The energy transition has unique and profound socioeconomic impacts for the developing and coal-producing countries,due to the distinctive country's *** overall development context and challenges comprising techno...
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The energy transition has unique and profound socioeconomic impacts for the developing and coal-producing countries,due to the distinctive country's *** overall development context and challenges comprising technological pathways,investment,value added,employment and inequality must be *** the case of Indonesia,as one of the world's largest coal-producing,the archipelagic nature with various island topography,sociocultural diversity as well as very high population really needs a comprehensive energy transition research considering the above aspects,which is so far still ***,this current study presents an integrated assessment of technological change and socioeconomics impact for power transition pathways in Indonesia using the Integrated MARKAL-EFOM System(TIMES)and their socioeconomics implications using the miyazawainput–outputmodel(MIOM).Four scenarios were applied namely business-as-usual(BAU),100%renewable energy(100%RE),Paris Agreement 1.5℃ without coal phase-out(PA1.5),and that of with coal phase-out(PA1.5PO).The results show that by 2060,100%RE without applying carbon capture and storage(CCS)creates an extreme power flexibility which requires ample energy storage but does not attain *** meet the 1.5℃ carbon budget,PA1.5 and PA1.5PO require substantial renewable energy deployment,particularly in utility-scale solar PV,energy storage,and low-carbon *** two scenarios exhibit a notable increase in total installed capacity,ranging 3.37–3.83 times higher than the BAU ***1.5PO,plays an increasing role natural gas as bridge fuel in advanced gas power from 2035 to its peak in *** scenarios require a higher installed capacity compared to BAU,corresponding to a substantial total investment cost of almost 2.5 times in *** MIOM results show that these scenarios have a stronger impact on household income and employment compared to ***,the impact on value added(VA)only surpasses BAU
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