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Digital Twin's Anatomy: A Cross-Sector Framework With Healthcare Validation

IEEE ACCESS 2025年 13卷 21306-21334页

作者： Araghi, Sina Namaki Liu, Zhengyu Sarkar, Arkopaul Louge, Thierry Karray, Mohamed Hedi Tarbes Univ Technol UTTOP Engn Sch ENIT Prod Engn Lab LGP F-65000 Tarbes France

Digital twins (DT) in manufacturing, healthcare, and across different industrial domains are often over-simplified as solely a virtual representation of a physical object or service. Such a definition constitutes a dilemma in distinguishing DTs from digital models, digital shadows, digital threads, and cyber-physical systems. In this article, we aim to elucidate the concept of digital twins and its definition. Therefore, we go through the connotation of digital twins, which has its roots in space exploration and product-life cycle management, and describe the four evolution stages of DT developments. This article employs an ontological approach to clearly and comprehensively define digital twins and related key concepts, including digital models, assets, prototypes, shadows, and threads. Additionally, it presents a structured framework detailing the meta-model and the reference-level ontology of digital twins. To evaluate the proposed structure, definitions, and its important entities, we have examined our framework against 73 peer-reviewed papers in the healthcare sector from 2018 until July 2024. The evaluation and classification criteria of the selected works were based on four research questions. These criteria are driven by the core definitions provided by the main cross-domain digital twin researchers and this article's proposed anatomy of digital twins.

关键词： Digital twins digital threads digital threads model-based system engineering model-based system engineering cyber-physical systems ontology ontology digital transformation digital transformation Industry 4.0 Industry 4.0 cross-domain digital twin applications cross-domain digital twin applications

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Product complexity management enabled by a model-based approach

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COMPUTERS & INDUSTRIAL engineering 2025年 200卷

作者： Hu, Zhenchao Chen, Jinwei Li, Yuanfu Lu, Jinzhi Zhang, Huisheng Kiritsis, Dimitris Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Shanghai 200240 Peoples R China Beihang Univ Beijing 100191 Peoples R China Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland

As contemporary engineered systems become more interdependent, there is a growing need to manage their system complexity. However, system complexity only exists as implicit and heterogeneous information. This situation makes it difficult to obtain and analyze system complexity. This paper proposes a model-based approach to supporting system complexity management, called MBCM, where system complexity includes dynamic complexity and structural complexity. The proposed approach includes complexity modeling and complexity analysis. For complexity modeling, a graph-matrix hybrid complexity modeling approach is proposed to describe the dynamic and structural complexity information. Graph-based architecture models are developed by a unified meta-meta modeling approach. The connections among different architecture models are then described using a design structure matrix. For complexity analysis, a general complexity metric provides dynamic and structural complexity values for the designer to evaluate the system. Moreover, automatic ontology modeling is introduced to integrate complexity modeling and complexity analysis. Finally, a case study on aero-engine design was conducted. The complexity management processes of three different scenarios were compared in this case study. The comparison results show that our approach could sensitively represent increased product complexity from both dynamic and structural aspects. Thus, the proposed approach is general and applicable to any engineered system and can support the trade-off between complex product design schemes.

关键词： Complexity management Complexity modeling Complexity analysis model-based system engineering Design structure matrix Ontology modeling

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Analysis of system Radiation Effects Using Markov Chains

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE 2025年第4期72卷 1108-1115页

作者： Hansen, D. L. Manich, T. Zavatkay, I. L3 Harris T&RF San Diego CA 92123 USA L3 Harris SAS Rochester NY 14606 USA

Continuous time Markov chains (CTMCs) provide a mathematical framework for calculating system upset rates. The method is able to handle the calculation in cases where the system has multiple devices each of which may have a multitude of possible failure mechanisms. It can also account for the fact that failure mode effects can vary based on the current operating state. This article uses the concepts of CTMCs to calculate failure rates in a flight-like satellite system. The method is used to determine the most vulnerable part of the system and identify where hardening techniques are most useful. Different system hardening methods are compared.

关键词： Mathematical models Satellites systems modeling Language Random access memory Orbits Field programmable gate arrays Circuit faults Vectors Termination of employment systems operation Heavy ion Markov chain model-based system engineering prediction tool single event effects (SEE) systems modeling language (SysML)

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X-SEM: A modeling and simulation-based system engineering methodology

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JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING systemS 2024年 74卷 198-221页

