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Verification Approach for refactoring Transformation Rules of State-Based models

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2022年第10期48卷 3833-3861页

作者： Almasri, Nada Korel, Bogdan Tahat, Luay Gulf Univ Sci & Technol MIS Dept Hawally 32093 Kuwait IIT Dept Comp Sci Chicago IL 60616 USA

With the increased adoption of model-Driven Engineering (MDE), where models are being used as the primary artifact of software, it is apparent that greater attention to the quality of the models is necessary. Traditionally, refactoring is used to enhance the quality of software systems at the source-code level;however, applying refactoring at the model level will have a more significant improvement on the system. After refactoring a model, proving that it still preserves its original behavior is crucial. In this paper, we present a process for applying refactoring transformations to the Extended Finite State Machine (EFSM) models using verified transformation rules that have been proven to preserve the model's original behavior. We provide a simplified three-step verification approach that can be used to prove that a transformation rule will generate a transformed model that is semantically equivalent to the original model. To do this, we formally define semantical equivalence at three different levels of granularity: models, sub-models, and transitions. Additionally, we introduce five model transformation rules and we demonstrate how our verification approach is used to prove the correctness of these rules. Finally, we present two case studies where we apply the proposed transformation process which adopts the five verified transformation rules. Using model testing, we show that applying a sequence of transformations using the verified transformation rules will keep both the original and the transformed model semantically equivalent. Additionally, the case studies show that model transformation can be used to enhance certain pre-defined model characteristics.

关键词： Unified modeling language Software Automata Tools Testing Automation Task analysis Extended finite state machine model refactoring refactoring transformation rules verification of transformations observable behavior semantic equivalence of models

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Decision tree-based Design Defects Detection

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IEEE ACCESS 2021年 9卷 71606-71614页

作者： Maddeh, Mohamed Ayouni, Sarra Alyahya, Sultan Hajjej, Fahima King Saud Univ Dept Informat Syst Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman Univ Dept Informat Syst Coll Comp & Informat Sci Riyadh 11564 Saudi Arabia

Design defects affect project quality and hinder development and maintenance. Consequently, experts need to minimize these defects in software systems. A promising approach is to apply the concepts of refactoring at higher level of abstraction based on UML diagrams instead of code level. Unfortunately, we find in literature many defects that are described textually and there is no consensus on how to decide if a particular design violates model quality. Defects could be quantified as metrics based rules that represent a combination of software metrics. However, it is difficult to find manually the best threshold values for these metrics. In this paper, we propose a new approach to identify design defects at the model level using the ID3 decision tree algorithm. We aim to create a decision tree for each defect. We experimented our approach on four design defects: The Blob, Data class, Lazy class and Feature Envy defect, using 15 Object-Oriented metrics. The rules generated using decision tree give a very promising detection results for the four open source projects tested in this paper. In Lucene 1.4 project, we found that the precision is 67% for a recall of 100%. In general, the accuracy varies from 49%, reaching for Lucene 1.4 project 80%.

关键词： Measurement Unified modeling language Object oriented modeling Decision trees Software Predictive models Software algorithms Anti-patterns bad smells decision tree model refactoring object oriented metrics

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A modular metamodel and refactoring rules to achieve software product line interoperability

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JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE 2023年 197卷

作者： Horcas, Jose-Miguel Pinto, Monica Fuentes, Lidia Univ Malaga Andalucia Tech ITIS Software Malaga Spain

Emergent application domains, such as cyber-physical systems, edge computing or industry 4.0. present a high variability in software and hardware infrastructures. However, no single variability modeling language supports all language extensions required by these application domains (i.e., attributes, group cardinalities, clonables, complex constraints). This limitation is an open challenge that should be tackled by the software engineering field, and specifically by the software product line (SPL) community. A possible solution could be to define a completely new language, but this has a high cost in terms of adoption time and development of new tools. A more viable alternative is the definition of refactoring and specialization rules that allow interoperability between existing variability languages. However, with this approach, these rules cannot be reused across languages because each language uses a different set of modeling concepts and a different concrete syntax. Our approach relies on a modular and extensible metamodel that defines a common abstract syntax for existing variability modeling extensions. We map existing feature modeling languages in the SPL community to our common abstract syntax. Using our abstract syntax, we define refactoring rules at the language construct level that help to achieve interoperability between variability modeling languages.(c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://***/licenses/by/4.0/).

