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A systematic literature review of changeability in engineering systems along the life cycle

JOURNAL OF engineering DESIGN 2023年第12期34卷 1046-1098页

作者： Sullivan, Brendan P. Arias Nava, Elias Rossi, Monica Terzi, Sergio Politecn Milan Dept Management Econ & Ind Engn Via Lambruschini 4-B I-20156 Milan MI Italy Inst Tecnol Autonomo Mexico Dept Ind Engn & Operat Ciudad De Mexico Mexico

The escalating dynamism of external pressures and the persistent demand from stakeholders for systems to maintain value amidst continuous change necessitates a re-evaluation of how system value is delivered. This literature review addresses the ambiguously defined concept of changeability, which spans domains, incorporates various 'ilities' and has in part impeded the formulation of effective comprehensive industry strategies. As a successful approach to cope with change, changeability involves the design of engineering systems that can continue to change, quickly (agile) and easily (flexible). This paper elucidates how changeability is defined, and the elements used to evaluate change in engineering systems. Subsequently, it reviews the methods and strategies employed to quantify, measure, and analyse changeability and change-related 'ilities'. An examination of various cases and applied research sets allowed the researchers to illustrate the roles, features and effects of changeability in the design of complex engineering systems throughout the entire lifecycle, thereby confirming and consolidating how changeability is both perceived and executed. based on these findings, future research related to the quantification of changeability levels, and the cost implications associated are proposed, with an emphasis on utilising and integrating systems models (model-based systems engineering) to standardise and simplify implementation across various engineering systems.

关键词： systems engineering changeability change management design management model-based systems engineering

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Assessment of large language models for use in generative design of model based spacecraft system architectures

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JOURNAL OF engineering DESIGN 2025年第4期36卷 550-570页

作者： Timperley, Louis Richard Berthoud, Lucy Snider, Chris Tryfonas, Theo Univ Bristol Sch Civil Aerosp & Design Engn Beacon House Bristol Avon England

This paper investigates using Large Language models (LLMs) within model based systems engineering (MBSE) as the basis for generative design tools for spacecraft. This study has developed tooling for automatically generating system architecture, functions, modes, and components from an initial requirement set. Specifically, a Python tool was developed to couple the Capella MBSE tool to an LLM in order to facilitate a rapid generative design process. The approach was tested by application to three system design tasks: a European Space Agency Earth observation mission, a CubeSat payload design, and a masters' degree level group design for an Earth observation spacecraft. For each, generated outputs were evaluated against those produced by technical designers. It was found that the generation of system modes and components was of good quality, providing high traceability and alignment against requirements, and also providing generated architectures that in some areas were more detailed than human-generated equivalents. Further development could provide spacecraft system engineers with an 'AI design assistant', as human input is still at the centre of the process and appears necessary to ensure a high-quality output.

关键词： Large Language models model-based systems engineering generative design spacecraft system architectures systems engineering

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Transforming Information systems Management: A Reference model for Digital engineering Integration

Transforming Information Systems Management: A Reference Mod...

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2024 Cyber Awareness and Research Symposium

作者： Bonar, John Hastings, John Dakota State Univ Beacom Coll Comp & Cyber Sci Madison SD 57042 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9798350386424;9798350386417

Digital engineering practices offer significant yet underutilized potential for improving information assurance and system lifecycle management. This paper examines how capabilities like model-based engineering, digital threads, and integrated product lifecycles can address gaps in prevailing frameworks. A reference model demonstrates applying digital engineering techniques to a reference information system, exhibiting enhanced traceability, risk visibility, accuracy, and integration. The model links strategic needs to requirements and architecture while reusing authoritative elements across views. Analysis of the model shows digital engineering closes gaps in compliance, monitoring, change management, and risk assessment. Findings indicate purposeful digital engineering adoption could transform cybersecurity, operations, service delivery, and system governance through comprehensive digital system representations. This research provides a foundation for maturing application of digital engineering for information systems as organizations modernize infrastructure and pursue digital transformation.

关键词： Cybersecurity Information Assurance Digital engineering systems Architecture model-based systems engineering Digital Threads IT Architecture

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Integrating Software and systems engineering: A Framework for Human-Centric Design of Augmented Reality Applications 18

Integrating Software and Systems Engineering: A Framework fo...

