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Efficient layered video coding using data partitioning

SIGNAL PROCESSING-IMAGE COMMUNICATION 1999年第9期14卷 761-782页

作者： Mathew, R Arnold, JF Univ New S Wales Univ Coll Sch Elect Engn Australian Def Force Acad Canberra ACT 2600 Australia

Data partitioning has been incorporated within the MPEG 2 video coding standard as one means of achieving error resilience in transmission systems where more than one transmission priority level is available. However, data partitioning also includes many ideas from the study of frequency scalability. In particular, the base partition information could be used to form a lower spatial resolution reconstruction of the original service thus permitting service interworking. In this paper, we investigate service interworking using data partitioning and demonstrate that the quality of the lower resolution service when this approach is used is fundamentally limited by drift. It is also shown that a relatively low data rate correction signal can provide a significant increase in the quality of this lower resolution service. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： MPEG 2 video compression video coding data partitioning layered coding drift

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Study on layered coding of W-Z Frame in Distributed Encode

Study on Layered Coding of W-Z Frame in Distributed Encode

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2018 International Conference on Computer, Electronic Information and Communications(CEIC 2018)

作者： Jian ZHANG Jing ZHAO Hui-long YU Cui QIN Department of Communication Engineer Nanjing Institute of Technology

In order to use distributed encode on the condition of the limited bandwidth, this paper introduced a layered coding method into the distributed coding, and a new coding method of w-z frame was advanced using high-frequency information in the distributed coding side. Experimental results show that the effect of this algorithm is superior to H.263+ when the bandwidth is small.

关键词： Distributed encode W-Z frame layered coding

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BANDWIDTH EFFICIENT MOBILE CLOUD GAMING WITH layered coding AND SCALABLE PHONG LIGHTING

BANDWIDTH EFFICIENT MOBILE CLOUD GAMING WITH LAYERED CODING ...

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IEEE International Conference on Image Processing

作者： Seong-Ping Chuah Ngai-Man Cheung Singapore Univ. of Technol. & Design Singapore Singapore

ISBN: (纸本)9781479957521

In mobile cloud gaming, one of the main challenges is to deliver high-quality game images over wireless networks under stringent delay requirement. To reduce the bit-rate of game images, we propose layered coding, which leverages the graphic rendering capability of modern mobile devices to reduce transmission bit-rate. Specifically, we render a low-quality local game image, or the base layer, on the power-constrained mobile client. Instead of sending the high quality game image, the cloud server sends enhancement layer information, which the client utilizes to improve the quality of the base layer. Central to the proposed layered coding is the design of base layer (BL) rendering. We discuss BL design and propose a computationally-scalable Phong lighting that can be used in BL rendering. We performed experiments to compare our layered coding with state-of-the-art, which uses H.264/AVC inter-frame coding to compress game images. With game sequences of different model complexity and motion, our results suggest that layered coding requires substantially lower data-rate. We made available game video test sequences to stimulate future research.

关键词： cloud computing computer games image coding mobile computing rendering (computer graphics) video coding H.264/AVC inter-frame coding bandwidth efficient mobile cloud gaming base layer rendering game video test sequences graphic rendering capability image compression layered coding low-quality local game image model complexity power-constrained mobile client scalable phong lighting wireless networks Encoding Games Light sources Lighting Pipelines Rendering (computer graphics) Three-dimensional displays Cloud Gaming Graphic Rendering Image and Video coding Phong Lighting Video Streaming hierarchical coding three-dimensional displays Lighting graphic rendering Wireless networks Computer Games LIGHT SOURCES Game theory image coding pipeline Data compression Image compression Mobile Computing Video coding Cloud Computing

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layered Wyner-Ziv video coding

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING 2006年第12期15卷 3791-3803页

作者： Xu, Qian Xiong, Zixiang Texas A&M Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn College Stn TX 77843 USA

Following recent theoretical works on successive Wyner-Ziv coding (WZC), we propose a practical layered Wyner-Ziv video coder using the DCT, nested scalar quantization, and irregular LDPC code based Slepian-Wolf coding (or lossless source coding with side information at the decoder). Our main novelty is to use the base layer of a standard scalable video coder (e.g., MPEG-4/H.26L FGS or H.263+) as the decoder side information and perform layered WZC for quality enhancement. Similar to FGS coding, there is no performance difference between layered and monolithic WZC when the enhancement bitstream is generated in our proposed coder. Using an H.26L coded version as the base layer, experiments indicate that WZC gives slightly worse performance than FGS coding when the channel (for both the base and enhancement layers) is noiseless. However, when the channel is noisy, extensive simulations of video transmission over wireless networks conforming to the CDMA2000 1X standard show that H.26L base layer coding plus Wyner-Ziv enhancement layer coding are more robust against channel errors than H.26L FGS coding. These results demonstrate that layered Wyner-Ziv video coding is a promising new technique for video streaming over wireless networks.

