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Sparse 2-D PZT-on-PCB arrays With Density Tapering

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS FERROELECTRICS AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2022年第10期69卷 2798-2809页

作者： Wei, Luxi Boni, Enrico Ramalli, Alessandro Fool, Fabian Noothout, Emile van der Steen, Antonius F. W. Verweij, Martin D. Tortoli, Piero De Jong, Nico Vos, Hendrik J. Erasmus MC Univ Med Ctr Dept Cardiol NL-3000 CA Rotterdam Netherlands Univ Florence Dept Informat Engn I-50139 Florence Italy Delft Univ Technol Dept Imaging Phys NL-2628 CJ Delft Netherlands Erasmus MC Univ Med Ctr Dept Cardiol NL-3000 CA Rotterdam Netherlands

Two-dimensional (2-D) arrays offer volumetric imaging capabilities without the need for probe translation or rotation. A sparse array with elements seeded in a tapering spiral pattern enables one-to-one connection to an ultrasound machine, thus allowing flexible transmission and reception strategies. To test the concept of sparse spiral array imaging, we have designed, realized, and characterized two prototype probes designed at 2.5-MHz low-frequency (LF) and 5-MHz high-frequency (HF) center frequencies. Both probes share the same electronic design, based on piezoelectric ceramics and rapid prototyping with printed circuit board substrates to wire the elements to external connectors. Different center frequencies were achieved by adjusting the piezoelectric layer thickness. The LF and HF prototype probes had 88% and 95% of working elements, producing peak pressures of 21 and 96 kPa/V when focused at 5 and 3 cm, respectively. The one-way -3-dB bandwidths were 26% and 32%. These results, together with experimental tests on tissue-mimicking phantoms, show that the probes are viable for volumetric imaging.

关键词： Probes Imaging Transducers Finite element analysis Spirals Gold Apertures Three-dimensional (3-D) imaging two-dimensional (2-D) array matrix array PZT-on-printed circuit board (PCB) sparse array transducer ultrasound (US) volume imaging

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Automatic estimation of surface and probe location for 3D imaging with bidimensional arrays

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NDT & E INTERNATIONAL 2024年 141卷

作者： Cosarinsky, Guillermo Cruza, Jorge F. Munoz, Mario Camacho, Jorge CSIC Inst Phys & Informat Technol ITEFI Ultrasound Syst & Technol Grp GSTU C Serrano 144 Madrid 28006 Spain Natl Atom Energy Commiss CNEA Non Destruct Testing Dept Ave Gral Paz 1499B1650 Buenos Aires Argentina Univ Alcala Henares Escuela Politecn Elect Dept Ctra Madrid BarcelonaKm 33600 Madrid 28805 Spain

Ultrasound imaging for Non Destructive Testing is frequently performed in an immersion setup, where water is used as coupling medium between the probe and the component under test. For the computation of the time delays needed for beam-forming, the shape of the component surface and probe location and orientation (PLO) must be known. In this work we develop methods for the automatic detection of the surface and the estimation of PLO for 2D array probes. In particular, the methods developed apply to three types of elementary surfaces which are usually found in industrial and structural components: planes, cylinders and spheres. The methods use the measured surface echoes Time of Flight (TOF) to fit parametric models based on ray propagation and reflection on the surface, giving the coordinates and Euler angles that define the PLO relative to the component under test. Validation experiments with four test specimens representing the three types of surfaces are presented . The accuracy and precision of estimated PLO coordinates and angles are analyzed, and a Total Focusing Method (TFM) imaging example is shown achieving a correct detection of artificial defects in the component for a different PLOs.

关键词： Ultrasound imaging 3D imaging 2D array matrix array Surface detection Refraction

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Amplitude modulation and baseband delay-multiply-and- sum beamforming for improved vessel visualization with volumetric contrast-enhanced ultrasound

Amplitude modulation and baseband delay-multiply-and- sum be...

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IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS)

作者： Yociss, Megan Brown, Katherine Bruce, Matthew Hoyt, Kenneth Univ Texas Dallas Dept Bioengn Richardson TX 75080 USA Univ Washington Appl Phys Lab Ctr Ind & Med Ultrasound Seattle WA USA

