The mixed data sampling (MIDAS) model has attracted increasing attention due to its outstanding performance in dealing with mixedfrequency data. However, most MIDAS model extension studies are based on statistical me...
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The mixed data sampling (MIDAS) model has attracted increasing attention due to its outstanding performance in dealing with mixedfrequency data. However, most MIDAS model extension studies are based on statistical methods or machine learning models, which suffer from insufficient prediction performance and stability in small sample environments. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a novel mixedfrequencysampling discrete greymodel (MDGM(1, N)), which is a coupled form of the MIDAS model and discrete grey multivariate model. By adjusting the structure parameters, the model can be adapted to different sampling frequencies data, and degenerate into several types of greymodels. Then, the unbiasedness and stability of the model are proved using the mathematical analysis method and numerical random experiment. The meta-heuristic algorithm is introduced to obtain the optimal weight parameters and the maximum lag order, improving the model's fitting ability to mixedfrequency data. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the new model, a model evaluation system consisting of traditional evaluation metrics and a monotonicity test is established. Taking four hard disk drive failure datasets as research cases, the performance of the proposed model is compared with seven mainstream benchmark models. The results show that the proposed model has excellent applicability and outperforms other competition models in terms of validity, stability, and robustness. Furthermore, it is observed that the reported uncorrectable errors and the command timeout have a greater impact on hard disk drive failure. Finally, the new model is employed to forecast the failure of four hard disk drives. The forecasting results indicate that in the next four time points with a cycle of 21 days beginning in April 2023, the failure of the smaller capacity hard disk drives (0055 and 0086, corresponding to 8TB and 10TB) show a decreasing trend, reaching 67.442% and 89.7683%, respectively. The failure o
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