关键词： distributed source coding layered coding MPEG-4/H.26L FGS coding Slepian-Wolf coding (SWC) wireless video Wyner-Ziv coding (WZC)

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layered Low-Density Generator Matrix Codes for Super High Definition Scalable Video coding System

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IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES 2009年第3期E92A卷 798-807页

作者： Tonomura, Yoshihide Shirai, Daisuke Nakachi, Takayuki Fujii, Tatsuya Kiya, Hitoshi NTT Corp Network Innovat Labs Yokosuka Kanagawa 2390847 Japan Tokyo Metropolitan Univ Dept Informat & Commun Syst Engn Fac Syst Design Hino Tokyo 1910065 Japan

In this paper. we introduce layered low-density generator matrix (layered-LDGM) codes for super high definition (SHD) scalable video systems. The layered-LDGM codes maintain the correspondence relationship of each layer from the encoder side to the decoder side. This resulting structure supports partial decoding. Furthermore, the proposed layered-LDGM codes create highly efficient forward error correcting (FEC) data by considering the relationship between each scalable component. Therefore, the proposed layered-LDGM codes raise the probability of restoring, the important components. Simulations show that the proposed layered-LDGM codes offer better error resiliency than the existing method which creates FEC data for each scalable component independently. The proposed layered-LDGM codes support partial decoding and raise the probability of restoring the base component. These characteristics are very suitable for scalable video coding systems

关键词： LDPC codes LDGM codes layered coding scalable video coding JPEG 2000 multicast streaming real time streaming super high definition movies

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Error resilient video transmission in ad hoc networks using layered and multiple description coding

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2017年第6期76卷 9033-9049页

作者： Ghahremani, Shahram Ghanbari, Mohammad Univ Tehran Sch Elect & Comp Engn Tehran Iran Univ Essex Sch Comp Sci & Elect Engn Colchester Essex England

The mesh structure of ad hoc networks, provides the possibility of establishing two disjoint paths from a sender to a receiver. Transmission of video over such networks due to their unpredictability and difficulty in securing reliable channels is challenging. layered coding (LC) and Multiple Description coding (MDC) are two different techniques which can benefit from path diversity for robust video communication and also to adapt with preferences of users\network. This paper presents an approach to provide error resilient video transmission over a variety of network conditions and applications needs using combined LC and MDC schemes. In the proposed method two descriptions of each layer are generated in the FMO format of the H.264/AVC standard. Unlike the conventional approaches, in our work macroblocks of each layer are divided into two paths. Hence, in the bursty error conditions the error will be smoothly spread in all layers. For better protection and more network compatibility, the base layer is data partitioned and its important part (DP_A) is repeated in both paths. Simulation results show transmission of duplicated DP_A and the non-corresponding descriptions of two layers together on disjoint paths, can improve the error concealment of the decoder and consequently enhance video quality by up to 2 dB.

关键词： layered coding Flexible macroblock ordering Ad hoc network Error resilient video coding

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layered multiple description video coding using dual-tree discrete wavelet transform and H.264/AVC

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2016年第5期75卷 2801-2814页

作者： Chen, Jing Cai, Canhui Li, Li Li, Cuihua Xiamen Univ Sch Informat Sci & Engn Xiamen Peoples R China Huaqiao Univ Sch Informat Sci & Engn Xiamen Peoples R China