ISBN: (数字)9781665466578

ISBN: (纸本)9781665466578

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) imaging is performed clinically and preclinically to explore the changes in microvascular blood flow. Nonlinear imaging techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM) can improve the contrast-to-tissue ratio (CTR) of microbubble (MB) contrast agents. In order to visualize blood vessels in a volume space, volumetric CEUS can be performed with matrix array probes. However, these probes have limitations such as high side lobe levels and poor signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). Although delay-and-sum (DAS) beamforming is the most widely used beamforming method, these issues can be mitigated by alternative strategies such as baseband delay-multiply-and-sum (BBDMAS) beamforming. We therefore conducted this research to determine if AM imaging and BBDMAS beamforming provide an advantage in volumetric CEUS over B-mode US imaging and DAS beamforming. In vitro and in vivo experiments were performed. For the in vitro experiment, MBs were circulated through a tissue-mimicking phantom with a 1.5 mm vessel lumen, and the phantom was imaged with a Vantage 256 research scanner (Verasonics Inc.) equipped with a 2-dimensional (2-D) matrix array probe (Vermon). The phantom data was processed into a series of B-mode US, AM-DAS, and AM-BBDMAS volumes, and temporal average intensity volumes were computed for each method. The CTR of the vessel was found to be 9.1, 14.7, and 20.4 dB for these methods, respectively. For the in vivo experiment, the hindlimb of a healthy rat was perfused with MBs and imaged with AM The data was beamformed with BBDMAS and additionally processed using 4-dimensional (4-D) spatiotemporal nonlocal means (4D-STNLM) denoising. This combined processing over our acquisition enabled us to have a dynamic range of 65 dB for a clear visualization of the blood vessels. Our results demonstrate that the AM-BBDMAS technique and 4D-STNLM denoising improve the CTR and visual appearance of vessels in volumetric CEUS.

关键词： amplitude modulation delay-multiply-and-sum beamforming matrix array microbubbles ultrasound imaging

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Automated Characterization of matrix Transducer arrays using the Verasonics Imaging System

Automated Characterization of Matrix Transducer Arrays using...

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IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS)

作者： dos Santos, Djalma Simoes Fool, Fabian Kim, Taehoon Noothout, Emile Rozsa, Nuriel Vos, Hendrik J. Bosch, Johan G. Pertijs, Michiel A. P. Verweij, Martin D. de Jong, Nico Delft Univ Technol Dept Imaging Phys Lab Med Imaging Delft Netherlands Delft Univ Technol Elect Instrumentat Lab Delft Netherlands Erasmus MC Thoraxctr Dept Biomed Engn Rotterdam Netherlands

ISBN: (数字)9781665466578

ISBN: (纸本)9781665466578

Over the past decades, ultrasound imaging has made considerable progress based on the advancement of imaging systems as well as transducer technology. With the need for advanced transducer arrays with complex designs and technical requirements, there is also a need for suitable tools to characterize such transducers. However, despite the importance of acoustic characterization to assess the performance of novel transducer arrays, the characterization process of highly complex transducers might involve various manual steps, which are laborious, time-consuming, and subject to errors. These factors can hinder the full characterization of a prototype transducer, leading to an under-representation or inadequate evaluation. To come to an extensive, high-quality evaluation of a prototype transducer, the acoustic characterization of each transducer element is indispensable in both transmit and receive operations. In this paper, we propose a pipeline to automatically perform the acoustic characterization of a matrix transducer using a research imaging system. The performance of the pipeline is tested on a prototype matrix transducer consisting of 960 elements. The results show that the proposed pipeline is capable of performing the complete acoustic characterization of a high-element count transducer in a fast and convenient way.

关键词： ultrasound transducer matrix array automated acoustic characterization Verasonics research imaging system

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Fast and automatic array tilt compensation for 1.5D array transducers

Fast and automatic array tilt compensation for 1.5D array tr...

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IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS)

作者： Cosarinsky, Guillermo Munoz, M. Cruza, Jorge F. Brizuela, Jose Camacho, Jorge CSIC Inst Phys & Informat Technol ITEFI Ultrasound Syst & Technol Grp GSTU C Serrano 144 Madrid 28006 Spain Natl Atom Energy Commiss CNEA Non Destruct Testing Dept Ave Gral Paz 1499 RA-1650 Buenos Aires Argentina Univ Alcala Henares Escuela Politecn Elect Dept Ctra Madrid BarcelonaKm 33600 Madrid 28805 Spain Natl Sci & Tech Res Council CONICET Buenos Aires Argentina

ISBN: (数字)9781665466578

ISBN: (纸本)9781665466578

Phased array (PA) imaging with linear arrays provides a view of a cross section of the component under inspection, in a plane supposed to be normal to the array aperture. This is always true when the component is inspected in direct contact with the transducer, but it cannot be assured in water immersion tests, where misalignments between the scanning head and the component are very difficult to avoid. When the misalignment occurs in the elevation direction of the array, 1.5D matrix arrays become an alternative for compensating it. Nevertheless, dynamically adapting the focal laws during the inspection still remains as an open topic in ultrasound Non-Destructive-Testing (NDT). In this work, we propose a simplified method for exploiting the out-of-plane correction capabilities of a 1.5D array without the burden of complex imaging methods like Total Focusing Method (TFM), which inevitable increase the inspection time and the electronic system complexity.