作者： Gu, Pengfei Chen, Zhen Zhang, Lin Zhang, Yuteng Xie, Kunyu Zhao, Chun Ye, Fei Tao, Yiran Beihang Univ Sch Automat Sci & Elect Engn 37 Xueyuan Rd Beijing 100191 Peoples R China State Key Lab Intelligent Mfg Syst Technol Yongding Rd 51 Haidian 100854 Beijing Peoples R China Minist Educ Sch Reliabil & Syst Engn Complex Syst Engn Ctr Xueyuan Rd 37 Beijing 100191 Peoples R China Beijing Informat Sci & Technol Univ BISTU Courtyard 1Jiuxianqiao Sixth St Chaoyang 100101 Beijing Peoples R China

model-based systems engineering (MBSE) is an effective approach that facilitates complex systems' collaborative research and development. The prevalent MBSE methodologies rely heavily on the system modeling Language (SysML). However, SysML, characterized as a semi -formal language, presents challenges in facilitating the modeling and simulation of the physical characteristics of complex systems. Consequently, current MBSE methodologies encounter difficulties in integrating the modeling and simulation of complex systems' logical architecture and physical characteristics, limiting the effective application of MBSE in the early stages of system design. This paper proposes a modeling and simulation-based system engineering methodology (X -SEM) to address this limitation. Leveraging the X language, X -SEM establishes an integrated system development process for complex systems, enabling comprehensive modeling and simulation of systems requirements, functions, logical architecture, and physical characteristics across four perspectives and three domains of system development. Additionally, X -SEM, a methodology integrating system design and system simulation, ensures the integration of critical physical characteristics based on established logical architecture, allowing for timely error correction and collaborative verification of functional and non-functional requirements, as well as system optimization in the early stages of system design. Finally, this paper showcases the design process for a straight-line driving scenario of the electric vehicle based on X -SEM, thereby exemplifying the effectiveness and potential of the proposed methodology.

关键词： model-based system engineering X language Methodology Simulation

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Towards Continuous Security Assessment: Integrating model-based Risk Assessment and Large Language models

Towards Continuous Security Assessment: Integrating Model-Ba...

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2025 Integrated Communications, Navigation and Surveillance Conference, ICNS 2025

作者： Werthwein, Mario Annighoefer, Bjoern Daw, Zamira Institute for Aircraft Systems University of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798331534738

Cyber threats and attacks on aircraft ground infrastructure as well as communication, navigation, and surveillance service providers have increased significantly in recent years. Due to the dynamic nature of cyber threats, a once securely designed architecture will not stay secure throughout its life-cycle. Ensuring the safety and security of large systems of systems requires continuous reassessment of security risks. Currently, while useful building blocks exist, no comprehensive framework supports the continuous and automated risk reassessment in aviation. To address this gap, we propose a conceptual framework that integrates model-based system specification, model-based security assessment, and Large Language models (LLMs) to automate the continuous reassessment of residual risks in cyber-physical systems. This framework dynamically analyzes and adapts to emerging threats, enabling proactive and up-to-date risk management. This paper outlines the high-level requirements of the proposed framework and presents a state-of-the-art analysis of technology readiness and existing gaps necessary for its implementation. To demonstrate its feasibility and effectiveness, we apply the framework to an Air Traffic Management use case. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Large Language models model-based system engineering Risk Assessment Security

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Ontology-based Pattern for system engineering 17

Ontology-Based Pattern for System Engineering

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ACM/IEEE 20th International Conference on model Driven engineering Languages and systems (modelS)

作者： Ernadote, Dominique Airbus Def & Space Ottobrunn Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781538634929

system engineering is a multi-domain process that encompasses the design, realization, delivery, and management of complex systems or system of systems. The model-based system engineering (MBSE) approach is commonly accepted by the system engineers community that depends up on the creation of centralized models to produce the expected deliverables. Standard metamodels such as UML, SysML, or NMM/ NAF are typically used to describe the relevant concepts for these descriptive models. However, there is a need to also use domain specific languages (aka ontologies) to ease the communication between all the system engineering stakeholders. The author proposed an approach in previous works to reconcile the usage of complex but necessary predefined metamodels with dedicated ontologies. This solution speeds up the creation of model-based documents. However, the implementation of such approach revealed that the modeling users are expecting a solution in-between the frozen metamodel and the specific ontology approach;a set of predefined modeling features addressing recurrent engineering concerns completed by project specific concerns. Among the recurrent concerns there are the requirement elicitation, the functional analysis, the system interface definitions.... This paper shows how this balance can be addressed through ontology-based patterns developed as modular modeling features blocks. Since these blocks are applied in the context of model-based system engineering we also named them MBSE Enablers. The paper proposes a solution to a new issue raised by this pattern reuse expectations;a dynamic mapping is required between the building blocks and the existing models. The proposed method is based on the category theory which brings a theoretical foundation to ensure models are correctly managed. The global idea of the extended approach is to speed up again the modeling tool customizations letting the system engineers focusing as far as possible on the systems to be designed.

关键词： MBSE model-based system engineering system engineering Metamodel Ontology Dynamic Ontology Mapping Ontology Pattern

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Toward Conceptual Analysis of Cyber-Physical systems Projects Focusing on the Composition of Legacy systems

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IEEE ACCESS 2023年 11卷 58136-58158页

作者： Ivo, Andre A. S. Ribeiro, Sheila Granato Mattiello-Francisco, Fatima Bondavalli, Andrea Natl Ctr Monitoring & Alert Nat Disasters CEMADEN BR-12247016 Sao Jose Dos Campos Brazil Natl Inst Space Res INPE BR-12227010 Sao Jose Dos Campos Brazil Univ Florence Dept Math & Informat I-50142 Florence Italy

