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Gamifying model-based engineering: the PapyGame experience

SOFTWARE AND SYSTEMS modelING 2023年第4期22卷 1369-1389页

作者： Bucchiarone, Antonio Savary-Leblanc, Maxime Le Pallec, Xavier Cicchetti, Antonio Gerard, Sebastien Bassanelli, Simone Gini, Federica Marconi, Annapaola Fdn Bruno Kessler Trento Italy Univ Lille Lille France Malardalen Univ Vasteras Sweden Univ Paris Saclay CEA List F-91120 Palaiseau France Univ Trento Trento Italy

modeling is an essential and challenging activity in any engineering environment. It implies some hard-to-train skills such as abstraction and communication. Teachers, project leaders, and tool vendors have a hard time teaching or training their students, co-workers, or users. Gamification refers to the exploitation of gaming mechanisms for serious purposes, like promoting behavioral changes, soliciting participation and engagement in activities, etc. We investigate the introduction of gaming mechanisms in modeling tasks with the primary goal of supporting learning/training. The result has been the realization of a gamified modeling environment named PapyGame. In this article, we present the approach adopted for PapyGame implementation, the details on the gamification elements involved, and the derived conceptual architecture required for applying gamification in any modeling environment. Moreover, to demonstrate the benefits of using PapyGame for learning/training modeling, a set of user experience evaluations have been conducted. Correspondingly, we report the obtained results together with a set of future challenges we consider as critical to make gamified modeling a more effective education/training approach.

关键词： model-based engineering Education Gamification Papyrus

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model-based engineering for designing cyber-physical systems from product specifications

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COMPUTERS IN INDUSTRY 2023年 145卷

作者： Parant, Alexandre Gellot, Francois Zander, Damien Carre-Menetrier, Veronique Philippot, Alexandre CReST UFR Sci Exactes & Nat F-51867 Reims France

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are composed of independent and cooperative elements. Rapid adaptation to disturbances is an essential characteristic of CPS. One of the challenges in designing CPS is considering these specificities. model-based engineering is a method for reducing complexity in system design. This paper presents a methodology for designing CPS and its control system using System modeling Language (SysML) diagrams and IEC 61499 standard. The product's specifications are the starting point;the methodology focuses on what is produced before determining how to make it. The real-time control system is designed from high-level knowl-edge and tested software components on the plug and produce principle. Task-based structural analysis ensures the elements' synchronization to determine the system's general behavior.

关键词： Cyber-physical system model-based engineering System modeling language IEC 61499 Component-based design

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PhaDOP: A Pharo framework for implementing software product lines using Delta-Oriented Programming and model-based engineering

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JOURNAL OF COMPUTER LANGUAGES 2024年 80卷

作者： Niang, Boubou Thiam Kahn, Giacomo Ouzrout, Yacine Derras, Mustapha Laval, Jannik Berger Levrault 361 All Noisetiers F-69760 Limonest France Univ Lumiere Lyon 2 Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Univ Jean Monnet St Etienne DISP UR4570INSA Lyon F-69007 Lyon France

Delta-Oriented Programming is a modular, and flexible paradigm for implementing a Software Product Line. Delta-Oriented Programming involves implementing a core software product alongside a collection of Delta Modules, which encapsulate modifications that can be applied to the core software to obtain the desired product. The applicable Delta modules are activated through product configuration. The core product in Delta-Oriented Programming is mainly an object-oriented program. While Delta-Oriented Programming has the potential to enhance productivity by reusing modifications, its limited availability of tools poses a challenge in managing large-scale software systems, making it difficult for non -experts to use. model-based engineering offers a viable solution to this problem by utilizing model artifacts instead of code snippets, simplifying product line management based on Delta-Oriented Programming. This paper presents PhaDOP, a framework for implementing Delta-Oriented Programming at the model level in the Pharo environment. The framework provides the necessary structures to construct Software Product Line architecture, organize reusable artifacts, and prepare the Delta Module through a graphical user interface. PhaDOP was evaluated through a case study.

关键词： Code generation Delta-Oriented Programming model-based engineering Software Product Line

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Towards Causal model-based engineering in Automotive System Safety 8th

Towards Causal Model-Based Engineering in Automotive System ...

