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Conference on systems engineering Research

作者： Herzig, Sebastian J. I. Qamar, Ahsan Paredis, Christiaan J. J. Georgia Inst Technol Model Based Syst Engn Ctr Atlanta GA 30332 USA

A typical way of managing the inherent complexity of contemporary technical systems is to study them from different viewpoints. Such viewpoints are defined by a variety of factors, including the concerns of interest, level of abstraction, observers and context. Views conforming to these viewpoints are typically highly interrelated since the concerns addressed in the different viewpoints overlap semantically. Such overlaps can lead to inconsistencies. The challenge is to identify and resolve that is, manage such inconsistencies. This paper introduces an approach to identifying inconsistencies within the context of model-based systems engineering (MBSE). In current practice, inconsistencies are typically only discovered after long time intervals, e.g., during reviews. This can result in costly rework or even mission failure. Therefore, actively checking for inconsistencies, and doing so in a continuous fashion, can be valuable. We investigate the hypothesis that all models can be represented by graphs and that inconsistencies can be identified by means of pattern matching. We show that this process is equivalent to inferring inconsistencies by means of deductive reasoning. Finally, we present the results of a proof-of-concept implementation. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

关键词： inconsistency management model-based systems engineering model composition model integration

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Multi-level architecture modelling and analysis: The case for model-basedsystems engineering of fusion diagnostics

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FUSION engineering AND DESIGN 2024年 205卷

作者： Beernaert, T. F. Verlaan, A. L. De Bock, M. Moser, L. Etman, L. F. P. Classen, I. G. J. De Baar, M. R. Dutch Inst Fundamental Energy Res De Zaale 20 NL-5612 AJ Eindhoven Netherlands TNO Stieltjesweg 1 NL-2628 CK Delft Netherlands Eindhoven Univ Technol Dept Mech Engn Groene Loper 15 NL-5612 AE Eindhoven Netherlands ITER Org Route Vinon Sur VerdoCS 9046 F-13067 St Paul Les Durance France

Fusion reactors are complex systems of interconnected parts, many of which rely on novel *** the patterns of connectivity is essential for many design aspects: assessing technical risks,leveraging modularity, preventing rework and enabling functional integration. The enabling design artefactis the system's architecture, its conceptual model of functions, components and *** this paper, we present two architecture modelling and analysis methods based on Dependency StructureMatrices (DSM). Firstly, the bottom-up method builds an architecture model from decentralized documentationof all ITER diagnostics and their interfaces. The DSM highlights a modular system topology, integrationchallenges and opportunities for managing complexity. The limitations of this method, however, motivatethe development of a top-down *** top-down method is suited for early-stage design definition, therefore generating valuable insightsthroughout the development lifecycle. The architecture model serves as a central storage of design information,from which viewpoints can be automatically generated: DSMs, functional flow diagrams, cabling diagrams,interface reports and requirements propagation tables. This model-based information paradigm drasticallyimproves design quality, project planning, change management and stakeholder communication. The top-downmethod is demonstrated for the Visible Spectroscopy Reference System, one of ITER's first diagnostics, butpromises a more widespread application.

关键词： System architecture model-based systems engineering Dependency structure matrix ITER Diagnostics

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Towards model-based requirements engineering: Construction method of stakeholder value networks model based on MBSE

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COMPUTERS & INDUSTRIAL engineering 2024年 195卷

作者： Feng, Yongbing Gao, Guohua Wang, Pengyu Fu, Mengyu Zhang, Zihua Beijing Univ Technol Coll Mech & Energy Engn Beijing Peoples R China

