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Towards a fully integrated market for demand response, energy and reserves

IET GENERATION TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION 2016年第16期10卷 4130-4139页

作者： Saebi, Javad Duy Thanh Nguyen Javidi, Mohammad Hossein Univ Bojnord Dept Elect Engn Bojnord Iran Univ Tasmania Sch Engn & ICT Hobart Tas Australia Ferdowsi Univ Mashhad Dept Elect Engn Mashhad Iran

There is a trend for demand response (DR) market as a dedicated competitive environment for trading DR. In this market, aggregators participate as DR providers, while system operator, retailers and distributors are the DR buyers. Scheduling DR through the DR markets leads to a fair allocation of the benefits and payments across all participants. However, the integration of the DR markets into the existing power markets leads to technical and economic challenges. Those challenges associated with the integration of the DR markets into the energy/reserve markets are addressed in this study. To clear the DR markets jointly with the energy/reserve market, a bilevel approach is proposed in which the upper level belongs to energy/reserve market problem and the lower level includes DR market clearance. The proposed bilevel programming problem is then recast as a mixed-integer linear programming problem which can be solved using commercially available software. Finally, numerical results are provided to illustrate the performance of the proposed approach, demonstrating it brings about lower reserve price and higher social welfare compared with the existing markets.

关键词： power markets demand side management power generation scheduling integer programming linear programming fully integrated market demand response DR scheduling power markets energy reserve market DR market clearance bilevel programming problem mixed-integer linear programming social welfare

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Economic Dispatch of Demand Response Balancing Through Asymmetric Block Offers

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS 2016年第4期31卷 2999-3007页

作者： O'Connell, Niamh Pinson, Pierre Madsen, Henrik O'Malley, Mark Tech Univ Denmark Dept Comp Sci & Appl Math DK-2800 Lyngby Denmark Tech Univ Denmark Dept Elect Engn DK-2800 Lyngby Denmark Univ Coll Dublin Elect Res Ctr Dublin 2 Ireland

This paper proposes a method of describing the load shifting ability of flexible electrical loads in a manner suitable for existing power system dispatch frameworks. The concept of an asymmetric block offer for flexible loads is introduced. This offer structure describes the ability of a flexible load to provide a response to the power system and the subsequent need to recover. The conventional system dispatch algorithm is altered to facilitate the dispatch of demand response units alongside generating units using the proposed offer structure. The value of demand response is assessed through case studies that dispatch flexible supermarket refrigeration loads for the provision of regulating power. The demand resource is described by a set of asymmetric blocks, and a set of four blocks offers is shown to offer cost savings for the procurement of regulating power in excess of 20%. For comparative purposes, the cost savings achievable with a fully observable and controllable demand response resource are evaluated, using a time series model of the refrigeration loads. The fully modeled resource offers greater savings;however the difference is small and potentially insufficient to justify the investment required to fully model and control individual flexible loads.

关键词： Demand-side management electricity markets mixed-integer linear programming refrigeration time-series analysis

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Multistage Long-Term Expansion Planning of Electrical Distribution Systems Considering Multiple Alternatives

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS 2016年第3期31卷 1900-1914页

作者： Tabares, Alejandra Franco, John F. Lavorato, Marina Rider, Marcos J. Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP Fac Engn Ilha Solteira Dept Elect Engn Ilha Solteira SP Brazil Univ Estadual Campinas UNICAMP Dept Syst & Energy Campinas SP Brazil

This paper presents a new mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model to solve the multistage long-term expansion planning problem of electrical distribution systems (EDSs) considering the following alternatives: increasing the capacity of existing substations, constructing new substations, allocating capacitor banks and/or voltage regulators, constructing and/or reinforcing circuits, and modifying, if necessary, the system's topology. The aim is to minimize the investment and operation costs of the EDS over an established planning horizon. The proposed model uses a linearization technique and an approximation for transforming the original problem into an MILP model. The MILP model guarantees convergence to optimality by using existing classical optimization tools. In order to verify the efficiency of the proposed methodology, a 24-node test system was employed.