关键词： Variability modeling language Modular metamodel model refactoring model specialization Interoperability Edge computing

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From Conceptual models to Knowledge Graphs: A Generic model Transformation Platform 24

From Conceptual Models to Knowledge Graphs: A Generic Model ...

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24th International ACM/IEEE Conference on model-Driven Engineering Languages and Systems (modelS)

作者： Smajevic, Muhamed Bork, Dominik TU Wien Business Informat Grp Favoritenstr 11 A-1040 Vienna Austria

ISBN: (纸本)9781665424844

Semantic processing of conceptual models is a focus of research since several years, bridging the disciplines of knowledge-based systems, conceptual modeling, and model-driven software engineering. With the uptake of Knowledge Graphs, the research in this area gained further momentum. In this paper, we introduce a generic and extensible platform that enables the automated transformation of conceptual models into Knowledge Graphs. The platform can transform any model created by a state-of-the-art metamodeling platform (EMF and ADOxx) into standardized Knowledge Graph representations like GraphML, RDF, and OWL. In the paper at hand, we introduce our platform and evaluate it with a corpus of 5.000 UML models that we transform into Knowledge Graphs and subsequently exemplify the rich functionalities enabled by the graph structure by an automated detection of UML model smells.

关键词： Knowledge Graph modeling tool Code smells model refactoring model transformation

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Analysis of the AnyWalker Software Architecture Using the UML refactoring Tool 13

Analysis of the AnyWalker Software Architecture Using the UM...

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13th International Symposium on Intelligent Systems (INTELS)

作者： Deryugina, O. Nikulchev, E. Ryadchikov, I. Sechenev, S. Shmalko, E. MIREA Russian Technol Univ Inst Integrated Secur & Special Instrument Engn Prospect Vernadskogo 78 Moscow 119454 Russia Kuban State Univ Stavropolskaya St 149 Krasnodar 350040 Russia RAS Fed Res Ctr Comp Sci & Control Vavylova St 44-2 Moscow 119333 Russia

refactoring (restructuring of a system, which keeps its functionality invariant) of the software can be aimed at the optimization of such characteristics as modifiability, maintainability and understandability. model refactoring can be conducted not only at the code level, but also at the model level. According to the MDA approach models are described using the Unified modelling Language (UML). UML class diagrams are used to specify software architecture. UML refactoring is a software tool, which provides UML class diagram analysis and refactoring. This article proposes results of AnyWalker project UML class diagram refactoring using the UML refactoring tool. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

关键词： UML refactoring AnyWalker refactoring software architecture clas diagram model refactoring MDA

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refactoring Multi-Level models

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ACM TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND METHODOLOGY 2018年第4期27卷 1–56页

作者： De Lara, Juan Guerra, Esther Univ Autonoma Madrid Comp Sci Dept E-28049 Madrid Spain

Multi-level modelling promotes flexibility in modelling by enabling the use of several meta-levels instead of just two, as is the case in mainstream two-level modelling approaches. While this approach leads to simpler models for some scenarios, it introduces an additional degree of freedom as designers can decide the meta-level where an element should reside, having to ascertain the suitability of such decisions. In this respect, model refactorings have been successfully applied in the context of two-level modelling to rearrange the elements of a model while preserving its meaning. Following this idea, we propose a catalogue of 17 novel refactorings specific to multi-level models. Their objective is to help designers in rearranging elements across and within meta-levels and exploring the consequences. In this article, we detail each refactoring in the catalogue, show a classification across different dimensions, and describe the support we provide in our METADEPTH tool. We present two experiments to assess two aspects of our refactorings. The first one validates the predicted semantic side effects of the refactorings on the basis of more than 210.000 refactoring applications. The second one measures the impact of refactorings on three quality attributes of multi-level models.

