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model-based systems engineering and TCAS II: Thirty Years Later

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE engineering 2025年第3期51卷 762-767页

作者： Heimdahl, Mats P. E. Leveson, Nancy G. Univ Minnesota Dept Comp Sci & Engn Minneapolis MN 55129 USA Massachusetts Inst Technol MIT Dept Aeronaut & Astronaut Cambridge MA 02142 USA

Thirty years ago, when the TCAS II modeling effort was undertaken, the notion of model-based design and model-based systems engineering were new concepts. The TCAS II modeling effort demonstrated that creating a formal model of a complex system and doing so in collaboration with a diverse group of application experts was eminently feasible and laid the groundwork for future research. In this retrospective, we revisit the effort in the context of model-based systems engineering, summarize the most relevant lessons learned, and discuss the state of model-based techniques today and steps to the future.

关键词： modeling systems engineering and theory Atmospheric modeling Aircraft Collaboration Semantics Context modeling Computational modeling Analytical models Usability Cyber-physical systems formal specifications formal verification model-based systems engineering requirements engineering safety software engineering software safety systems engineering

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model-based systems engineering Applicability Study for Indonesian Technology Industry 6th

Model-Based Systems Engineering Applicability Study for Indo...

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6th International Conference on Mechanical engineering, ICOME 2023

作者： Zulkarnain, Muhammad Fikri Pasaribu, Hisar Manongam Mulyanto, Taufiq Nurprasetio, Ignatius Pulung Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Institut Teknologi Bandung Jl. Ganesa No. 10 Bandung40135 Indonesia

ISBN: (纸本)9789819778973

The ever-increasing of complexity of a product or systems development has given rise to a development framework such as model-based systems engineering (MBSE). To be able to understand the potential of MBSE implementation in Indonesia, several research studies have been conducted in ITB. An initial literature study has been performed to map the potential of future research on MBSE. A survey on the development of technological products is performed to map the existing conditions and the needs for the future. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.

关键词： model-based systems engineering Product development

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Requirements extraction from model-based systems engineering: A systematic literature review

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JOURNAL OF systems AND SOFTWARE 2025年 226卷

作者： Santos, Jefferson L. Martins, Luiz Eduardo G. Molleri, Jefferson Seide Univ Fed Sao Paulo Dept Sci & Technol Sao Jose Dos Campos Brazil Kristiania Univ Coll Kirkegata 17 N-0167 Oslo Norway

Collaboration and easy data exchange are crucial in modern systems that involve hardware, electronics, software, and users. Requirement engineering (RE) and systems engineering (SE) are challenging fields that require tool support to automate activities. Natural language (NL) requirement documents can create processing issues. To address these issues, detailed models have been developed to represent a system effectively. These models are intend to replace inconsistent documents over time by using model-based methodologies like model-based SE (MBSE). Within the MBSE methodologies, Arcadia/Capella has proven its capabilities as a comprehensive tool in the SE community to define and validate complex system architecture. Thus, this paper aims to investigate the tools, methods, techniques, or processes for extracting requirements from the MBSE environment or model generation from NL requirements. Furthermore, this discusses how these approaches are applied specifically in the Arcadia/Capella and how transforming requirements are addressed to support textual requirements. We conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) by selecting 97 articles to examine advances in this field in various aspects of these approaches. The results presented in this SLR uncovered several key findings that have important implications for future research, such as the dominance of the model generation from NL;transforming model-based requirements to NL requires more data;and the fact that requirements extraction in Arcadia/Capella needs more evidence.