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8th International Symposium on model-based Safety and Assessment (IMBSA)

作者： Maier, Robert Grabinger, Lisa Urlhart, David Mottok, Jurgen Regensburg Univ Appl Sci D-93053 Regensburg Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9783031158421;9783031158414

engineering is based on the understanding of causes and effects. Thus, causality should also guide the safety assessment of complex systems such as autonomous driving cars. To ensure the safety of the intended functionality of these systems, normative regulations like ISO 21448 recommend scenario-based testing. An important task here is to identify critical scenarios, so-called edge and corner cases. Data-driven approaches to this task (e.g. based on machine learning) cannot adequately address a constantly changing operational design domain. model-based approaches offer a remedy - they allow including different sources of knowledge (e.g. data, human experts) into safety considerations. With this paper, we outline a novel approach for ensuring automotive system safety. We propose to use structural causal models as a probabilistic modelling language to combine knowledge about an open-context environment from different sources. based on these models, we investigate parameter configurations that are candidates for critical scenarios. In this paper, we first discuss some aspects of scenario-based testing. We then provide an informal introduction to causal models and relate their development lifecycle to the established V-model. Finally, we outline a generic workflow for using causal models to identify critical scenarios and highlight some challenges that arise in the process.

关键词： SOTIF Causality Probabilistic reasoning model-based engineering Scenario identification

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Toward Software-Defined Vehicles: From model-based engineering to Virtualization-based Deployment

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IEEE ACCESS 2024年 12卷 192127-192145页

作者： Pan, Fengjunjie Rickert, Markus Betz, Tobias Wen, Long Lin, Jianjie Petrovic, Nenad Lienkamp, Markus Knoll, Alois Tech Univ Munich Chair Robot Artificial Intelligence & Real Time Sy Sch Computat Informat & Technol D-85748 Garching Germany Univ Bamberg Fac Informat Syst & Appl Comp Sci Chair Multimodal Intelligent Interact D-96047 Bamberg Germany Tech Univ Munich Inst Automot Technol Sch Engn & Design D-85748 Garching Germany

The automotive industry is moving towards software-defined vehicles, where software shapes the car's features and user experience. Unlike traditional vehicles that rely on multiple separate computing units with tightly coupled software, the new centralized high-performance computers offer a more flexible, software-defined platform. Mapping software to hardware is the process of resource allocation. As the number of software components in software-defined vehicles increases, managing this process with the existing approach becomes increasingly challenging. In this paper, we propose utilizing an automated and model-based approach for analyzing/planning resource allocation during the design phase and implementing a virtualization-based environment using virtual machines and containers for deployment in software-defined vehicles. Our approach enables automated resource allocation, thereby ensuring flexible software deployment and updates in the vehicles. The proposed workflow begins with the formal definition of system information through models and constraint languages. based on this, an optimization problem is generated and solved automatically. Afterwards, deployment-related code is generated based on the optimization results from the optimization solver and is then transmitted and deployed to the vehicle. We demonstrate our method by setting up a simulated software-defined vehicle platform using an ARM-based automotive reference central computer with Autoware applications.

关键词： Software Automotive engineering Safety Resource management Containers Hardware Virtual machine monitors Industries Optimization Computer architecture Automotive E/E architecture model-based engineering resource allocation software-defined vehicles systems software engineering

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Guided architecture trade space exploration: fusing model-based engineering and design by shopping

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SOFTWARE AND SYSTEMS modelING 2021年第6期20卷 2023-2045页

作者： Procter, Sam Wrage, Lutz Carnegie Mellon Univ Software Engn Inst Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA

Advances in model-based system engineering have greatly increased the predictive power of models and the analyses that can be run on them. At the same time, designs have become more modular and component-based. It can be difficult to manually explore all possible system designs due to the sheer number of possible architectures and configurations;trade space exploration has arisen as a solution to this challenge. In this work, we present a new software tool: the Guided Architecture Trade Space Explorer (GATSE), which connects an existing model-based engineering language (AADL) and modeling environment (OSATE) to an existing trade space exploration tool (ATSV). GATSE, AADL, and OSATE are all designed to be easily extended by users, which enables relatively straightforward domain-customizations. ATSV, combined with these customizations, lets system designers "shop" for candidate architectures and interactively explore the architectural trade space according to any quantifiable quality attribute or system characteristic. We evaluate GATSE according to an established framework for variable system architectures, and demonstrate its use on an avionics subsystem.