关键词： Meta-modelling multi-level modelling model refactoring METADEPTH

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Analysis of the AnyWalker Software Architecture Using the UML refactoring Tool

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Procedia Computer Science 2019年 150卷 743-750页

作者： O. Deryugina E. Nikulchev I. Ryadchikov S. Sechenev E. Shmalko MIREA – Russian Technological University Institute of Integrated Security and Special Instrument Engineering 119454 Prospect Vernadskogo 78 Moscow Russia Kuban State University 350040 Stavropolskaya Street 149 Krasnodar Russia Federal Research Center “Computer science and control” of RAS 119333 Vavylova Street 44/2 Moscow Russia

关键词： UML refactoring AnyWalker refactoring software architecture clas diagram model refactoring MDA

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Towards a Multi-view Approach to model-driven refactoring

Towards a Multi-view Approach to Model-driven Refactoring

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2nd African Conference on Software Engineering and Applied Computing (ACSEAC)

作者： Misbhauddin, Mohammed Alshayeb, Mohammad King Fahd Univ Petr & Minerals Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia

ISBN: (纸本)9780769549095

model-driven engineering, an emerging trend in software engineering, has enabled the application of refactoring to UML models. One of the important steps in refactoring is the identification of refactoring opportunities within the model, also referred to as model Smells. An Object-Oriented system modeled by UML is built up from many different views. model refactoring, in recent proposals, is applied to a single view in the model. Hence information from other views are either not considered or later synchronized for consistency preservation. In this paper we outline an approach to refactor UML models using a multi-view approach. We exploit the inter-view relationship to suggest model smells by combining information from each UML view. We restrict our scope to one diagram from each UML view, class diagram (structural view), sequence diagram (behavioral view) and use case diagram (functional view). For each model smell, we describe (a) steps to detect the existence of the model smell (b) set of composite refactorings to remove the detected smell and (c) demonstration using a running example. We also propose a Multi-view model refactoring framework to realize the approach proposed in this paper.

关键词： model refactoring UML Class Diagram Sequence Diagram Use Case Diagram

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model-driven refactoring Approaches: A Comparison Criteria

Model-driven Refactoring Approaches: A Comparison Criteria

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2nd African Conference on Software Engineering and Applied Computing (ACSEAC)

作者： Misbhauddin, Mohammed Alshayeb, Mohammad King Fahd Univ Petr & Minerals Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia

ISBN: (纸本)9780769549095

model-driven engineering, an emerging trend in software engineering, has enabled the application of refactoring to UML models. Due to its growing popularity in the domain of refactoring, a number of approaches to specify models and transformation rules have been proposed in literature. A comparison framework is required by researchers and practitioners to guide them in selecting an appropriate approach suitable to their specific needs and trade-offs. In this paper, we provide a set of suitable criteria to evaluate and compare the various model refactoring approaches that can aid practitioners and researchers in the selection process. The paper also compares the refactoring approaches against the framework.

关键词： model refactoring UML Comparision Criteria

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refactoring UML models of Object-Oriented Software: A Systematic Review

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING 2018年第9期28卷 1287-1319页

作者： Sidhu, Brahmaleen K. Singh, Kawaljeet Sharma, Neeraj Punjabi Univ Dept Comp Engn Patiala 147002 Punjab India Punjabi Univ Univ Comp Ctr Patiala 147002 Punjab India Punjabi Univ Dept Comp Sci Patiala 147002 Punjab India

model refactoring enhances the platform-independent design models of software aiming at smoother impact of requirement changes, thereby improving the design quality and assisting in their evolution and maintenance. This study reports a systematic literature review of refactoring techniques particularly in the domain of models of object-oriented software systems. The study used the standard systematic literature review method based on a comprehensive set of 58 articles from a total of 1200 articles published in leading journals, premier conferences, workshops and books. The primary studies were thoroughly analyzed on various aspects of model refactoring process. Identification of methodologies and classification on the basis of model transformation systems, refactoring operations and their application, model behavior specification and preservation, model quality expression, model consistency management and automation of process is reported. This study shows that inadequate model-based approaches for behavior preservation, synchronized model enhancement and empirical evaluation of the proposed refactoring techniques are major obstacles in fully automated model refactoring process.

关键词： model-driven development model refactoring model transformation system software quality systematic review

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