关键词： Dataset link: ***/ model-based systems engineering Requirements engineering Requirements extraction Systematic literature review systems engineering

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Building credibility for human systems integration in model-based systems engineering

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systems engineering 2025年第2期28卷 284-293页

作者： Heffner, Rachel A. Miller, Michael E. US Air Force Inst Technol Dayton OH 45433 USA US Air Force Lifecycle Management Ctr Dayton OH USA

Robust and trusted digital human representations are necessary to successfully account for human considerations in model-based systems engineering (MBSE). Multiple domains and modeling frameworks leverage verification, validation, and accreditation (VV&A) processes to characterize when and under what conditions a model is valid to establish credibility. A literature review was completed on mathematical, physics-based, software development, discrete event simulation, agent-based, system dynamics, and MBSE models with the goal of proposing a process for performing VV&A on digital engineering (DE) and MBSE models for sociotechnical systems. However, this research also revealed the need for a broader framework to characterize the risk associated with using these models for making high-consequence decisions. While accomplishing the literature review, another approach to building credibility was identified that is used heavily in the financial industry, namely model risk management (MRM). This process is extended by leveraging MRM approaches from within the financial community to propose a framework for sociotechnical model users to characterize the risk of using MBSE models to make programmatic decisions. The primary contribution of this work is to document a meta-analysis of model VV&A while proposing an alternative approach to characterizing and communicating credibility that was discovered during this analysis. This approach could be a viable option for ensuring the credibility of human systems integration in MBSE models.

关键词： human systems integration model accreditation model-based systems engineering model risk management model validation model verification

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Considerations for Implementation of model-based systems engineering in Different Sectors and System Types based on Academic Literature

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systems engineering 2025年第0期

作者： Teper, Thomas Campo, Kelly X. Eaton, Casey E. Bhatia, Garima Mesmer, Bryan Univ Alabama Huntsville Ind & Syst Engn & Engn Management Dept Huntsville AL 35899 USA

The emergence and adoption of model-based systems engineering (MBSE) is driven in part by claimed benefits over traditional Document-based systems engineering. Despite high enthusiasm for MBSE, few studies have evaluated the value of MBSE implementation or the needs in MBSE implementation across various system types and industry sectors, which may require differing drivers of implementation and analyses of added value. This study investigates the perceptions of MBSE across sectors including Commercial, Contractor, and Government, as well as across system types including Astronautical, Aeronautical, and Infrastructure, to determine the perceived drivers and considerations of MBSE implementation across different industries. From 60 academic sources, this study collected and coded over 2900 claims about MBSE using 68 MBSE attributes. Our study's findings determine that the considerations for MBSE implementation likely vary by both sector and by system. Perceptions of MBSE, regardless of application grouping, were largely positive-negative attributes often captured unfavorable perceptions of implementation and tooling immaturity. The findings of this study suggest that practitioners may need to tailor the implementation of MBSE partly to their organizational priorities and needs, and to be cautious of relying only on broadly reported benefits of MBSE.

关键词： MBSE model-based systems engineering systems engineering

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A Proof-of-Concept Digital Twin for Real-Time Simulation: Leveraging a model-based systems engineering Approach

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IEEE ACCESS 2025年 13卷 58899-58912页

作者： Soykan, Bulent Blanc, Gregoire Rabadi, Ghaith Univ Cent Florida Inst Simulat & Training Orlando FL 32826 USA IMT Mines Ales F-30100 Ales France Univ Cent Florida Sch Modeling Simulat & Training Orlando FL 32826 USA

This paper presents a proof-of-concept digital twin designed to enhance industrial process monitoring and maintenance through real-time and bidirectional communication. The integrated approach combines a physical twin-constructed using LEGO (c) Spike Prime kits and multiple Raspberry Pi 4 microcontrollers-with a digital twin modeled in FlexSim discrete-event simulation software package. Data is continuously synchronized via the MQTT protocol, allowing the digital twin to accurately mirror key operational parameters such as object sorting status, conveyor speed, and splitter position. The system leverages model-based systems engineering (MBSE) techniques, implemented with Capella and the Arcadia methodology, to support a robust design and integration of physical and digital components. Experimental scenarios, including normal operation and simulated malfunctions, demonstrate the system's ability to trigger corrective actions and provide valuable insights for predictive maintenance. The results confirm that such a modular digital twin approach can improve real-time simulation, fault detection, and operational efficiency in industrial applications.

