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STATISTICAL analysis OF EFFECTS OF BORON AND TITANIUM, PLUS PLAIN THERMAL analysis (TA) CUP TYPE ON QUANTIFIED IMAGE analysis METALLOGRAPHY, ULTRASONIC VELOCITY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GRAY IRON

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF METALCASTING 2025年 1-19页

作者： Cree, J. W. Hoover, A. M. Pelland, B. C. Pearson, G. R. Cruse, J. L. Naik, N. A. Grede New Castle New Castle IN 47362 USA Anderson Labs Greendale WI USA CC Met & Alloys Calvert City KY USA Midwest Informat Syst Villa Pk IL USA

This paper presents the results of thorough evaluations of factorial experiments on the effects of varying boron and titanium contents, plus 'plain' thermal analysis (TA) cup type ('round' vs. 'square' cavity) on the properties of hypoeutectic gray iron. It quantifies the Occam's razor effects of digital image analysis metallography metrics of gray iron microstructure and ultrasonic velocity to other more quotidian properties. The factorial experiments were comprised of nine distinct sample groups for three distinct levels of both ferroboron and ferrotitanium additions, with both 'round' and 'square' cavity TA cups poured from a single sample spoon of similar to 25 lb. capacity for each of the nine groups. Two sets of the nine sample groups were also cast consecutively for ample replication of each group to attain adequate statistical significance. The response metrics in addition to those of digital image analysis metallography and ultrasonic velocity were iron chemistries, Brinell hardnesses of the ultrasonic coupons, and mechanical properties of miniature test bars machined from the ultrasonic coupons. One original aspect of this research was the host foundry's use of digital image analysis metallography for quantification of the graphite morphology of gray iron which is geometrically more complex than the graphite morphology of ductile iron.

关键词： boron titanium plain cup thermal analysis (TA) 'round' cavity cup 'square' cavity cup recalescence undercooling independent variables main effects interaction effects DOE linear regression analysis ultrasonic velocity graphite morphology mechanical properties ferrite

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Accounting for isoform expression increases power to identify genetic regulation of gene expression

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PLOS COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY 2024年第2期20卷 e1011857页

作者： Lapierre, Nathan Pimentel, Harold Univ Calif Los Angeles Dept Comp Sci Los Angeles CA 90095 USA Univ Chicago Dept Human Genet Chicago IL 60637 USA Univ Calif Los Angeles Dept Human Genet Los Angeles CA 90095 USA Howard Hughes Med Inst Chevy Chase MD 20815 USA Univ Calif Los Angeles Dept Computat Med Los Angeles CA 90095 USA

A core problem in genetics is molecular quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, in which genetic variants associated with changes in the molecular phenotypes are identified. One of the most-studied molecular QTL mapping problems is expression QTL (eQTL) mapping, in which the molecular phenotype is gene expression. It is common in eQTL mapping to compute gene expression by aggregating the expression levels of individual isoforms from the same gene and then performing linear regression between SNPs and this aggregated gene expression level. However, SNPs may regulate isoforms from the same gene in different directions due to alternative splicing, or only regulate the expression level of one isoform, causing this approach to lose power. Here, we examine a broader question: which genes have at least one isoform whose expression level is regulated by genetic variants? In this study, we propose and evaluate several approaches to answering this question, demonstrating that "isoform-aware" methods-those that account for the expression levels of individual isoforms-have substantially greater power to answer this question than standard "gene-level" eQTL mapping methods. We identify settings in which different approaches yield an inflated number of false discoveries or lose power. In particular, we show that calling an eGene if there is a significant association between a SNP and any isoform fails to control False Discovery Rate, even when applying standard False Discovery Rate correction. We show that similar trends are observed in real data from the GEUVADIS and GTEx studies, suggesting the possibility that similar effects are present in these consortia.

