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Optimized Adaptive Control for the MYRRHA linear accelerator CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN FOR A SUPERCONDUCTING CAVITY IN A particle accelerator

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IEEE CONTROL SYSTEMS MAGAZINE 2018年第2期38卷 44-79页

作者： Martin-Hoyo, Isaias Bouly, Frederic Gandolfo, Nicolas Joly, Christophe Paparella, Rocco Biarrotte, Jean-Luc Martin-Sanchez, Juan M. Tech Univ Madrid Madrid Spain Plaza Valle Jarosa 77 Madrid 28035 Spain French Natl Ctr Sci Res Natl Inst Nucl & Particle Phys IN2P3 Paris France European Org Nucl Res High Luminos LHC Project Beam Dynam Studies Paris France Lab Subat Phys & Cosmol Grenoble France CNRS Inst Phys Nucl Orsay Accelerator Div Paris France Inst Phys Nucl Orsay Accelerator Res Dept Accelerator Elect Grp Paris France Inst Phys Nucl Orsay Accelerator Res Dept MYRRHA Project Paris France CNRS Paris France Univ Milan Milan Italy Italian Inst Nucl Phys LASA Lab Milan Italy French Natl Ctr Sci Res CNRS Natl Inst Nucl & Particle Phys Paris France Inst Phys Nucl Orsay Accelerator Res Dept Modeling & Simulat Team Paris France ADS Accelerators Paris France MYRRHA Project Paris France MAX EURATOM FP7 Project Paris France GANIL IPHI Caen France GANIL EURISOL Caen France GANIL EUROTRANS Caen France GANIL SPIRAL 2 Caen France Open Univ Spain Madrid Spain Grenoble Univ Grenoble France Toulouse Univ Toulouse France MIT Draper Lab Cambridge MA USA Univ Alberta Edmonton AB Canada SCAP Europa Madrid Spain ADEX S L Valencia Spain IEEE Joint Spanish Chapter IEEE Ind Applicat Soc Piscataway NJ USA

Energy forecasts indicate that world primary energy consumption will increase significantly (approximately 37%) by 2040, despite projected improvements in energy efficiency. World electricity demand is expected to increase to almost 80% by 2040 [1]. As a result, electricity usage will increase more rapidly than the share of other energies, even more so when carbon-avoiding technologies are implemented. The security of the energy supply is, and will be, a major concern for the world.

关键词： Cavity resonators Inductors particle beams Radioactive pollution linear particle accelerator Control systems Neutrons

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STABLE particle MOTION IN A linear-accelerator WITH SOLENOID FOCUSING

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE 1979年第3期26卷 3511-3513页

作者： WADLINGER, EA Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Los Alamos NM USA

We derived the equation governing stable particle motion in a linear ion accelerator containing discrete rf and either discrete or continuous solenoid focusing. We found for discrete solenoid focusing that cos μ = (1 + dΔ) cos θ/2 + (lΔ/ - dΔ/21 - θΔd2/41) sin θ/2 Δ = 1/f and l + 2d = ßλ, where μ, θ, f, l, and d are the phase advance per cell, precession angle in the solenoid, focal length of the rf lens, length of the solenoid in one cell, and the drift distance between the center of the rf gap and the effective edge of the solenoid. The relation for a continuous solenoid is found by setting d equal to zero. The boundaries of the stability region for θ vs Δ with fixed l and d are obtained when cos μ = +1.

关键词： linear accelerators Solenoids Lenses Stability Ion accelerators Magnetic fields Laboratories Equations Spirals linear particle accelerator

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particle DYNAMICS IN THE ELECTRON linear-accelerator

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE 1981年第3期28卷 2590-2592页

作者： FARRELL, SR GALLAGHER, WJ RPC Industries Hayward CA USA

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Design Study of a Compact Injector for a Synchrotron Light Source

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE 2025年第3期72卷 774-780页

作者： Francescone, Daniele Craievich, Paolo Gaspar, Marcos Lucas, Thomas Geoffrey Mostacci, Andrea Zennaro, Riccardo Univ Roma La Sapienza I-00161 Rome Italy Paul Scherrer Inst CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland

Synchrotron light sources are commonly fed with 100-MeV normal conducting linear accelerators powered by a dc thermionic electron gun for high current applications. Such systems are robust solutions for electron sources;however, they tend to have complex bunching systems that increase the complexity and overall cost. In this work, we propose an approach where nonrelativistic bunches are directly injected into a relativistic accelerating structure that is detuned from the optimal frequency. This detuning causes a phase jump, enabling the achievement of beam parameters, such as transmission and energy spread, comparable to those obtained with conventional multistructure bunching systems. The proposed solution simplifies the longitudinal beam dynamics and avoids the need for complex bunching systems. The simplicity and reduced size of this design make the proposed solution interesting for compact electron sources. The article proposes, as an example, a possible upgrade of the Swiss Light Source (SLS) 100-MeV injection linac.

关键词： linear particle accelerator Radio frequency Layout Cathodes Solenoids particle beam injection Synchrotrons Electron sources Training Light sources Electron injector energy spread low-level RF (LLRF) thermionic gun

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A Digital LLRF System Based on Intrapulse Phase Feedback for LINAC in Hefei Advanced Light Facility

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE 2025年第3期72卷 483-490页

作者： Li, Zhenyan Qin, Jiajun Zhao, Lei Hou, Kexi Du, Baiting Ma, Yuelei Univ Sci & Technol China State Key Lab Particle Detect & Elect Hefei 230026 Peoples R China Univ Sci & Technol China Dept Modern Phys Hefei 230026 Peoples R China Univ Sci & Technol China Natl Synchrotron Radiat Lab Hefei 230026 Peoples R China

The linear accelerator system (LINAC) in Hefei advanced light facility (HALF) under construction will accelerate the beam to 2.2 GeV to reach the required luminosity. To achieve stable amplitude and phase control of the radio frequency (RF) field inside the acceleration tubes, low-level RF (LLRF) systems should be adopted. As the solid-state amplifier (SSA) and klystron operate in the saturated state, the system requires amplitude open-loop control and stable phase close-loop control during large amplitude disturbance, proposing a demand for the online phase stability to be better than 0.2 degrees rms with a klystron. In this article, we introduce a digital LLRF system designed for the LINAC of HALF. The LLRF system aims to achieve a fast intrapulse phase feedback control independent of the amplitude control, which is conducive to high phase-control stability. The system obtains digital phase data directly from a phase discriminator (PD) and an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Besides, the independent output phase control is achieved through an analog time delay chip (ATD). As a result, the digital signal processing (DSP) algorithm is simplified, which is beneficial for achieving low closed-loop latency. Finally, we present the preliminary test results of the LLRF system, proving that the system could achieve fast and independent phase feedback control in one pulse duration.

关键词： Radio frequency linear particle accelerator Phase control Signal processing algorithms Phase modulation Phase detection Klystrons Hefei advanced light facility (HALF) intrapulse phase feedback linear accelerator system (LINAC) low-level radio frequency (LLRF) system

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Multiyear Longitudinal Analysis of Vacuum Breakdown and RF Conditioning in the C-Band Linac of SwissFEL

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE 2025年第3期72卷 781-794页

作者： Lucas, Thomas G. Alex, Jurgen Beard, Carl Citterio, Alessandro Braun, Hans-Heinrich Craievich, Paolo Geng, Zheqiao Kalt, Roger Loehl, Florian Pedrozzi, Marco Raguin, Jean-Yves Zennaro, Riccardo Paul Scherrer Inst CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland

SwissFEL is an X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) that has been in regular user operation since December 2017. The GeV-scale electron beam is driven by a 420-m-long linear accelerator (linac) consisting of 27 radio frequency (RF) modules. Each RF module has four C-band accelerating structures that operate at an average accelerating gradient of 30 MV/m. These accelerating structures were realized through a series production using ultrahigh-precision machining and brazing that saw the structures fabricated on-tune with a production yield rate of over 99%. After installing each of the accelerating structures into its respective RF module, the high-power conditioning began, taking between 300 and 600 million RF pulses to achieve the nominal accelerating voltage of 240 MV per RF module. During the user operation, the breakdown rate inside the RF modules began to fall as a result of RF conditioning incidental to the nominal high-power operation. This reduction in breakdown rate followed a power-law trend that saw it reducing by over three orders of magnitude during the first three years of user operation, from 10(-6 )to less than 10(-9) breakdown per pulse per meter. A postprocessing analysis of the breakdowns' locations found that they cluster around the input RF coupler and central regular cells of the accelerating structures. Given that this analysis consists of 100 accelerating structures, each with the same RF design and method of fabrication, this analysis represents one of the largest datasets of RF conditioning and vacuum breakdowns ever produced for a single accelerating structure design.