Stakeholder Value Networks (SVN) is a method for identifying and prioritizing stakeholders and their associated requirements in complex engineering systems. Academics and companies have made great strides in the theoretical research and case studies of constructing the Stakeholder Value Networks model (SVNM). However, most of the developed cases lack a modularized, scalable and traceable construction method to codify SVNM for stakeholders and requirements prioritization, which leads to problems such as low reuse rate of the model elements, poor configuration flexibility and lack of ability to connect with the analysis platform and system model. To address these issues, we propose a construction method of the SVNM based on model-based systems engineering (MBSE) from the perspective of model reusability, consistency and continuity. In this method, a SVNM is gradually constructed by using the MBSE modeling method "ARCADIA", the MBSE modeling software "Capella" and some open-source add-ons. The model includes two steps of the mapping and quantifying in SVN method and can be connected to an analysis platform named Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) modelling platform to implement the remaining steps of searching and analyzing. Furthermore, the results of the search and analysis can be used to prioritize stakeholders and requirements and recorded in the MBSE environment by modeling Stakeholder Requirements (SHRs). Then, we demonstrate the applicability of this method based on a case study of Robotic Vertical Farming systems (RVFS). Finally, the RVFS-SVNM are modeled and analyzed in ARCADIA/ Capella and DSM modeling platform, and the RVFS-SHRs are recorded in ARCADIA/Capella. The method can enable the prioritization of stakeholders and requirements to trace the entire system model and drive requirements engineering toward model-based Requirements engineering (MBRE).

关键词： model-based systems engineering Stakeholder value network model-based requirements engineering ARCADIA Capella Vertical farming systems

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A Conceptual Basis for Inconsistency Management in model-based systems engineering

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Procedia CIRP 2014年 21卷 52-57页

作者： Sebastian J.I. Herzig Christiaan J.J. Paredis Model-Based Systems Engineering Center Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia United States of America

A crucial issue in system architecting is the need to study systems from different viewpoints. These viewpoints are defined by a variety of factors, including the concerns of interest, level of abstraction, observers and context. Views conforming to these viewpoints are highly interrelated due to the concerns addressed overlapping. These interrelations and overlaps can lead to inconsistencies. The challenge is to identify and resolve - that is, manage - such inconsistencies. This paper introduces an approach to managing inconsistencies within the context of model-based systems engineering (MBSE). In current practice, the management of inconsistencies relies on ad-hoc methods and infrequently conducted activities such as reviews. The result of this practice is that decisions are often made based on inconsistent information, which can lead to costly rework or even mission failure. Therefore, assisting humans by means of a computational method that can continuously identify and aid in resolving inconsistencies adds significant value. In the paper, the hypothesis that pattern matching can serve as a generic means of identifying inconsistencies is investigated. It is shown that graph patterns can be used as a means to capture conditions for and formally reason about the existence of inconsistencies, and to specify resolution alternatives. The paper concludes that using patterns to manage inconsistencies can be very effective and accurate, but it may also incur additional costs that must be carefully balanced with the benefits gained.

关键词： inconsistency management model-based systems engineering viewpoint integration model integration graph pattern matching

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An Approach to Identifying Inconsistencies in model-based systems engineering

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Procedia Computer Science 2014年 28卷 354-362页

作者： Sebastian J.I. Herzig Ahsan Qamar Christiaan J.J. Paredis Model-Based Systems Engineering Center Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia United States of America

A typical way of managing the inherent complexity of contemporary technical systems is to study them from different viewpoints. Such viewpoints are defined by a variety of factors, including the concerns of interest, level of abstraction, observers and context. Views conforming to these viewpoints are typically highly interrelated since the concerns addressed in the different viewpoints overlap semantically. Such overlaps can lead to inconsistencies. The challenge is to identify and resolve – that is, manage – such inconsistencies. This paper introduces an approach to identifying inconsistencies within the context of model- based systems engineering (MBSE). In current practice, inconsistencies are typically only discovered after long time intervals, e.g., during reviews. This can result in costly rework or even mission failure. Therefore, actively checking for inconsistencies, and doing so in a continuous fashion, can be valuable. We investigate the hypothesis that all models can be represented by graphs and that inconsistencies can be identified by means of pattern matching. We show that this process is equivalent to inferring inconsistencies by means of deductive reasoning. Finally, we present the results of a proof-of-concept implementation.