关键词： Real-time systems systems engineering and theory Predictive maintenance Protocols Decision making Complex systems Analytical models Synchronization Sensors Digital twin real-time communication model-based systems engineering industrial automation cyber-physical systems cyber-physical systems

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Application of data element mapping and analysis for system definition to enable model-based systems engineering

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systems engineering 2025年第1期28卷 15-28页

作者： Ledford, Allison Harris, Gregory Askew, Susan Purdy, Gregory Auburn Univ Ind & Syst Engn 357-359 W Magnolia Ave Auburn AL 36849 USA

In the connected age of the model-based enterprise and model-based systems engineering (MBSE), new systems engineering tools are needed to move from a functional, document-centric, hierarchical view of data and information to the individual units of data or data element level view. Data element mapping and analysis (DEMA) is a technology-agnostic analytical methodology that combines traditional functional analysis techniques, systems engineering elicitation practices, and novel data mapping techniques to provide a holistic view of a system's data and information flows at the individual units of data (data element level). In this research, DEMA was utilized to enable an enhanced system definition for the development of a verification and validation process as applied to a modeling and simulation environment. DEMA uncovered and visually mapped the hidden flow of approximately 1600 data vessel occurrences as inputs or outputs to 79 functional activities in 23 disparate storage locations. The results reveal that DEMA is a practical tool for both improving existing systems and defining new systems. The data element level view captured by DEMA can be used to define the interconnections between the system elements that are input to systems modeling language (SysML) models. Therefore, DEMA is a necessary and novel tool that can be used to enable system digitalization.

关键词： data element mapping and analysis (DEMA) digital engineering digital thread functional analysis model-based systems engineering testing and evaluation verification and validation

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Supply chain optimization using model-based systems engineering and the Internet of Things

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ELEKTROTECHNIK UND INFORMATIONSTECHNIK 2025年 1-7页

作者： Amiri, Amirali Nastic, Stefan Kastner, Wolfgang TU Wien Inst Comp Engn Automat Syst Grp Treitlstr 1-3-4 A-1040 Vienna Austria TU Wien Inst Informat Syst Engn Distributed Syst Grp Vienna Austria

Supply Chain Management (SCM) is crucial for business operations, requiring careful planning and optimization to minimize product costs. New technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT) enable real-time monitoring of supply chain performance, helping detect malfunctions and adapt strategies to address issues like rising costs. However, IoT system architects face challenges in mastering diverse technologies and integrating them into SCM. Methodologies like model-based systems engineering (MBSE) simplify the design process by providing system models and views. In this paper, we propose an MBSE approach for IoT-driven supply chain optimization. Our approach automatically performs optimization based on IoT monitoring data. We illustrate how system designers can adapt our approach to their specific needs. For example, system designers can provide templates for the artifact generation, such as system code or input files for the optimization. We discuss multiple scenarios showcasing the benefits of our approach. Das Supply Chain Management (SCM) ist entscheidend f & uuml;r den Gesch & auml;ftsbetrieb und erfordert eine sorgf & auml;ltige Planung und Optimierung, um Produktkosten zu minimieren. Neue Technologien wie das Internet der Dinge (IoT) erm & ouml;glichen eine Echtzeit & uuml;berwachung der Lieferkettenleistung, wodurch Fehlfunktionen erkannt und Strategien zur Bew & auml;ltigung steigender Kosten angepasst werden k & ouml;nnen. Allerdings stehen IoT-Systemarchitekt:innen vor der Herausforderung, verschiedene Technologien zu beherrschen und sie in das SCM zu integrieren. Methoden wie model-based systems engineering (MBSE) vereinfachen den Designprozess, indem sie Systemmodelle und -ansichten bereitstellen. In dieser Arbeit schlagen wir einen MBSE-Ansatz zur IoT-gest & uuml;tzten Optimierung von Lieferketten vor. Unser Ansatz f & uuml;hrt automatisch eine Optimierung basierend auf IoT-& Uuml;berwachungsdaten durch. Wir zeigen, wie Systementwickler:innen unseren Ans