关键词： Distribution system expansion planning mixed-integer linear programming multistage long-term planning

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Merchant Transmission Capacity Investment: A Mathematical Program with Equilibrium Constraint Formulation

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ELECTRIC POWER COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS 2016年第1期44卷 82-89页

作者： Akbari, Tohid Bina, Mohammad Tavakoli KN Toosi Univ Technol Fac Elect Engn Tehran *** Iran

This article presents a new methodology for decentralized capacity expansion planning for the transmission sector of a power system in a deregulated electricity market. The proposed model forms a bi-level optimization problem in which an upper-level problem represents a transmission company making its own strategic decisions on investment to maximize its profit while in the lower level, the market clearing problem of the independent system operator or market operator is formulated. A transmission company obtains its revenue based on flowgate marginal prices. The lower problem is replaced by its Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions, resulting in a mathematical program with an equilibrium constraint. Some linearization techniques have been employed to reach mixed-integer linear programming that can effectively be solved, and existing solvers guarantee to get to the global optimal solutions. The presented framework is applied to a simple 3-node power system and also to the IEEE 24-bus reliability test system. Results from these illustrative examples are reported and thoroughly discussed. These results signify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme to invest in the transmission part of a power system.

关键词： bi-level optimization flowgate marginal price mathematical program with equilibrium constraint Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions merchant transmission investment mixed-integer linear programming transmission company transmission planning

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Coordinated Price-Maker Operation of Large Energy Storage Units in Nodal Energy Markets

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS 2016年第1期31卷 786-797页

作者： Mohsenian-Rad, Hamed Univ Calif Riverside Dept Elect & Comp Engn Riverside CA 92521 USA

In this paper, a new optimization framework is proposed to coordinate the operation of large, price-maker, and geographically dispersed energy storage/battery systems in a nodal transmission-constrained energy market. The energy storage units are assumed to be investor-owned and independently-operated, seeking to maximize their total profit. Various design factors are taken into consideration such as the location, size, efficiency, and charge and discharge rates of the energy storage units as well as the joint impact of the energy storage operations on the locational marginal prices. While the formulated optimization problem is originally nonlinear and hard to solve, nonlinearities are tackled both in the objective function and in the constraints and the problem is transformed into a tractable mixed-integer linear program, for which the global optimal solutions are found for the charge and discharge schedules of each energy storage unit. Both deterministic and stochastic design scenarios are addressed. Various case studies are presented. It is observed that transmission line congestion is often, but not always, desirable for the coordinated storage systems. Locational diversity, practice of arbitrage, robust design, self-scheduling versus economic bidding, and the overall power system performance are also investigated.

关键词： Coordinated charge and discharge schedules energy storage locational marginal price mixed-integer linear programming price-maker transmission-constrained market

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Detailed Scheduling of Tree-like Pipeline Networks with Multiple Refineries

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING 2017年第12期30卷 1870-1878页

作者： Taherkhani, M. Tavakkoli-Moghaddam, R. Seifbarghy, M. Fattahi, P. Islamic Azad Univ Sci & Res Branch Dept Ind Engn Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Sch Ind Engn Coll Engn Tehran Iran Arts & Metier Paris Tech LCFC Ctr Metz Metz France Alzahra Univ Dept Ind Engn Fac Engn Tehran Iran

In the oil supply chain, the refined petroleum products are transported by various transportation modes, such as rail, road, vessel and pipeline. The latter provides one of the safest and cheapest ways to connect production areas to local markets. This paper addresses the operational scheduling of a multi-product tree-like pipeline connecting several refineries to multiple distribution centers under demand uncertainty. A new deterministic mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model is first presented, and then a two-stage stochastic model is proposed. The aim of this model is to meet depot requirements at the minimum total cost including pumping and stoppages costs. The efficiency and utility of the proposed model is shown by two numerical examples, which one of them uses the industrial and real data.

关键词： Pipeline Scheduling Refinery Supply Chain Multi-product Pipelines mixed-integer linear programming Demand Uncertainty

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Wireless sensor network design by lifetime maximisation: an empirical evaluation of integrating major design issues and sink mobility

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SENSOR NETWORKS 2016年第3期20卷 131-146页

作者： Keskin, M. Emre Altinel, I. Kuban Aras, Necati Ersoy, Cem Bogazici Univ Dept Ind Engn TR-34342 Istanbul Turkey Bogazici Univ Dept Comp Engn TR-34342 Istanbul Turkey

The collective behaviour of wireless sensors provides a network to monitor a region. Most of the applications require a sufficiently long network operation, which makes the efficient management of the available energy resources an important issue. It is a known phenomenon that sensors communicating directly with a sink deplete their energy faster than others. Hence, some of the sinks are disconnected from the rest of the network even though most of the sensors are still functional. A possible remedy is to balance the relaying load of the sensors using mobile sinks and controlling their mobility. In this work, we consider three major design issues, i.e., coverage, locating mobile sinks, and routing sensor-to-sink data within a unified framework and develop mixed-integer linear programming formulations to maximise the network lifetime. We also numerically compare the new models and demonstrate the improvement obtained by controlling the sink mobility and integrating various design issues.