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18th Annual IEEE International systems Conference (SysCon)

作者： Aoki, Emi Tran, Bach Norceide, Flore Tran, Vinh Sastry, Shivakumar Thompson, Charles Chandra, Kavitha Univ Massachusetts Lowell Lowell MA 01854 USA Dassault Syst Amer Corp Waltham MA USA Dayananda Sagar Univ Bengaluru India

ISBN: (纸本)9798350358810;9798350358803

modeling from the perspectives of software engineering and systems engineering have co-evolved over the last two decades as orthogonal approaches. Given the central role of software in modern cyber-physical systems and the increasing adoption of digital engineering practices in complex systems design, there is now significant opportunity for collaborative design among system users, software developers, and systems engineers. model-based systems engineering (MBSE) and systems modeling languages can support seamless cross-domain connectivity for design, simulation, and analysis of emerging technologies such as Augmented Reality (AR). This paper presents a co-design process for extending the capability of an existing AR application referred to as a No-Code AR systems (NCARS) framework. NCARS enables content developed by multi-domain authors to be deployed on AR devices through a software layer that bridges the content to the game engine that drives the AR system. Utilizing a software dependency diagram of the AR Annotation function, an existing MBSE model of the AR system is extended to include the structure and behavior of relevant software components. This allows a modular design of the system to address needs in integrating new requirements into the existing application. New user requirements for tracking items in motion in the user's physical environment with virtual annotations in the augmented space are collaboratively designed and visualized through use case, block definition, internal block, and sequence diagrams. They capture the required structure and behavior of the proposed to-be system.

关键词： Augmented Reality Digital Transformation Dynamic Annotation model-based systems engineering Item Tracking Software engineering

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An integrated systematic method for interlaced unmanned spatial systems (IUSS) design process

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 2025年 226卷 202-214页

作者： Sabour, M. H. Nematiyan, S. Mazhari, P. Concordia Univ Mech Ind Aerosp Engn Dept Montreal PQ Canada Oklahoma Univ Aerosp Engn Dept Norman OK USA Univ Tehran Fac New Sci & Technol Dept Aerosp Engn Tehran Iran

Unmanned Aerial systems (UAS) have garnered significant interest in recent years. These systems, commonly consisting of one or more Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and satellite systems, have been extensively used to enhance the effectiveness of various SOSs, such as disaster management and relief efforts. In addition, the inaugural Mars unmanned helicopter, Ingenuity (Ginny), successfully took flight in April 2021, marking the beginning of the utilization of these systems on Mars. This research aims to build an integrated approach for developing Interlaced Unmanned Spatial systems, considering the high level of precision required for space systems. This study aims to set up and optimize all parts of the proposed architecture for the design of IUSS, using model-based systems engineering theories and Dependency Structural Matrix foundations. This research introduces a comprehensive coherence architecture that considers all design domains, including the design process, design office, products, and requirements. Additionally, a design workflow model is provided.

关键词： Unmanned Aerial systems Spatial systems Design model-based systems engineering systems of systems

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Application of SysML for digital transformation of aircraft cabin systems

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AERONAUTICAL JOURNAL 2025年

作者： Hechelmann, A. Mannchen, T. Baden Wuerttemberg Cooperat State Univ DHBW Ravensburg Germany

Status information from avionics systems is typically transmitted to airlines, but aircraft cabin systems remain largely disconnected and frequently reliant on manual, paper-based logbooks for defect recording. This results in error-prone processes that compromise data consistency and complicate maintenance planning. Digitalisation offers solutions to these challenges by enabling predictive maintenance, real-time monitoring and streamlined data sharing, improving operational reliability and efficiency. However, developing such systems is inherently complex due to operational constraints and stringent safety and security regulations. model-based systems engineering (MBSE) effectively manages complexity, provide standardised system visualisation and enhance multidisciplinary communication. From a methodological perspective, approaches from literature suitable for addressing aviation maintenance systems were selected and enhanced with allocation techniques and subsequently applied to create system models for both current and digitalised aircraft cabins. This paper showcases MBSE's relevance to develop digitalised aircraft cabin systems by using the systems modeling Language (SysML) enabling stakeholders to visualise system architectures and to make better-informed design decisions. The analysis of the presented SysML models highlights the error-prone structure of current non-digitalised aircraft cabin systems while illustrating new use cases unlocked by digitalisation. A model-based comparison underscores the improved efficiency, reliability and predictive capabilities achieved through digital transformation. This study demonstrates that MBSE provides qualitative advantages in system development by enhancing stakeholder collaboration, clarifying complex system architectures, and providing actionable insights into system behaviour and improvements.