关键词： Supply chain optimization Internet of Things model-based systems engineering Lieferkettenoptimierung Internet der Dinge modellbasiertes systems engineering

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model-based systems engineering for life-sciences instrumentation development

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systems engineering 2019年第2期22卷 98-113页

作者： Patou, Francois Dimaki, Maria Maier, Anja Svendsen, Winnie E. Madsen, Jan Tech Univ Denmark DTU Dept Management Engn DK-2800 Lyngby Denmark Tech Univ Denmark DTU Dept Micro & Nanotechnol DK-2800 Lyngby Denmark Tech Univ Denmark DTU Dept Appl Math & Comp Sci DK-2800 Lyngby Denmark

Next-generation genome sequencing machines and Point-of-Care (PoC) in vitro diagnostics devices are precursors of an emerging class of Cyber-Physical systems (CPS), one that harnesses biomolecular-scale mechanisms to enable novel wet-technology applications in medicine, biotechnology, and environmental science. Although many such applications exist, testifying the importance of innovative life-sciences instrumentation, recent events have highlighted the difficulties that designing organizations face in their attempt to guarantee safety, reliability, and performance of this special class of CPS. New regulations and increasing competition pressure innovators to rethink their design and engineering practices, and to better address the above challenges. The pace of innovation will be determined by how organizations manage to ensure the satisfaction of aforementioned constraints while also streamlining product development, maintaining high cost-efficiency and shortening time-to-market. model-based systems engineering provides a valuable framework for addressing these challenges. In this paper, we demonstrate that existing and readily available model-based development frameworks can be adopted early in the life-sciences instrumentation design process. Such frameworks are specifically helpful in describing and characterizing CPS including elements of a biological nature both at the architectural and performance level. We present the SysML model of a smartphone-based PoC diagnostics system designed for detecting a particular molecular marker. By modeling components and behaviors spanning across the biological, physical-nonbiological, and computational domains, we were able to characterize the important systemic relations involved in the specification of our system's Limit of Detection. Our results illustrate the suitability of such an approach and call for further work toward formalisms enabling the formal verification of systems including biomolecular components.

关键词： cyber-physical systems life-sciences model-based systems engineering model-based systems design sensitivity analysis SysML

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model-based systems engineering: Evaluating perceived value, metrics, and evidence through literature

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systems engineering 2023年第1期26卷 104-129页

作者： Campo, Kelly X. Teper, Thomas Eaton, Casey E. Shipman, Anna M. Bhatia, Garima Mesmer, Bryan Univ Alabama Ind & Syst Engn & Engn Management Dept 301 Sparkman Dr Huntsville AL 35899 USA

Although model-based systems engineering (MBSE) is quickly becoming adopted in systems engineering (SE), there have not been many studies evaluating literature to determine the perceived value of implementing MBSE. This research first identifies and discusses previous studies on the justification or rejection of MBSE. This study investigates how the SE community perceives the value of MBSE by coding and analyzing positive and negative descriptions of MBSE;perceived benefits and drawbacks of implementing MBSE;and the evidence and metrics used to substantiate and measure each claim about MBSE. From 60 academic sources, this study collected and coded over 2900 claims on MBSE. Our findings determine the most positive attributes of MBSE to be Verification & Validation Capability, Consistency, Reasoning, and Risk & Error Manageability, while the most negative attributes were Approach Understandability, Acceptability, Familiarity, and Approach Complexity. The most-stated benefits were Reduced Time, Better Communication/Information Sharing, Reduced Costs, and Better Analysis Capability. The most claimed drawbacks were Increased Costs, Increased Time, Increased Effort, and Worsened Capability. A large share of claims (47%) about MBSE was based on author opinions. Most claims (86%) were not substantiated by a metric.

关键词： MBSE model-based systems engineering systems engineering value

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