关键词： Permutation Gene expression Gene regulation Simulation and modeling Gene mapping linear regression analysis Quantitative trait loci Single nucleotide polymorphisms

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Approximate planning in spatial search

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PLOS COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY 2024年第11期20卷 e1012582页

作者： Kryven, Marta Yu, Suhyoun Kleiman-Weiner, Max Ullman, Tomer Tenenbaum, Joshua MIT Dept Brain & Cognit Sci Cambridge MA 02139 USA MIT Dept Mech Engn Cambridge MA USA Harvard Univ Dept Psychol Cambridge MA USA

How people plan is an active area of research in cognitive science, neuroscience, and artificial intelligence. However, tasks traditionally used to study planning in the laboratory tend to be constrained to artificial environments, such as Chess and bandit problems. To date there is still no agreed-on model of how people plan in realistic contexts, such as navigation and search, where values intuitively derive from interactions between perception and cognition. To address this gap and move towards a more naturalistic study of planning, we present a novel spatial Maze Search Task (MST) where the costs and rewards are physically situated as distances and locations. We used this task in two behavioral experiments to evaluate and contrast multiple distinct computational models of planning, including optimal expected utility planning, several one-step heuristics inspired by studies of information search, and a family of planners that deviate from optimal planning, in which action values are estimated by the interactions between perception and cognition. We found that people's deviations from optimal expected utility are best explained by planners with a limited horizon, however our results do not exclude the possibility that in human planning action values may be also affected by cognitive mechanisms of numerosity and probability perception. This result makes a novel theoretical contribution in showing that limited planning horizon generalizes to spatial planning, and demonstrates the value of our multi-model approach for understanding cognition.

关键词： Decision trees Decision making Perception Experimental economics linear regression analysis Human learning Decision tree learning Psychological attitudes

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Are we really Bayesian? Probabilistic inference shows sub-optimal knowledge transfer

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PLOS COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY 2024年第1期20卷 e1011769页

作者： Lin, Chin-Hsuan Sophie Do, Trang Thuy Unsworth, Lee Garrido, Marta I. Univ Melbourne Melbourne Sch Psychol Sci Melbourne Australia Univ Melbourne Graeme Clark Inst Biomed Engn Melbourne Australia

Numerous studies have found that the Bayesian framework, which formulates the optimal integration of the knowledge of the world (i.e. prior) and current sensory evidence (i.e. likelihood), captures human behaviours sufficiently well. However, there are debates regarding whether humans use precise but cognitively demanding Bayesian computations for behaviours. Across two studies, we trained participants to estimate hidden locations of a target drawn from priors with different levels of uncertainty. In each trial, scattered dots provided noisy likelihood information about the target location. Participants showed that they learned the priors and combined prior and likelihood information to infer target locations in a Bayes fashion. We then introduced a transfer condition presenting a trained prior and a likelihood that has never been put together during training. How well participants integrate this novel likelihood with their learned prior is an indicator of whether participants perform Bayesian computations. In one study, participants experienced the newly introduced likelihood, which was paired with a different prior, during training. Participants changed likelihood weighting following expected directions although the degrees of change were significantly lower than Bayes-optimal predictions. In another group, the novel likelihoods were never used during training. We found people integrated a new likelihood within (interpolation) better than the one outside (extrapolation) the range of their previous learning experience and they were quantitatively Bayes-suboptimal in both. We replicated the findings of both studies in a validation dataset. Our results showed that Bayesian behaviours may not always be achieved by a full Bayesian computation. Future studies can apply our approach to different tasks to enhance the understanding of decision-making mechanisms. Bayesian decision theory has emerged as a unified approach for capturing a wide range of behaviours under uncert

关键词： Learning Extrapolation Interpolation Sensory perception Human learning Experimental design linear regression analysis Vision

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Marmosets mutually compensate for differences in rhythms when coordinating vigilance

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PLOS COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY 2024年第5期20卷 105382-151页