关键词： Digital transformation Aircraft Cabin systems Aircraft Health Management model-based systems engineering systems modelling Language

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Deep Learning-Driven Analysis of a Six-Bar Mechanism for Personalized Gait Rehabilitation

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JOURNAL OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SCIENCE IN engineering 2025年第1期25卷 011001页

作者： Khan, Naveed Ahmad Hussain, Shahid Spratford, Wayne Goecke, Roland Kotecha, Ketan Jamwal, Prashant K. Univ Canberra Sch Informat Technol & Syst Canberra ACT 2617 Australia Univ Canberra Res Inst Sport & Exercise Canberra ACT 2617 Australia Univ New South Wales Sch Syst & Comp Canberra ACT 2612 Australia Symbiosis Int Univ Symbiosis Inst Technol Symbiosis Ctr Appl Artificial Intelligence Pune 411045 Maharashtra India Nazarbayev Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Astana 010000 Kazakhstan

Recent advances in robotics and artificial intelligence have highlighted the potential for the integration of computational intelligence in enhancing the functionality and adaptability of robotic systems, particularly in rehabilitation. Designing robotic exoskeletons for the lower limb rehabilitation of post-stroke patients requires frequent adjustments to accommodate individual differences in leg anatomy. This complex engineering challenge necessitates a deep understanding of human physiology, robotics, and optimization to develop adaptive robotic systems and also to swiftly quantify the required adjustments and implement them for each patient. The conventional approaches, which mostly rely on heuristics and manual tuning, often struggle to achieve optimal results. This paper presents a novel method that integrates a genetic algorithm with a deep learning approach to generate a gait trajectory of the ankle joint from a six-bar linkage mechanism of fixed dimensions. Later, using the same approach, the inverse kinematics solution for this mechanism is also devised whereby, the set of the link dimensions of the six-bar linkage mechanism is obtained for the given gait trajectory of an individual to achieve customization. We simulated the kinematic behavior of the six-bar linkage mechanism within defined mechanical constraints and utilized the generated data for training a feedforward neural network and long short-term memory models. The proposed model, when trained, can produce accurate lengths for the desired gait trajectories in the sagittal plane and vice versa, which further validates our proposed approach for inverse kinematics solution. Moreover, to evaluate the efficiency of deep learning models, we have conducted an extensive error-based, comparative, and sensitivity analysis using different performance indices. The results highlight the potential of the proposed deep-learning-driven approach in the design analysis of gait rehabilitation robots.

关键词： stroke gait rehabilitation six-bar linkage mechanism data-driven simulation deep learning for engineering applications evolutionary computation artificial intelligence data-driven engineering machine learning for engineering applications model-based systems engineering

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Enhancing conceptual models with computational capabilities: A methodical approach to executable integrative modeling

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systems engineering 2024年第4期27卷 759-770页

作者： Levi-Soskin, Natali Marwedel, Stephan Jbara, Ahmad Dori, Dov Braude Coll Dept Software Engn Karmiel Israel Technion Israel Inst Technol Fac Data & Decis Sci Haifa Israel Airbus Commercial Aircraft Hamburg Germany Netanya Acad Coll Sch Comp Sci Netanya Israel Tchernihovski 9 Haifa Israel

