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Building the tower without climbing it: Progress in engineering systems

systems engineering 2018年第3期21卷 259-281页

作者： Broniatowski, David A. George Washington Univ Dept Engn & Syst Engn Washington DC USA

The engineering systems (ES) movement set a research agenda that transformed the field of systems engineering. By focusing on complex sociotechnical systems, the ES movement dramatically expanded the scope of the problems that could be addressed by systems engineers, drawing young scholars into the field. ES succeeded in focusing the scholarly community around the concepts of the "ilities"-nontraditional system lifecycle properties-sociotechnical complexity, and system architecture. In this article, I review some of the progress made by scholars in the field, outline directions for future work, and identify challenges facing future progress in systems engineering. Specific attention is given to approaches that emphasize the roles of abstraction hierarchies, contextual interpretation, knowledge sharing, and expertise. I also briefly address the perceived trade-off between academic rigor and practical utility-a perennial concern in the field. In each case, a review of the literature is performed documenting the progress made by the ES community and other scholarly communities whose findings may be synergistic with ours. Finally, I conclude with a proposal for preserving the momentum started by the ES movement by suggesting a forum for diverse scholarly discourse in systems engineering.

关键词： architecture language model-based systems engineering rigor Tower of Babel

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Project Management vs. systems engineering Management: A Practitioners' View on Integrating the Project and Product Domains

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systems engineering 2011年第4期14卷 427-440页

作者： Sharon, Amira de Weck, Olivier L. Dori, Dov Technion Israel Inst Technol Fac Ind Engn & Management IL-32000 Haifa Israel MIT Engn Syst Div Cambridge MA 02139 USA

While most systems engineering Management (SEM) applications use some subset of traditional Project Management (PM) methods and tools, the actual practice of systems engineering management involves continuous cognitive zigzagging between systems engineering-the product domain-and project management-the project domain. Focusing on seven PM methods, we examine two research questions regarding systems engineering practitioners: (1) While conducting SEM, do they perceive a notion of a project domain, a product domain, and a combined project-product domain? (2) What is the extent to which, and ways by which, systems engineering practitioners deem PM methods as effective for supporting SEM? Using analysis of structured questionnaires among 24 participants, we verified that project and product are indeed viewed as two complementary facets of SEM, and that certain PM methods address both domains better than others with respect to particular examined factors. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 14: 427-440, 2011

关键词： systems engineering management project management model-based systems engineering model-based project planning project-product lifecycle management

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Introducing TRAILS: A tool supporting traceability, integration and visualisation of engineering knowledge for product service systems development

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JOURNAL OF systems AND SOFTWARE 2018年 144卷 342-355页

作者： Wolfenstetter, Thomas Basirati, Mohammad R. Boehm, Markus Krcmar, Helmut Tech Univ Munich Chair Informat Syst Munich Germany

Developing state of the art product service systems (PSS) requires the intense collaboration of different engineering domains, such as mechanical, software and service engineering. This can be a challenging task, since each engineering domain uses their own specification artefacts, software tools and data formats. However, to be able to seamlessly integrate the various components that constitute a PSS and also being able to provide comprehensive traceability throughout the entire solution life cycle it is essential to have a common representation of engineering data. To address this issue, we present TRAILS, a novel software tool that joins the heterogeneous artefacts, such as process models, requirements specifications or diagrams of the systems structure. For this purpose, our tool uses a semantic model integration ontology onto which various source formats can be mapped. Overall, our tool provides a wide range of features that supports engineers in ensuring traceability, avoiding system inconsistencies and putting collaborative engineering into practice. Subsequently, we show the practical implementation of our approach using the case study of a bike sharing system and discuss limitations as well as possibilities for future enhancement of TRAILS.

关键词： model-based systems engineering Traceability Product service systems model integration

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Feature-driven systems engineering procedure for standardized product-line development

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systems engineering 2021年第6期24卷 456-479页

作者： Granrath, Christian Kugler, Christopher Silberg, Sebastian Meyer, Max-Arno Orth, Philipp Richenhagen, Johannes Andert, Jakob FEV Europe GmbH Aachen Nordrhein Westf Germany Rhein Westfal TH Aachen Teaching & Res Area Mechatron Mobile Prop Aachen Nordrhein Westf Germany

Numerous systems engineering (SE) methods for the model-based and textual specification of systems focus on managing complexity solely by partitioning the system based on physical structures or by defining different views of the system and therefore reach their limits in agile development. The increasing demand for an agile system development requires an agile systems engineering procedure for the model-based and textual top-down specification of systems. Although function-based development, variant management, and product line development are well established in software engineering, previous work has failed to introduce methods for the agile specification of systems by combining established methods from systems and software engineering. For that purpose, this paper demonstrates a new SE methodology, which for the first time combines conventional SE methods with the agile development procedure of feature-driven development. The methodology is systematically developed based on theoretical analyses and its suitability for the application-specific definition of feature-driven development processes is demonstrated using the example of reference architectures for XiL simulation models of electric vehicles. By applying feature-driven development, the resulting CUBE methodology enhances collaboration in interdisciplinary development teams and enables companies to adapt development processes to a more agile top-down specification of systems.