关键词： sensor networks sensor deployment activity scheduling controlled sink mobility lifetime maximisation mixed-integer linear programming

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A Bucket Indexed Formulation for Nonpreemptive Single Machine Scheduling Problems

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INFORMS JOURNAL ON COMPUTING 2016年第1期28卷 14-30页

作者： Boland, Natashia Clement, Riley Waterer, Hamish Georgia Inst Technol H Milton Stewart Sch Ind & Syst Engn Atlanta GA 30332 USA Univ Newcastle Sch Math & Phys Sci Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia

A new mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) formulation for nonpreemptive single machine scheduling problems is presented. The model is a generalisation of the classical time indexed (TI) model to one in which at most two jobs can be processing in each time period. Like the TI model, the new model, called the bucket indexed (BI) model, partitions the planning horizon into periods of equal length, or buckets. Unlike the TI model, the length of a period is a parameter of the BI model and can be chosen to be as long as the processing time of the shortest job. The two models are equivalent if a period is of unit length, but when longer periods are used in the BI model, it can have significantly fewer variables and nonzeros than the corresponding TI model. A computational study using weighted tardiness instances, and weighted completion time instances with release dates, reveals that the BI model significantly outperforms the TI model on instances where the minimum processing time of the jobs is large. Furthermore, the performance of the BI model is less vulnerable to increases in average processing time when the ratio of the largest processing time to the smallest is held constant.

关键词： single machine scheduling mixed-integer linear programming time indexed formulations

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MILP branch flow model for concurrent AC multistage transmission expansion and reactive power planning with security constraints

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IET GENERATION TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION 2016年第12期10卷 3023-3032页

作者： Macedo, Leonardo H. Montes, Cristiam V. Franco, John F. Rider, Marcos J. Romero, Ruben Sao Paulo State Univ Dept Elect Engn POB 31Ave Brasil Ctr 56 BR-15385000 Ilha Solteira SP Brazil Univ Estadual Campinas Dept Syst & Energy Ave Albert Einstein 400 BR-13083852 Campinas SP Brazil

This study presents a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model to solve the simultaneous transmission network expansion planning (TNEP) and reactive power planning (RPP) problem. The proposed model considers reactive power, off-nominal bus voltage magnitudes, power losses, multistage expansion, and security constraints. The use of an MILP model guarantees convergence to optimality by using existing classical optimisation methods. In order to validate the approximation performed, the steady-state operation points were compared with those obtained using an AC load flow method. Garver's 6-bus system and a modified IEEE 118-bus system were used to show the precision and efficiency of the methodology. The results indicate that better expansion and generation plans are found by considering RPP simultaneously with the AC TNEP, when the solutions were compared with the plans of the TNEP using the AC model without RPP and the TNEP considering the DC model, with RPP conducted at a subsequent stage.

关键词： load flow reactive power power transmission planning power system security integer programming linear programming MILP branch flow model concurrent AC multistage transmission expansion reactive power planning security constraints mixed-integer linear programming TNEP simultaneous transmission network expansion planning reactive power planning problem RPP problem off-nominal bus voltage magnitudes power losses classical optimisation methods steady-state operation points AC load flow method Garver 6-bus system modified IEEE 118-bus system

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Bilevel Model for Analyzing Coordinated Cyber-Physical Attacks on Power Systems

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID 2016年第5期7卷 2260-2272页

作者： Li, Zhiyi Shahidehpour, Mohammad Alabdulwahab, Ahmed Abusorrah, Abdullah IIT Ctr Elect Innovat Chicago IL 60616 USA IIT Galvin Ctr Elect Innovat Chicago IL 60616 USA King Abdulaziz Univ Renewable Energy Res Grp Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia King Abdulaziz Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia

This paper analyzes a coordinated cyber-physical attack on power systems, which could lead to undetectable line outages. Coordinated with physical attacks that cause line outages, the two-step cyberattacks comprising topology preserving and load redistribution attacks could mask and potentially exasperate outages to trigger cascading failures. These coordinated cyber-physical attacks are analyzed in a proposed bilevel model, which aims at identifying the most damaging and undetectable physical attacks constrained by attackers' total budget. After being transformed into a mixed-integer linear programming problem, the proposed bilevel model is solved by a rigorous two-stage solution approach. This paper also discusses the relevant countermeasure strategies. The proposed model, the solution algorithm, and the effectiveness of countermeasures are examined by case studies based on the IEEE 14- and 118-bus test systems.

关键词： Bilevel model countermeasure strategies cyber-physical systems mixed-integer linear programming topology preserving and load redistribution attacks

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