作者： Phaniraj, Nikhil Brugger, Rahel K. Burkart, Judith M. Univ Zurich Inst Evolutionary Anthropol Zurich Switzerland Univ Zurich Neurosci Ctr Zurich Zurich Switzerland Swiss Fed Inst Technol Zurich Switzerland Univ Zurich Ctr Interdisciplinary Study Language Evolut ISLE Zurich Switzerland

Synchronization is widespread in animals, and studies have often emphasized how this seemingly complex phenomenon can emerge from very simple rules. However, the amount of flexibility and control that animals might have over synchronization properties, such as the strength of coupling, remains underexplored. Here, we studied how pairs of marmoset monkeys coordinated vigilance while feeding. By modeling them as coupled oscillators, we noted that (1) individual marmosets do not show perfect periodicity in vigilance behaviors, (2) nevertheless, marmoset pairs started to take turns being vigilant over time, a case of anti-phase synchrony, (3) marmosets could couple flexibly;the coupling strength varied with every new joint feeding bout, and (4) marmosets could control the coupling strength;dyads showed increased coupling if they began in a more desynchronized state. Such flexibility and control over synchronization require more than simple interaction rules. Minimally, animals must estimate the current degree of asynchrony and adjust their behavior accordingly. Moreover, the fact that each marmoset is inherently non-periodic adds to the cognitive demand. Overall, our study provides a mathematical framework to investigate the cognitive demands involved in coordinating behaviors in animals, regardless of whether individual behaviors are rhythmic or not. Research suggests that synchronized animal behaviors often emerge from simple interaction rules. Mathematical models have been instrumental in revealing these underlying rules. Here, we employed mathematical modeling to study how marmoset monkeys coordinate vigilance and feeding behaviors in a situation where doing both actions simultaneously is not possible. We found that pairs of marmosets progress to a state where they show opposite behaviors, i.e., when one individual is feeding, the other is vigilant, and vice-versa. In order to achieve such coordinated state, the individuals must influence each other's behaviors, i.e

关键词： Vigilance Marmosets Animal behavior Simulation and modeling Phase determination linear regression analysis Mathematical modeling Probability distribution

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Rhythmidia: A modern tool for circadian period analysis of filamentous fungi

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PLOS COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY 2024年第8期20卷 e1012167页

作者： Keeley, Alex T. Lotthammer, Jeffrey M. Pelham, Jacqueline F. Washington Univ Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys Sch Med St Louis MO USA

Circadian rhythms are ubiquitous across the kingdoms of life and serve important roles in regulating physiology and behavior at many levels. These rhythms occur in similar to 24-hour cycles and are driven by a core molecular oscillator. Circadian timekeeping enables organisms to anticipate daily changes by timing their growth and internal processes. Neurospora crassa is a model organism with a long history in circadian biology, having conserved eukaryotic clock properties and observable circadian phenotypes. A core approach for measuring circadian function in Neurospora is to follow daily oscillations in the direction of growth and spore formation along a thin glass tube (race tube). While leveraging robust phenotypic readouts is useful, interpreting the outputs of large-scale race tube experiments by hand can be time-consuming and prone to human error. To provide the field with an efficient tool for analyzing race tubes, we present Rhythmidia, a graphical user interface (GUI) tool written in Python for calculating circadian periods and growth rates of Neurospora. Rhythmidia is open source, has been benchmarked against the current state-of-the-art, and is easily accessible on GitHub.

