperative Computing

作者： Niu Xianlong Yang Shoubao Wu Bin Liu Xiaoqian Guo Liangmin Comp Sci & Technol USTC Hefei Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9780769537665

Internet video on demand is a new application provided by peer to peer network. Thousands of users are using real multimedia streaming systems like PPlive and PPstream which are the killer applications in the Internet. But jitters are always happening during rush time especially when users are watching less popular videos with low bandwidth network. To improve this, a cache scheduling scheme based on layered coding is proposed in this paper. Our scheme aims at optimizing cache scheduling scheme in peers' local cache while other researches often focus on the proxy server. The available bandwidth considered as energy is allocated by Fermi distribution function for different layer data of FGS, and the prefix buffer is extended dynamically. When the available bandwidth is insufficient, peers are forced to allocate more bandwidth for base layer data, and their prefix buffer is extended so that more base layer data is downloaded for users who watch a video continuously and with interactive operations. Simulation shows that our approach reduces cache missing rate effectively when available bandwidth is insufficient. In local cache, peers replace segments in the cache by formulas of popularity which is proposed to reduce cache missing rate more successful. In general, our scheme can effectively reduce starting delay and times of jitters in a multimedia system with low bandwidth.

关键词： P2P Multimedia Streaming Video On Demand layered coding Cache

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On the design of P2P video streaming with layered coding

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COMPUTER SYSTEMS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2009年第3期24卷 209-215页

作者： Shen, Yanming Li, Keqiu Dalian Univ Technol Dept Comp Sci & Engn Dalian Peoples R China

We propose a peer-to-peer video streaming system that provides a reliable and high-performance video streaming service. We encode each video into multiple low bit-rate layers and distribute copies of the layers from the participating peers. Each client receives the constituent multiple layers from different serving peers, and combines them into the original video stream. When a server peer disconnects, the system attempts to find a replacement peer that has a copy of the missing layer and has sufficient available uplink bandwidth. We show how to efficiently distribute a video from its origin server to a set of viewing peers. We also derive an optimal replication strategy for layered videos. We examine the system performance via simulation and show that peer-to-peer video streaming with layered coding can provide excellent performance even if peers disconnect from the network frequently.

关键词： Video Streaming layered coding

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