关键词： Architectural Design model-based systems engineering Processes Requirements Elicitation and Management systems Thinking

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Towards Developing Metrics to Evaluate Digital engineering

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systems engineering 2023年第1期26卷 3-31页

作者： Henderson, Kaitlin McDermott, Tom Van Aken, Eileen Salado, Alejandro Virginia Tech Grad Dept Ind & Syst Engn Blacksburg VA 24061 USA Stevens Inst Technol Syst Engn Res Ctr Hoboken NJ 07030 USA Univ Arizona Dept Syst & Ind Engn Tucson AZ 85721 USA

model-based systems engineering (MBSE) is an increasingly accepted practice in the systems engineering (SE) community, however, little has been done to empirically show that MBSE provides value. Furthermore, as the industry continues in the direction of digital transformation, MBSE will become a critical component of the larger Digital engineering (DE) approach. This paper presents a measurement framework for selecting and developing appropriate metrics to assess the value/benefits of MBSE and subsequently DE. Utilizing expected benefits identified in a review of MBSE literature, a causal map was hypothesized to show how expected benefits (potential metrics) influence and relate to each other. This was done in order to systematically determine which benefits would be the most impactful to measure. The hypothesized causal model was presented for feedback to subject-matter experts from a working group developing the first DE measurement framework. This group is a joint effort with industry, academia, and the USA government to develop DE metric standards. Once the causal map was finalized, a case study was used to partially validate the causal model. based on the causal map and subsequent analysis, we can recommend the first metrics to be employed for DE/MBSE based on the most influential nodes of the causal model. The potential metric candidates include: system quality, defects, time, rework, ease of making changes, system understanding, Effort, accessibility of information, collaboration, project methods/processes, and use of DE/MBSE tools. We believe a concerted effort across the industry to focus on measuring these variables is the most effective way to establish proof of the value of MBSE and DE.

关键词： digital engineering model-based systems engineering performance measurement

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Synthesizing verified components for cyber assured systems engineering

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SOFTWARE AND systems modelING 2023年第5期22卷 1451-1471页

作者： Mercer, Eric Slind, Konrad Amundson, Isaac Cofer, Darren Babar, Junaid Hardin, David Brigham Young Univ Provo UT 84602 USA Collins Aerosp Appl Res & Technol Minneapolis MN USA Collins Aerosp Appl Res & Technol Cedar Rapids IA USA

Safety-critical systems such as avionics need to be engineered to be cyber resilient meaning that systems are able to detect and recover from attacks or safely shutdown. As there are few development tools for cyber resiliency, designers rely on guidelines and checklists, sometimes missing vulnerabilities until late in the process where remediation is expensive. Our solution is a model-based approach with cyber resilience-improving transforms that insert high-assurance components such as filters to block malicious data or monitors to detect and alarm anomalous behavior. Novel is our use of model checking and a verified compiler to specify, verify, and synthesize these components. We define code contracts as formal specifications that designers write for high-assurance components, and test contracts as tests to validate their behavior. A model checker proves whether or not code contracts satisfy test contracts in an iterative development cycle. The same model checker also proves whether or not a system with the inserted components, assuming they adhere to their code contracts, provides the desired cyber resiliency for the system. We define an algorithm to synthesize implementations for code contracts in a semantics-preserving way that is backed by a verified compiler. The entire workflow is implemented as part of the open source BriefCASE toolkit. We report on our experience using BriefCASE with a case study on a UAV system that is transformed to be cyber resilient to communication and supply chain cyber attacks. Our case study demonstrates that writing code contracts and then synthesizing correct implementations from them are feasible in real-world systems engineering for cyber resilience.

关键词： AADL OSATE Assume-guarantee reasoning Synthesis Cyber hardening Formal verification model-based systems engineering

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Using a Virtual engineering Environment for the Design and Development of a Compact Pilot Plant

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FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021年第7-8期77卷 501-518页

作者： Dugan, Peter Bishop, Douglas Princeton Plasma Phys Lab 100 Stellarator Rd Princeton NJ 08540 USA

This paper introduces a new implementation using virtual engineering approaches in support of the design and development of a compact pilot plant. Developing a compact pilot plant is a costly and high-risk approach. Risk and resource investments can be optimized by using commercially based virtual engineering, integrated simulation, and virtual prototyping environments in the design and development of a compact pilot plant. This paper identifies both the users of the virtual engineering environment as well as where in the system lifecycle it can be implemented. The environment will use and extend existing multiphysics models and simulation of products and characteristics through the development of system-level models and an investigation of virtual prototypes of component elements. The second level involves knowledge sharing across phases of the lifecycle of products, including all contributors and stakeholders in the virtual environment.