The lack of a common executable modeling framework that integrates systems engineering, software design, and other engineering domains is a major impediment to seamless product development processes. Our research aims to overcome this system-software modeling gap by integrating computational, software-related, and model execution capabilities into OPM-based conceptual modeling, resulting in a holistic unified executable quantitative-qualitative modeling framework. The gap is overcome via a Methodical Approach to Executable Integrative modeling-MAXIM, an extension of OPM ISO 19450:2015, a standardization approvement given on 2015. We present the principles of MAXIM and demonstrate its operation within OPCloud-a web-based collaborative conceptual OPM modeling framework. As a proof-of-concept, a model of an Airbus civil aircraft landing gear braking system is constructed and executed. Using MAXIM, engineers from five domains can collaborate at the very early phase of the system development and jointly construct a unified model that fuses qualitative and quantitative aspects of the various disciplines. This case study illustrates an important first step towards satisfying the critical and growing need to integrate systems engineering with software computations into a unified framework that enables a smooth transition from high-level architecting to detailed, discipline-oriented design. Such a framework is a key to agile yet robust future development of software-intensive systems.

关键词： civil aircraft system fusing systems and software integrative modeling model-based systems engineering model execution software engineering systems engineering

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Automated pipe design in 3D using a multi-objective toolchain for efficient decision-making

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JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN AND engineering 2024年第5期11卷 77-98页

作者： Neumaier, Moritz Kranemann, Stefan Kazmeier, Bernd Rudolph, Stephan Univ Stuttgart Inst Aircraft Design D-70569 Stuttgart Germany Airbus Operat GmbH Mech Syst Installat D-21129 Hamburg Germany

Pipe design in 3D is typically characterized by competing objectives, since the different design objectives, such as the reduction of length, weight, number of bends, manufacturing cost, and overall angle sum, are examples for such competing design goals, where one goal is often at the expense of the other. The origin of these competing design goals lies in the highly coupled problems of finding a permissible and collision-free pipe path in a complex 3D geometry and the physical properties of the path found. Because of the complex physics and geometry, these couplings are highly non-linear and mostly accessible via simulation only. The underlying pipe design optimization problem can thus not be solved explicitly and is tackled instead with a multi-disciplinary search procedure. Since the trade-offs between different competing evaluation objectives are often not known in advance, an automated design space exploration can be performed to generate different pipe designs, leading to well-informed design decisions by human experts. Such a design space exploration is shown and discussed using the pipework in a mounting rack in an Airbus A320 main landing gear bay. A total of 144 valid designs are generated, out of which the best in each criteria and the pareto-optimal solutions are automatically selected. Compared to the manually created Airbus A320 series solution, up to $10.4\%$ of the pipe length or up to $16.9\%$ of the bends can be saved using the same fixings and connection points, demonstrating both the feasibility and the industrial applicability of the automated toolchain. Graphical Abstract

关键词： automated pipe design generative design hydraulic pipe design design space exploration model-based systems engineering graph-based design languages

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A Real-Time Associative Feature-based Customer Relationship Management and Enterprise Resource Planning Integration model for Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises

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JOURNAL OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SCIENCE IN engineering 2024年第12期24卷 121004页

作者： Sun, Yiding Li, Xinming Ma, Yongsheng Univ Alberta Dept Mech Engn Edmonton AB T6G 2E1 Canada Southern Univ Sci & Technol Dept Mech & Energy Engn Shenzhen 518055 Peoples R China

Customer relationship management (CRM) and enterprise resource planning (ERP) havebeen extensively discussed in the research literature respectively. However, existingstudies do not reach a complete agreement on the CRM/ERP integration method, especiallyfor small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Generally, this work proposed a novelmethod for CRM/ERP integration approach via associative feature technology. A newfeature type, Real-time Data Link Board (RDLB), is developed and detailed as a genericinformation carrier solution for multisystem integration between CRM and ERP *** data elements are mapped into such data boards dynamically and synchronizedacross different data sources, structures, and databases. The contribution of this work isto present a well-defined and generically reusable data carrier definition, alongsiderelated methods for ensuring consistent data modeling during the system integrationphase across various digitalization engineering implementation projects. With thisapproach, the consistent management of data integration across intricate systems is achiev-able throughout application lifecycles, supported by the object-oriented software engineer-ing foundation.

关键词： customer relationship management enterprise resource planning small- and medium-sized enterprises associative feature technology application programming interface data-driven engineering engineering informatics information management manufacturing planning model-based systems engineering

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