关键词： inconsistency management model-based systems engineering model composition model integration

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A Roadmap to the Integration Between systems engineering and Circular Design to Develop Sustainable Industrial Product

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IEEE systems JOURNAL 2024年第3期18卷 1693-1704页

作者： Brusa, Eugenio Gastaldi, Chiara Delprete, Cristiana Giorio, Lorenzo Politecn Torino Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn I-10129 Turin Italy

The achievement of sustainable development goals requires implementing a design approach to the industrial product development aimed to reduce waste, and to increase value, in accordance to principles of the "circular economy." To mitigate the product obsolescence rate, the design activity aims at making the product multifunctional, its life longer and its maintainability more effective. Moreover, the product must be easily reparable, adaptable to operating conditions, friendly updatable, and reusable after decommissioning. Those targets affect the design methodology, and require some suitable tools. This article investigates how the "model-based systems engineering" is applied to the "circular design," to provide a sustainable product life, and to regenerate the system, while decommissioning. Particularly, the direct experience of machine designer of industrial product, being the result of material processing and manufacturing, is considered. Are matter of discussion the identification of some issues related to sustainability and decommissioning, the methodologic tools useful to integrate the two approaches, the impact on the metamodeling activity, and the interoperable tool chain exploited. An industrial test case, as the automated guided vehicle, is preliminarily discussed to describe the implementation of the above-mentioned concepts and to identify any potential critical issues.

关键词： Sustainable development Analytical models Manufacturing Solid modeling Recycling Biological system modeling Spirals Circular design circular economy (CE) decommission analysis dysfunctional analysis functional modeling life cycle assessment model-based systems engineering numerical modeling SysML language

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Towards Developing Metrics to Evaluate Digital engineering

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systems engineering 2023年第1期26卷 3-31页

作者： Henderson, Kaitlin McDermott, Tom Van Aken, Eileen Salado, Alejandro Virginia Tech Grad Dept Ind & Syst Engn Blacksburg VA 24061 USA Stevens Inst Technol Syst Engn Res Ctr Hoboken NJ 07030 USA Univ Arizona Dept Syst & Ind Engn Tucson AZ 85721 USA

model-based systems engineering (MBSE) is an increasingly accepted practice in the systems engineering (SE) community, however, little has been done to empirically show that MBSE provides value. Furthermore, as the industry continues in the direction of digital transformation, MBSE will become a critical component of the larger Digital engineering (DE) approach. This paper presents a measurement framework for selecting and developing appropriate metrics to assess the value/benefits of MBSE and subsequently DE. Utilizing expected benefits identified in a review of MBSE literature, a causal map was hypothesized to show how expected benefits (potential metrics) influence and relate to each other. This was done in order to systematically determine which benefits would be the most impactful to measure. The hypothesized causal model was presented for feedback to subject-matter experts from a working group developing the first DE measurement framework. This group is a joint effort with industry, academia, and the USA government to develop DE metric standards. Once the causal map was finalized, a case study was used to partially validate the causal model. based on the causal map and subsequent analysis, we can recommend the first metrics to be employed for DE/MBSE based on the most influential nodes of the causal model. The potential metric candidates include: system quality, defects, time, rework, ease of making changes, system understanding, Effort, accessibility of information, collaboration, project methods/processes, and use of DE/MBSE tools. We believe a concerted effort across the industry to focus on measuring these variables is the most effective way to establish proof of the value of MBSE and DE.

关键词： digital engineering model-based systems engineering performance measurement

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Synthesizing verified components for cyber assured systems engineering

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SOFTWARE AND systems modelING 2023年第5期22卷 1451-1471页

作者： Mercer, Eric Slind, Konrad Amundson, Isaac Cofer, Darren Babar, Junaid Hardin, David Brigham Young Univ Provo UT 84602 USA Collins Aerosp Appl Res & Technol Minneapolis MN USA Collins Aerosp Appl Res & Technol Cedar Rapids IA USA