关键词： Radio frequency linear particle accelerator Electric breakdown C-band Vacuum breakdown Periodic structures Klystrons Compressors linear accelerators Couplers Acceleration C band high gradient linear accelerator (linac) cavity radio frequency (RF) vacuum breakdown

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Calibrating p-i-n Diodes for Displacement Damage Monitoring in a Space Radiation Environment

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE 2025年第4期72卷 1159-1164页

作者： Bennett, D. J. Pan, V. A. Vohradsky, J. Tran, L. T. Wagenaar, D. Bergmann, B. Cintas, H. Smolyankiy, P. Sykora, R. Slavicek, T. Kohout, Z. Poder, J. Perevertaylo, A. Anokhin, I. Rosenfeld, A. B. Univ Wollongong Ctr Med Radiat Phys Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia Univ Mediacl Ctr Groningen Dept Radiat Oncol NL-9713 GZ Groningen Netherlands Czech Tech Univ Inst Expt & Appl Phys Prague 16000 Czech Republic St Geroge Hosp Sydney NSW 2217 Australia SPA BIT UA-03113 Kyiv Ukraine Inst Nucl Res UA-02000 Kyiv Ukraine

This work investigates the response of specially developed silicon p-i-n diodes with a long base as sensors to measure displacement damage dose (DDD) in silicon. Measurements of DDD are based on the forward voltage shift (Delta V-F ) of irradiated p-i-n diodes. In this work the p-i-n diodes were irradiated in the following radiation fields: i) 20 MeV electrons from a medical LINAC (linear accelerator);ii) 200 MeV, 150 MeV, 100 MeV protons at the Groningen proton therapy facility and;iii) 4.63 MeV and 15.3 MeV quasi-monoenergetic neutrons at the Czech Technical University, Prague. It was demonstrated that the calibration factor (alpha), that is the response of the p-i-n diode in terms of DDD obtained using 20 MeV electrons, can be used to predict the p-i-n diode response for protons and neutrons as mentioned above (within experimental error). However, the p-i-n diodes response related to 100 MeV protons has a 70% higher response than predicted that requires further investigation. Overall, the 20 MeV electrons from a medical LINAC were found to be suitable for p-i-n diodes calibration in terms of the non-ionizing energy losses (NIEL) and is widely available in contrast to 1 MeV electrons, fast neutrons and protons.

关键词： Protons P-i-n diodes Neutrons Electrons Calibration Radiation effects Solids Silicon linear particle accelerator Sensors diodes displacement damage dosimeters dosimetry electronic devices radiation damage radiation effects space radiation effects

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A radio-frequency quadrupole prototype additively manufactured as a multi-material component

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PROGRESS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2025年 1-11页

作者： Brenner, Stefan Dickmann, Marcel Helm, Ricardo Mitteneder, Johannes Schlick, Georg Lehmann, Maja Jugert, Constantin Nedeljkovic-Groha, Vesna Dollinger, Guenther Mayerhofer, Michael Univ Bundeswehr Munich Inst Design & Prod Engn Neubiberg Germany Univ Bundeswehr Munich Inst Appl Phys & Measurement Technol Neubiberg Germany Fraunhofer Inst Casting Composite & Proc Technol Augsburg Germany

