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A strategic bi-level framework for wind power investment considering grid strength index: A stochastic programming approach

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SUSTAINABLE ENERGY GRIDS & NETWORKS 2022年 31卷

作者： Alnowibet, Khalid A. King Saud Univ Coll Sci Stat & Operat Res Dept Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia

Increasing the penetration level of renewable energy sources (RESs) has been a key energy policy for international societies seeking to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. However, the growing integration of wind power into the electric network would alter the system characteristics since the inverter-based RESs weaken the grid strength. Therefore, it becomes necessary to include the system strength in the wind power investment problem (WPIP). In this regard and with being subject to wind production and electric load uncertainty, this paper presents a stochastic programming approach for WPIP considering the grid strength index. For this purpose, a bi-level model is presented whose upper level seeks to maximize the profit of a private investor while respecting the system strength requirement. In the lower level, the market-clearing problem is formulated under different operating conditions. Unlike the common approaches, which employ a DC model to represent the electric network, an approximated yet efficient AC model is utilized. Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions are employed to transform the stochastic bi-level problem into a bilinear single-level problem which is solved using Konno's cutting plane algorithm. IEEE 118-bus system is used to exhibit the efficiency of the proposed model for wind power investment. (C) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Bi-level model KKT conditions Stochastic programming System strength Wind power investment mixed-integer linear/quadratic programming

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