Safety-critical systems such as avionics need to be engineered to be cyber resilient meaning that systems are able to detect and recover from attacks or safely shutdown. As there are few development tools for cyber resiliency, designers rely on guidelines and checklists, sometimes missing vulnerabilities until late in the process where remediation is expensive. Our solution is a model-based approach with cyber resilience-improving transforms that insert high-assurance components such as filters to block malicious data or monitors to detect and alarm anomalous behavior. Novel is our use of model checking and a verified compiler to specify, verify, and synthesize these components. We define code contracts as formal specifications that designers write for high-assurance components, and test contracts as tests to validate their behavior. A model checker proves whether or not code contracts satisfy test contracts in an iterative development cycle. The same model checker also proves whether or not a system with the inserted components, assuming they adhere to their code contracts, provides the desired cyber resiliency for the system. We define an algorithm to synthesize implementations for code contracts in a semantics-preserving way that is backed by a verified compiler. The entire workflow is implemented as part of the open source BriefCASE toolkit. We report on our experience using BriefCASE with a case study on a UAV system that is transformed to be cyber resilient to communication and supply chain cyber attacks. Our case study demonstrates that writing code contracts and then synthesizing correct implementations from them are feasible in real-world systems engineering for cyber resilience.

关键词： AADL OSATE Assume-guarantee reasoning Synthesis Cyber hardening Formal verification model-based systems engineering

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A systematic literature review of changeability in engineering systems along the life cycle

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JOURNAL OF engineering DESIGN 2023年第12期34卷 1046-1098页

作者： Sullivan, Brendan P. Arias Nava, Elias Rossi, Monica Terzi, Sergio Politecn Milan Dept Management Econ & Ind Engn Via Lambruschini 4-B I-20156 Milan MI Italy Inst Tecnol Autonomo Mexico Dept Ind Engn & Operat Ciudad De Mexico Mexico

The escalating dynamism of external pressures and the persistent demand from stakeholders for systems to maintain value amidst continuous change necessitates a re-evaluation of how system value is delivered. This literature review addresses the ambiguously defined concept of changeability, which spans domains, incorporates various 'ilities' and has in part impeded the formulation of effective comprehensive industry strategies. As a successful approach to cope with change, changeability involves the design of engineering systems that can continue to change, quickly (agile) and easily (flexible). This paper elucidates how changeability is defined, and the elements used to evaluate change in engineering systems. Subsequently, it reviews the methods and strategies employed to quantify, measure, and analyse changeability and change-related 'ilities'. An examination of various cases and applied research sets allowed the researchers to illustrate the roles, features and effects of changeability in the design of complex engineering systems throughout the entire lifecycle, thereby confirming and consolidating how changeability is both perceived and executed. based on these findings, future research related to the quantification of changeability levels, and the cost implications associated are proposed, with an emphasis on utilising and integrating systems models (model-based systems engineering) to standardise and simplify implementation across various engineering systems.

关键词： systems engineering changeability change management design management model-based systems engineering

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Assessment of large language models for use in generative design of model based spacecraft system architectures

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JOURNAL OF engineering DESIGN 2025年第4期36卷 550-570页

作者： Timperley, Louis Richard Berthoud, Lucy Snider, Chris Tryfonas, Theo Univ Bristol Sch Civil Aerosp & Design Engn Beacon House Bristol Avon England

This paper investigates using Large Language models (LLMs) within model based systems engineering (MBSE) as the basis for generative design tools for spacecraft. This study has developed tooling for automatically generating system architecture, functions, modes, and components from an initial requirement set. Specifically, a Python tool was developed to couple the Capella MBSE tool to an LLM in order to facilitate a rapid generative design process. The approach was tested by application to three system design tasks: a European Space Agency Earth observation mission, a CubeSat payload design, and a masters' degree level group design for an Earth observation spacecraft. For each, generated outputs were evaluated against those produced by technical designers. It was found that the generation of system modes and components was of good quality, providing high traceability and alignment against requirements, and also providing generated architectures that in some areas were more detailed than human-generated equivalents. Further development could provide spacecraft system engineers with an 'AI design assistant', as human input is still at the centre of the process and appears necessary to ensure a high-quality output.

关键词： Large Language models model-based systems engineering generative design spacecraft system architectures systems engineering

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