关键词： Densitometry Circadian rhythms Neurospora Chronobiology Image analysis linear regression analysis Circadian oscillators Wavelet transforms

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Exploring relationships among landfill leachate parameters through multivariate analysis for monitoring purposes

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WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH 2025年第5期43卷 762-774页

作者： Nguyen, Thi Ngoc Takaoka, Masaki Kusakabe, Taketoshi Kyoto Univ Grad Sch Engn Dept Environm Engn C ClusterKatsura CampusNishikyo Ku Kyoto 6158540 Japan Osaka Inst Technol Fac Engn Dept Environm Engn Osaka Japan

Elucidating the properties of landfill leachate and the relationships among leachate parameters is crucial for efforts to determine appropriate landfill leachate monitoring activity and management strategies. This study investigated the physical, chemical and optical parameters of leachate in an old Japanese landfill over a 13-month period. The parameters were explored based on their relationships with the maximum fluorescence (Fmax) of three components (microbial humic-like C1, terrestrial humic-like C2 and protein-like C3) deconvoluted from excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor analysis. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), Cl- and SO42- concentrations and pH ranged from 2.6 to 38.2 mg C L-1, 9 to 324 mg L-1, 14 to 972 mg L-1, 26 to 1554 mg L-1 and 6.9 to 11.6, respectively. linear regression analysis suggested that the Fmax values of C2 and C3 represented DOC, whereas the Fmax value of C2 alone could serve as a COD indicator. Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis were employed to successfully categorise leachate samples based on their locations. Higher dissolved organic matter levels were observed in leachate within the old disposal area, whereas elevated levels of inorganic components such as SO42- and Cl- were found in leachate collected from the extended disposal area and at a treatment facility. Statistical analysis provides crucial tools for assessing and managing various areas of a landfill, supporting targeted and effective waste management strategies.

关键词： Fluorescent dissolved organic matter landfill leachate linear regression analysis parallel factor analysis physicochemical properties principal component analysis

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Experimental Study on the Ratio of Similar Materials of Micro-swelling Mudstone for High-Speed Railway Foundation

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INDIAN GEOTECHNICAL JOURNAL 2025年第2期55卷 939-954页

作者： Pei, Li Zhang, Tingfeng Li, Haoyang Li, Jianlin Xu, Xiaoliang China Three Gorges Univ Key Lab Geol Hazards Three Gorges Reservoir Area Minist Educ Yichang 443002 Peoples R China China Three Gorges Univ Coll Civil Engn & Architecture Yichang 443002 Peoples R China

The upheaval deformation of micro-swelling mudstone subgrade presents a significant challenge in the development of high-speed railways. In order to fabricate similar materials suitable for conducting model experiments on high-speed micro-swelling mudstone subgrades, bentonite was incorporated as a modifier in a barite-sand-cement composite, considering the properties of the field prototype mudstone. Orthogonal testing and range analysis were utilized to assess the influence of each ratio factor on the swelling characteristic parameters and strength parameters of the material. A linear regression analysis was performed on the parameters and primary influencing factors to ascertain the range of material ratios. Based on the above results, an appropriate ratio of similar materials was established via a trial mix test. Subsequently, the validity of this ratio was confirmed through the implementation of a water absorption disintegration test and a swelling deformation test. The findings suggest that each material parameter exhibits the highest sensitivity to the bentonite content, demonstrating a positive correlation. The swelling characteristic parameters demonstrate a positive correlation with the barite powder content and a negative correlation with the gypsum content. The strength parameters demonstrate a positive correlation with the gypsum content. The internal friction angle is predominantly adversely affected by the presence of barite powder. The influence of various factors on the properties of similar materials is apparent. It is beneficial to replicate the micro-swelling characteristics of mudstone with different parameters by modifying the material composition in experimental investigations. The physical and mechanical properties, water absorption, disintegration, softening, and swelling properties of the specified material proportion closely resemble those of mudstone. The aforementioned characteristics satisfactorily meet the criteria for performing physic

关键词： High-speed railway Micro-swelling mudstone Similar materials Orthogonal design method linear regression analysis

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Correlation study of 5-HT in brain with cognitive function and anxious-like behavior in APP/PS1 transgene mice

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SLEEP AND BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS 2025年 1-11页