关键词： Virtual engineering compact pilot plant model-based systems engineering modeling and simulation multiphysics

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A systematic literature review of changeability in engineering systems along the life cycle

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JOURNAL OF engineering DESIGN 2023年第12期34卷 1046-1098页

作者： Sullivan, Brendan P. Arias Nava, Elias Rossi, Monica Terzi, Sergio Politecn Milan Dept Management Econ & Ind Engn Via Lambruschini 4-B I-20156 Milan MI Italy Inst Tecnol Autonomo Mexico Dept Ind Engn & Operat Ciudad De Mexico Mexico

The escalating dynamism of external pressures and the persistent demand from stakeholders for systems to maintain value amidst continuous change necessitates a re-evaluation of how system value is delivered. This literature review addresses the ambiguously defined concept of changeability, which spans domains, incorporates various 'ilities' and has in part impeded the formulation of effective comprehensive industry strategies. As a successful approach to cope with change, changeability involves the design of engineering systems that can continue to change, quickly (agile) and easily (flexible). This paper elucidates how changeability is defined, and the elements used to evaluate change in engineering systems. Subsequently, it reviews the methods and strategies employed to quantify, measure, and analyse changeability and change-related 'ilities'. An examination of various cases and applied research sets allowed the researchers to illustrate the roles, features and effects of changeability in the design of complex engineering systems throughout the entire lifecycle, thereby confirming and consolidating how changeability is both perceived and executed. based on these findings, future research related to the quantification of changeability levels, and the cost implications associated are proposed, with an emphasis on utilising and integrating systems models (model-based systems engineering) to standardise and simplify implementation across various engineering systems.

关键词： systems engineering changeability change management design management model-based systems engineering

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An Analysis of Theories Supporting Agile Scrum and the Use of Scrum in systems engineering

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engineering MANAGEMENT JOURNAL 2020年第2期32卷 76-85页

作者： Bott, Mitch Mesmer, Bryan Univ Alabama Huntsville Modeling & Simulat Huntsville AL 35899 USA Univ Alabama Huntsville Ind & Syst Engn & Engn Management Dept Huntsville AL 35899 USA

Agile methods have become popular in software development as they offer ways to adapt to constant change during development. Agile methods have begun to be employed on non-software systems. The methods used for development on any type of system should be derived from established theories to ensure the methods enable success in development. A better understanding of Agile methods and the theories behind them can aid engineering managers in the selection of an appropriate development process for engineered systems. In this article, theories supporting Agile and model-based systems engineering (MBSE) methodologies are reviewed and found to be a key enabler of Agile methods for systems engineering. A process for performing Agile systems engineering using a model-based approach for complex systems addressing steps identified in the INCOSE systems engineering handbook is presented.

关键词： Agile Decision Analysis model-based systems engineering Program and Project Management systems engineering

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A Roadmap to the Integration Between systems engineering and Circular Design to Develop Sustainable Industrial Product

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IEEE systems JOURNAL 2024年第3期18卷 1693-1704页

作者： Brusa, Eugenio Gastaldi, Chiara Delprete, Cristiana Giorio, Lorenzo Politecn Torino Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn I-10129 Turin Italy

The achievement of sustainable development goals requires implementing a design approach to the industrial product development aimed to reduce waste, and to increase value, in accordance to principles of the "circular economy." To mitigate the product obsolescence rate, the design activity aims at making the product multifunctional, its life longer and its maintainability more effective. Moreover, the product must be easily reparable, adaptable to operating conditions, friendly updatable, and reusable after decommissioning. Those targets affect the design methodology, and require some suitable tools. This article investigates how the "model-based systems engineering" is applied to the "circular design," to provide a sustainable product life, and to regenerate the system, while decommissioning. Particularly, the direct experience of machine designer of industrial product, being the result of material processing and manufacturing, is considered. Are matter of discussion the identification of some issues related to sustainability and decommissioning, the methodologic tools useful to integrate the two approaches, the impact on the metamodeling activity, and the interoperable tool chain exploited. An industrial test case, as the automated guided vehicle, is preliminarily discussed to describe the implementation of the above-mentioned concepts and to identify any potential critical issues.

关键词： Sustainable development Analytical models Manufacturing Solid modeling Recycling Biological system modeling Spirals Circular design circular economy (CE) decommission analysis dysfunctional analysis functional modeling life cycle assessment model-based systems engineering numerical modeling SysML language

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