linear particle accelerators (Linacs) are essential for numerous applications in industry, medicine, and research. However, their use is often constrained by high investment costs, which are largely driven by conventional manufacturing methods. Studies have shown that additive manufacturing (AM) has the potential to significantly reduce these costs while simultaneously enhancing Linac performance. This study investigates this potential for the production of radio-frequency quadrupoles (RFQs), one of the most important Linacs for ion acceleration. For the first time, a multi-material RFQ prototype was fabricated using multi-material (MM) laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M) AM, integrating the copper alloy CuCr1Zr for the internal cavity and tool steel (1.2709) for the outer shell in a single manufacturing step. The prototype's design features six ConFlat (R) (CF) flanges for sealing without O-rings, highlighting the advantages of MM AM in simplifying assembly and enhancing functionality. Experimental evaluations included assessments of geometric precision, surface roughness, microstructural integrity, vacuum performance, resonance frequency (fR), and quality factor (Q0). The results demonstrated the successful application of MM PBF-LB/M for RFQ production, achieving a vacuum pressure below 8.3 center dot 10-8 mbar in the prototype. However, challenges in geometric precision and material transition zones necessitate further process optimization. This work underscores the potential of MM PBF-LB/M to address limitations in mono-material AM, particularly for Linac applications. Future developments, such as enabling pure copper processing and improving thermal and mechanical performance, could establish MM PBF-LB/M as a transformative technology for advanced Linac designs, paving the way for enhanced Linac applications.

关键词： Additive manufacturing 3D printing Powder bed fusion Multi-Material manufacturing PBF-LB/M Radio Frequency cavity Radio Frequency quadrupole RFQ linear particle accelerator Linac

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A Measurement Method Based on RF Deflector for particle Bunch Longitudinal Parameters in linear accelerators

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT 2021年 70卷 1-9页

作者： Sabato, Luca Arpaia, Pasquale Gilardi, Antonio Mostacci, Andrea Palumbo, Luigi Variola, Alessandro CERN CH-01211 Geneva Switzerland Univ Naples Federico II Dept Elect Engn & Informat Technol IMPALab I-80138 Naples Italy Sapienza Univ Rome Dept Basic & Appl Sci Engn I-00161 Rome Italy Ist Nazl Fis Nucl I-00044 Frascati Italy

In high-brightness electron linear accelerators (LINACs), the particle bunch length is measured by a radio frequency deflector (RFD). The electron bunch is deflected vertically toward a screen and its length can be obtained using vertical spot size measurements after a proper calibration, e.g., measuring the vertical bunch centroid while varying the deflecting voltage phase. The energy parameters of the bunch (the energy chirp and the energy spread) and the correlation between particle positions, divergences, and energies contribute to the bunch vertical dimension at the screen position after the RFD and so far were considered as a source of systematic errors in a bunch length measurement. The measurement theory and production model for bunch length, energy spread and chirp, as well as correlations are described. As usual in particle accelerators physics, the method is validated using numerical simulations of state-of-the-art LINACs with a reference simulation code showing a typical accuracy in the few percent levels.

关键词： Electron accelerators high energy physics instrumentation computing instruments linear particle accelerator particle beam measurements

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Reinforcement Learning for Charged particle Beam Control to Minimize Injection Mismatch in particle accelerators

Reinforcement Learning for Charged Particle Beam Control to ...

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International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP)

作者： Thilina Balasooriya Shinjae Yoo Vincent Schoefer Huan-Hsin Tseng Yuan Gao Weijian Lin Chanaka De Silva Department of Computer Science Columbia University New York NY Artificial Intelligence Department Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY Collider-Accelerator Department Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY

ISBN: (数字)9798350368741

ISBN: (纸本)9798350368758

particle accelerators are composed of various components, and their properties are finely tuned to optimize certain particle beam qualities as they accelerate. In particular, particle colliders like the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Lab (BNL) are interested in maximizing luminosity, a measure of the collision rate primarily determined by the beam intensity (number of particles) and its beam size. However, finding and maintaining optimum settings is a time-consuming expert operator activity. This work proposes the use of the Recurrent Proximal Policy Optimization (RPPO), a reinforcement learning algorithm, to find parameters of quadrupole magnet strengths optimizing the beam qualities in the Booster to AGS (Alternating Gradient Synchrotron) section of the RHIC complex.

关键词： particle beams particle beam measurements Colliding beam devices Synchrotrons Reinforcement learning linear particle accelerator Acoustic beams Speech processing Optimization Tuning

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