作者： Yuan, Li An, Linshan Xie, Rui Cai, Jiahong Li, Dong Chen, Xiaorong Guo, Wenjing Lin, Yinran Zhu, Chunjing Chang, Yongli Wang, Kunbo Han, Weina Han, Lingna Changzhi Med Coll Dept Physiol Changzhi Key Lab Brain Dis & Cognit Behav Res 161 Jiefang East St Changzhi Shanxi Peoples R China Changzhi Med Coll Dept Ophthamol Affiliated Heping Hosp 110 Yanan South Rd Changzhi Shanxi Peoples R China Changzhi Med Coll Dept Stomatol Affiliated Heping Hosp 110 Yanan South Rd Changzhi Shanxi Peoples R China Cent South Univ Xiangya Sch Med Dept CLASS 172 Tongzipo Rd 2202 Changsha Peoples R China Shaoyang Univ Hlth Sci Ctr Puai Sch Med Dept Physiol Shaoyang Hunan Peoples R China

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive decline in cognitive function and emotional disturbances. The amygdala is an important connectivity structure in the brain and is responsible for emotional responses. 5-HT is involved in various neurodevelopmental processes in the brain. In this study, correlation study of 5-HT in brain with cognitive function and anxious-like behavior was investigated in APP/PS1 transgene mice. Multiple behavioral tests were performed to examine the cognitive function and anxiety behavior of AD mice. In vivo hippocampus long-term potentiation (LTP) was recorded to reflect synaptic plasticity. 5-HT levels in hippocampus and amygdala were determined. Further, we explored the correlation between 5-HT levels in hippocampus and amygdala and long-term cognitive behaviors and anxiety behaviors in the AD mice using linear regression analysis. Our results demonstrated that there was close linear correlation between 5-HT level in brain and spatial cognition and anxiety behavior of APP/PS1 transgene mice. 5-HT influences spatial learning and memory by regulating the synaptic plasticity in hippocampus of APP/PS1 transgenic mice. These results indicate that 5-HT might be potentially beneficial in the treatment of AD.

关键词： Cognitive function and emotion Alzheimer's disease Synaptic plasticity 5-HT transmitter linear regression analysis

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Using a unified model of TPB, NAM and SOBC to understand students' energy-saving behaviors: moderation role of group-level factors and media publicity

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT 2024年第1期18卷 71-93页

作者： Duong, Cong Doanh Natl Econ Univ Fac Business Management Dept Gen Management Hanoi Vietnam

PurposeThis study aims to integrate the theory of planned behavior (TPB), norm activation model (NAM) and stimulus-organism-behavior-consequences theory (SOBC) with the moderators to investigate the main determinants of energy-saving behaviors as well as how group-level factors and media publicity significantly facilitate the energy-saving intention-behavior linkage among dormitory students in higher education institutions (HEIs). Design/methodology/approachA valid sample of 325 dormitory students resided in universities of Vietnam and a three-step analysis approach via SPSS 28.0 and AMOS 25.0 were used to test the hypothesized model. FindingsThis study yields that external stimuluses (subjective norms and perceived behavioral control) positively and strongly stimulate energy-energy attitude, while internal stimuluses (ascription of responsibility, awareness of consequences) arouse personal norms. Both internal and external stimuluses were found to have serially mediation effects on energy-saving behaviors via attitude toward energy saving, personal norms and energy-saving intention. Remarkably, group interaction and media publicity exert prominent positive moderation effects on the energy-saving intention-behavior relationship. Practical implicationsThe findings of this research can be valuable for HEIs and policymakers to inspire university students' energy conservation behavior for sustainable development goals. Originality/valueThis study contributed to the proenvironmental literature by adopting the SOBC paradigm that strengthens the integration of TPB and NAM models to explore the main determinants of dormitory students' energy-saving behaviors, explain the underlying mediation mechanisms of organisms and behavioral responses and illustrate the moderation role of group-level factors and media publicity.

关键词： Dormitory students Energy-saving behavior Theory of planned behavior Norm activation model Stimulus-organism-behavior-consequences theory Energy conversion Electricity Confirmatory factor analysis linear regression analysis

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