A novel hybrid layered multiple description video coding (HLMDVC) algorithm is proposed to provide a robust and flexible video transmission via unreliable networks, like Internet or the wireless network. First, the input video sequence is encoded by a standard H.264/AVC encoder in low bit rate to form the base layer, which is then duplicated to each description. Second, the 3D dual-tree discrete wavelet transform is performed on the difference between the reconstructed base layer and the input sequence to produce four wavelet coefficient trees. Then the noise shaping is used to reduce the redundancy of these coefficient trees. After that, the four sparse wavelet coefficient trees are separately encoded by 3D-SPIHT encoders. The resulted four bitstreams are partitioned into two groups, separately forming enhancement layers of two descriptions. The redundancy of the proposed multiple description video coding scheme can be easily adjusted by changing the bitrate of the base layer to fit for different transmission channels. The directional selectivity feature of 3D dual-tree discrete wavelet transform frees the enhancement layer coding from the time consuming motion estimation, such that no mismatch happens and the coding efficiency is improved. Simulation results have shown that the quality of the reconstructed video of the proposed HLMDVC algorithm is superior to that by the state-of-the-art multiple description video coding methods.

关键词： Multiple description coding Video coding layered coding Dual-tree discrete wavelet transform H.264/AVC

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Robust layered multiple description coding of scalable media data for multicast

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IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING LETTERS 2005年第2期12卷 154-157页

作者： Stankovic, V Hamzaouil, R Xiong, Z Texas A&M Univ Dept Elect Engn College Stn TX 77843 USA Univ Konstanz Dept Comp & Informat Sci D-78457 Constance Germany

layered multiple description codes allow robust transmission of scalable media data over packet erasure networks, while providing simple rate adaptation and bandwidth savings for shared bottleneck links. We show how to efficiently design layered multiple description codes for multicast and broadcast applications in memoryless packet erasure networks. Our approach offers a significantly better quality tradeoff among clients than the best previous solution.

关键词： layered coding multiple description coding and multicast

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Temporal layered vs. multi-state video coding

Temporal layered vs. multi-state video coding

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Conference on Visual Communications and Image Processing 2004

作者： Ekmekci, S Sikora, T Tech Univ Berlin Berlin Germany

ISBN: (纸本)0819452114

Multiple Description Video coding (MDC) and layered coding (LC) are both error-resilient source coding techniques used for transmission over error-prone channels. Both techniques generate multiple streams. The streams generated by MDC correspond to different descriptions of the same source whereas the streams produced by LC are differentiated as base and enhancement layer streams. Moreover whereas the MDC streams are independently decodable the decoding of the enhancement layer stream is dependent on the decoding of the base layer stream. In this work we concentrate on specific MDC and LC schemes, i.e. Multi-State Video coding (MSVC) and Temporal layered coding (TLC). MSVC was introduced in(1) and it was showed that if each frame is transmitted in a separate packet and if motion information for each lost frame is also lost, MSVC outperforms Single Layer coding (SC) in recovering from single as well as burst losses. Here we compared MSVC with TLC as an extension of SC based on transmission simulations over lossy channels under the assumption that the motion vectors are always available. Using different coding modes and specific reconstruction methods average reconstructed frame PSNR (peak signal to noise ratio) is measured and compared. Results show that when motion vectors are received TLC performs better than MSVC for every coding option tested. The performance difference is bigger for low motion sequences.

关键词： layered coding multi-state video coding multiple description coding error-resilient video communications rate allocation Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) error concealment

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Diverse community: Demand differentiation in P2P live streaming

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PEER-TO-PEER NETWORKING AND APPLICATIONS 2011年第1期4卷 23-36页

作者： Ouyang, Zhipeng Xu, Lisong Ramamurthy, Byrav Univ Nebraska Dept Comp Sci & Engn Lincoln NE 68588 USA

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) technology has become an attractive approach for enabling large-scale video streaming applications, but the factor of users' subjective preferences is not paid enough attention in such networks. As users have various demand on video qualities, we can provide them with video streams at different resolutions without impairing their satisfaction. The adaptive streaming rate technique is a promising method. However, in providing adaptive streaming rate services, P2P live streaming design faces the following challenge: how to provide all users with uninterrupted video with their desired qualities in case that their demand dynamically changes? To shed more light on this problem, we first derive a model and formulate the problem as a resource demand vs supply problem. Then we present a framework to address the challenge via efficient bandwidth allocation and group cooperation. Through comprehensive simulations, we evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed framework, and conclude that it effectively helps existing solutions, such as Partial Participation Scheme (PPS), achieve better performance.

关键词： Peer-to-Peer layered coding Multimedia streaming Demand heterogeneity

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