关键词： Phased array imaging beamforming matrix array

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Increasing abdominal aortic aneurysm curvature visibility using 3D dual probe bistatic ultrasound imaging combined with probe translation

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ULTRASONICS 2024年 139卷 107284页

作者： Jansen, Larissa C. Fekkes, Stein Schwab, Hans -Martin Lopata, Richard G. P. Eindhoven Univ Technol Dept Biomed Engn Photoacoust & Ultrasound Lab Eindhoven POB 513-Room GEM-Z4 09 NL-5600 MB Eindhoven Netherlands Radboud Univ Nijmegen Med Ctr Med Ultrasound Imaging Ctr MUSIC Nijmegen Netherlands

High frame rate ultrasound (US) imaging techniques in 3D are promising tools for capturing abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) over time, however, with the limited number of channel-to-element connections current footprints are small, which limits the field of view. Moreover, the maximal steering angle of the ultrasound beams in transmit and the maximal receptance angle in receive are insufficient for capturing the curvy shape of the AAA. Therefore, an approach is needed towards large arrays. In this study, high frame rate bistatic 3D US data (17 Hz) were acquired with two synchronized matrix arrays positioned at different locations (multi-aperture imaging) using a translation stage to simulate what a larger array with limited channel-to-element connections can potentially achieve. Acquisitions were performed along an AAA shaped phantom with different probe tilting angles (0 up to +/- 30 degrees). The performance of different multi-aperture configurations was quantified using the generalized contrast-to-noise ratio of the wall and lumen (gCNR). Furthermore, a parametric model of the multiaperture system was used to estimate in which AAA wall regions the contrast is expected to be high. This was evaluated for AAAs with increasing diameters and curvature. With an eight-aperture 0 degrees probe angle configuration a 69 % increase in field of view was measured in the longitudinal direction compared to the field of view of a single aperture configuration. When increasing the number of apertures from two to eight, the gCNR improved for the upper wall and lower wall by 35 % and 13 % (monostatic) and by 36 % and 13 % (bistatic). Contrast improvements up to 22 % (upper wall) and 12 % (lower wall) are achieved with tilted probe configurations compared to non-tilted configurations. Moreover, with bistatic imaging with tilted probe configurations gCNR improvements up to 4 % (upper wall) and 7 % (lower wall) are achieved compared to monostatic imaging. Furthermore, imaging with a

关键词： 3D Ultrasound Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms Multi -Perspective Bistatic matrix array

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A Feasibility Study of 3D Motion Compensation in 3D Diverging Wave Compounding

A Feasibility Study of 3D Motion Compensation in 3D Divergin...

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IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS)

作者： Chen, Yinran Luo, Jianwen Luo, Xiongbiao Xiamen Univ Dept Comp Sci Xiamen Peoples R China Tsinghua Univ Dept Biomed Engn Beijing Peoples R China

ISBN: (数字)9781665466578

ISBN: (纸本)9781665466578

matrix-array-based 3D ultrasound imaging is intensively studied in research communities. However, 3D ultrasound imaging still suffers from motion artifacts. Eliminating motion artifacts is one of the keys to improve image quality for 3D ultrasound imaging. Current motion compensation (MoCo) methods using Doppler estimation only allow to compensate displacements in the beamformed lines, i.e., 1D MoCo. In this work, we propose 3D MoCo that estimates the 3D velocity fields for 3D diverging wave compounding imaging using a round-trip scan sequence. The framework employs two constraints, i.e., Doppler and optical flow in a round-trip scan sequence, and two regularization terms, i.e., the free divergence and the first order smoothness of the velocity fields, to formulate the estimation of the 3D velocity fields as a global optimization problem. The in-silico experiments were conducted by establishing and moving a cystic cuboid phantom in a prefixed direction at given velocities. Both the results of low and high velocity amplitudes demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed 3D MoCo method. Our 3D MoCo method can achieve higher image contrast and preserve speckle patterns better than the 1D MoCo method, showing a promising potential for high quality 3D ultrasound imaging.

关键词： 3D motion compensation Doppler matrix array optical flow volumetric ultrasound imaging

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Architecture for an Ultrasound Advanced Open Platform With an Arbitrary Number of Independent Channels

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2021年第3期15卷 486-496页

作者： Mazierli, Daniele Ramalli, Alessandro Boni, Enrico Guidi, Francesco Tortoli, Piero Univ Florence Dept Informat Engn I-50139 Florence Italy