The increase in connectivity and the continued need to evolve existing systems impose on system engineers the reality of dealing with system of systems (SoS) concept in practice. The composition of legacy systems presents significant challenges, especially when a Cyber-Physical system (CPS) is involved. Due to the complexity of the interactions between CPS computational solutions and the physical environment, added to the operational independence of CPS as constituent system, emergent behaviors might unpredictably emerge when the CPS and other system run to collaborate being difficult to control. The purpose of this article is to present the Discovery and Requirement Canvas method and its contributions on highlighting emergent behavior. Introduced in the context of EMBED-SoSE approach, the method supports the process of designing a CPSoS in the early phases of a project, when the stakeholders' needs, constraints, and alternatives must be analyzed in terms of the integration possibilities of existing constituent systems. An experimental study conducted with 22 senior professionals from the software and aerospace industries validates the practicability of the method Discovery & Requirement Canvas demonstrating its efficacy. The results of the experiment are compared using descriptive and inferential statistics. In addition, the method was applied to a real-world case study in the field of monitoring natural disasters.

关键词： system of systems cyber-physical systems Internet of Things systems engineering model-based system engineering

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modelling and collaboration across organizations: Issues and a solution

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CONCURRENT engineering-RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS 2018年第1期26卷 33-42页

作者： Pasquinelli, Mauro Basso, Valter Rocci, Lorenzo Cencetti, Michele Vizzi, Carlo Chiado, Stefano T. Thales Alenia Space Italia SpA Str Ant Collegno 253 I-10146 Turin Italy ALTEC SpA Turin Italy Vastalla Srl Turin Italy

This article describes the results of the space cluster of the Use-it-wisely project, which is investigating new business models implementing continuous product-service adaptation through a sequence of small innovative steps in six key industry sectors (clusters): energy, machinery, space, office workspace, vehicles manufacturing and shipbuilding. Six independent cluster developments and a common platform compose the main output. The space cluster (composed by TAS-I, ALTEC and Vastalla) researches a quick response through the use of model-based and simulation-based processes enabled by distributed environments across different organizations. TAS-I and ALTEC study the use of a web-based environment, a model-based tool and virtual reality and its interfaces with potential customers, using an internal project as reference case, including space and ground segments. Vastalla studies and develops the infrastructure able to connect different environments in different networks, including a customer front-end. This article shows the identified issues on collaboration with model-based approaches and the expected benefits.

关键词： model-based system engineering spacecraft design modelling and simulation customer front-end interdisciplinary engineering model-based engineering collaborative engineering workflow engineering as a service virtual reality workflow management

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Specifying a modelling language for PSS engineering - A development method and an operational tool

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COMPUTERS IN INDUSTRY 2019年 108卷 89-103页

作者： Medini, Khaled Boucher, Xavier Univ Clermont Auvergne Mines St Etienne CNRS UMR 6158 LIMOSHenri Fayol Inst F-42023 St Etienne France

Although the literature is full of research on the transition of industry towards Product-Service systems (PSS), the question of how to effectively support PSS engineering is poorly addressed. The compelling need for decision support throughout the various stages of the engineering process is particularly challenging due to the inherent complexity of PSS. In this sense, visualisation and modelling at large have been put forth as promising means for supporting PSS engineering. This paper proposes a method for specifying a modelling language for PSS engineering, putting together PSS domain-specific knowledge and modelling concepts inherited from conceptual modelling and model-based engineering. It relies on a recursive transformation process of the underlying PSS meta-model using knowledge from case studies and the literature. The method has proven to be a practical means for gradual enrichment of the modelling language leading to successful experimentations in the industrial context. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： PSS engineering Conceptual modelling modelling language Domain-specific modelling model-based system engineering

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Constraint based approach for the steady-state simulation of complex systems: Application to ship control

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engineering APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 2013年第1期26卷 499-514页

作者： Larroude, Vincent Chenouard, Raphael Yvars, Pierre-Alain Millet, Dominique Supmeca LISMMA F-83000 Toulon France Supmeca LISMMA F-93407 St Ouen France LUNAM Univ Ecole Cent Nantes IRCCyN UMR CNRS 6597 F-44000 Nantes France

When the steady states are largely predominant with respect to transitional phases, steady-state simulation seems sufficient to predict the behavior of a complex system. Over the past 20 years, different modeling languages and dedicated tools have been developed to improve steady state simulation. In this paper, focus is made on steady-state simulation for system control and design. A model combining an emission sub-model with a ship propulsion sub-model was implemented in a constraint programming (CP) approach. It will help to determine the efficiency (i.e. the ability to model and solve the problem) and complexity of implementation (i.e. difficulties encountered during the implementation) of this approach. First, requirements for the steady-state simulation of complex systems are defined. Then, CP approach is shown to be able to answer these issues through experiments. This approach is then compared to one of the main simulation languages: modelica. Although the two approaches (i.e modelica and CP) are able to reverse models, the study shows that the use of modelica principles for steady-state simulation involves some crippling limitations, such as the nonmanagement of under/over-constrained systems, or inequalities. This study also shows that the constraint programming approach permits to meet some needs for steady-state simulation not yet covered by current approaches. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Constraint programming modelica Steady-state simulation model-based system engineering Multi-physics modeling

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