Ultrasound open platforms are programmable and flexible tools for the development and test of novel methods. In most cases, they embed the electronics for the independent control of (maximum) 256 probe elements. However, a higher number of channels is needed for the control of 2-D array probes. This paper presents a system architecture that, through the hardware and software synchronization of multiple ULA-OP 256 scanners, may implement advanced open platforms with an arbitrary number of channels. The proposed solution needs a single personal computer, maintains real-time features, and preserves portability. A prototype demonstrator, composed of two ULA-OP 256 scanners connected to 512 elements of a matrix array, was implemented and tested according to different channel configurations. Experiments performed under MATLAB control confirmed that by doubling the number of elements (from 256 to 512) the signal-to-noise and contrast ratios improve by 9 dB and 3 dB, respectively. Furthermore, as a full 512-channel scanner, the demonstrator can produce real-time B-mode images at 18 Hz, high enough for probe positioning during acquisitions. Also, the demonstrator permitted the implementation of a new high frame rate, bi-plane, triplex modality. All probe elements are excited to simultaneously produce two planar, perpendicular diverging waves. Each scanner independently processes the echoes received by the 256 connected elements to beamform 1300 frames per second. For each insonified plane, good quality morphological (B-mode), qualitative (color flow-), and quantitative (spectral-) Doppler images are finally shown in real-time by a dedicated interface.

关键词： Software Synchronization Real-time systems Iron Field programmable gate arrays Probes Delays 3-D beamforming high frame rate imaging matrix array multi-channel open scanner sparse array synchronization ultrasound

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XDoppler: Cross-Correlation of Orthogonal Apertures for 3D Blood Flow Imaging

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2021年第12期40卷 3358-3368页

作者： Bertolo, Adrien Sauvage, Jack Tanter, Mickael Pernot, Mathieu Deffieux, Thomas PSL Univ CNRS 8063 ESPCI Paris INSERMU1273Phys Med Paris F-75012 Paris France Katholieke Univ Leuven Dept Cardiovasc Sci Lab Cardiovasc Imaging & Dynam B-3000 Leuven Belgium

Row column addressing (RCA) transducers have the potential to provide volumetric imaging at ultrafast frame rate using a low channel count over a large field of view. In previous works we have shown that vascular imaging of large arteries as well as functional neuroimaging of the rat brain were feasible using RCA orthogonal plane wave imaging (OPW), but these applications required to transmit many plane waves, significantly reducing the frame rate. In this study, we introduce XDoppler imaging, a novel method to increase the performances of RCA flow imaging by taking advantage of the blood spatial decorrelation statistics combined with the limited spatial overlap of the point spread functions (PSF) of the two orthogonal apertures of the RCA transducer. We provide at first a theoretical basis to understand how the correlation operation reduces the sidelobe level. Then, we demonstrate both in vitro and in vivo in the human carotid artery and in the rat brain that XDoppler provides a significant gain in contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) (between 3 and 6 dB depending on the application) compared to OPW. This improvement also leads to a sensitivity increase in the rat brain as more blood vessels are detected by XDoppler imaging.

关键词： Electrodes Transducers Filtering Correlation Clutter Blood array signal processing 4D ultrafast imaging volumetric imaging matrix array ultrafast imaging Doppler imaging blood flows beamforming

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Optimized auto-focusing method for 3D ultrasound imaging in NDT

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NDT & E INTERNATIONAL 2023年 134卷

作者： Cosarinsky, G. Cruza, J. F. Munoz, M. Camacho, J. CSIC Inst Phys & Informat Technol ITEFI Ultrasound Syst & Technol Grp GSTU C Serrano 144 Madrid 28006 Spain Natl Atom Energy Commiss CNEA Non Destruct Testing Dept Ave Gral Paz 1499 RA-B1650 Buenos Aires Argentina Univ Alcala de Henares Escuela Politecn Elect Dept Ctra Madrid Barcelona Km 33600 Madrid 28805 Spain

In this work, we propose an optimized auto-focusing algorithm to be used with ultrasound matrix arrays for three-dimensional imaging in the presence of interfaces. Its main application is for non-destructive-testing (NDT), where usually two mediums with different propagation velocities are present. The refraction at the interface between those mediums complicates the calculation and the application of the focusing delays, which requires iterative processes that are usually the main bottleneck for high-speed *** tackle this problem by generalizing the virtual array concept previously proposed for linear arrays and plane images to the case of matrix-arrays and three-dimensional (3D) beamforming. Furthermore, we propose a two-dimensional iterative algorithm for exact time-of-flight calculation to the two foci per scan line required by the virtual array. The mathematical formulation for the 3D case is obtained and the time-delay errors are analyzed by simulation. Finally, image quality with the proposed method is compared with that obtained with conventional Total Focusing Method (TFM) and exact delay calculation. The principal conclusion is that the virtual array approach generates images with equivalent quality to those obtained by exact calculation, while it reduces more than two orders of magnitude the computation load.

关键词： Ultrasonic imaging 3D imaging matrix array Total focusing method Virtual array

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