关键词： Design space exploration Search-based system engineering model-based engineering Guided optimization Architecture analysis and design language (AADL) Open source AADL tool environment (OSATE) ARL trade space visualizer (ATSV)

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Gamifying model-based engineering: The PapyGame tool

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SCIENCE OF COMPUTER PROGRAMMING 2023年第1期230卷

作者： Bucchiarone, Antonio Savary-Leblanc, Maxime Le Pallec, Xavier Bruel, Jean-Michel Cicchetti, Antonio Cabot, Jordi Gerard, Sebastien Fdn Bruno Kessler Via Sommar 18 Trento Italy Univ Lille CNRS Cent Lille IRCICAUMR CRIStAL 9189 F-59000 Lille France Univ Toulouse IRIT Toulouse France Malardalen Univ IDT Vasteras Sweden Luxembourg Inst Sci & Technol Esch Sur Alzette Luxembourg Univ Paris Saclay CEA List F-91120 Palaiseau France

modeling is an essential and challenging activity in any engineering environment, and it requires some hard-to-train skills such as abstraction and communication. This makes it difficult for educators to teach or train their students, co-workers, or users. The audience of this paper is both educators and learners who struggle with modeling. To address this challenge, we present PapyGame, a gamified version of a robust modeling environment (Papyrus) that aims to improve the learner's motivation, make the learning process an enjoyable experience, and boost learning outcomes. Gamification is the exploitation of gaming mechanisms for serious purposes, such as promoting behavioral changes, soliciting participation and engagement in activities, and more. The paper presents PapyGame's functionalities, architectures, illustrative scenarios, and its potential impact on both educators and learners. & COPY;2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： model-based engineering Education Training Gamification Papyrus

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Mapping industry workforce needs to academic curricula - A workforce development effort in model-based systems engineering

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SYSTEMS engineering 2024年第4期27卷 685-698页

作者： Akundi, Aditya Ankobiah, Wilma Univ Wisconsin Coll Engn & Appl Sci Ind & Mfg Engn Dept Milwaukee WI 53211 USA Univ Texas Rio Grande Valley Mfg Engn Dept Edinburg TX USA

model-based systems engineering (MBSE) is rapidly gaining popularity among U.S. industries. Though industry practitioners and academic researchers have identified several advantages in transitioning to MBSE, several adoption challenges of MBSE in industries, such as insufficient tool knowledge, lack of skilled personnel, and resistance in organizations toward a shift to MBSE, are observed. Attesting to the challenges in industry adoption of MBSE, a previous research study by the authors characterized the adoption challenges as tools-based, knowledge-based, cultural, political, and cost-related, and customer understanding and acceptance of MBSE practices. This study is motivated to explore further and address the challenge of low MBSE tool knowledge and lack of skilled personnel with MBSE knowledge for industry adoption. This paper presents a two-phased research approach framed by an overarching question of the extent to which the MBSE academic curriculum is aligned with industry workforce requirements. In Phase 1 of the study, we survey industry professionals from Defense, Aerospace, Automotive, and other industry clusters to identify MBSE tools, languages, and concepts preferred by industry professionals in a candidate for hire. This is followed by Phase 2 of the survey targeted at academic institutions with Systems and MBSE programs to analyze the extent to which MBSE curricula reflect industry workforce hiring requirements. Further, we also identify the challenges reported in academic institutions in training the Workforce on MBSE. The contributions of this paper are two-fold: providing a pathway for academic institutions to align their curricula to MBSE industry workforce requirements and triggering discussion in the broader MBSE community to identify strategies for addressing MBSE adoption challenges and training future model-based systems engineers.

关键词： adoption challenges industry survey MBSE MBSE training model-based engineering workforce training

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Fall-Back Analysis using model-based engineering 67

Fall-Back Analysis using Model-Based Engineering

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67th Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS)

作者： Apostolou, Evan Stecki, Jacek Chan, Daniel Thorn, Andrew PHM Technol Melbourne Vic Australia

ISBN: (纸本)9781728180175

Mission Assurance is a discipline which aims to identify and mitigate technical risk that can impact mission success. Fall-Back Analysis (FBA), a technique proposed by PHM Technology, supports Mission Assurance objectives by identifying alternate pathways (Workarounds) for a function to be successfully executed by a system if a critical component experiences a Functional Failure. model-based simulation and analysis of Reliability, Safety and Diagnostics allows FBA to be performed concurrently during the design process - increasing the likelihood of mission success. The concepts behind FBA are not new (e.g. loss of oxygen tank on the Apollo 13 and the resultant 'workaround', and large-scale industry projects on offshore oil and gas rigs/platforms), but what is novel is formalizing this approach into a methodology that can be readily applied by leveraging outputs from model-based Mission Assurance. This paper uses the MADe modelling environment to identify potential component Functional Failure Modes and conduct Fall-Back Analysis to ensure mission functions can still be satisfied.

关键词： Fall-Back Analysis model-based engineering Mission Assurance MADe model-based RAMS

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Multilevel Runtime Security and Safety Monitoring for Cyber Physical Systems Using model-based engineering 15th

Multilevel Runtime Security and Safety Monitoring for Cyber ...

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39th International Conference on Computer Safety, Reliability and Security (SAFECOMP)

作者： Gautham, Smitha Jayakumar, Athira V. Elks, Carl Virginia Commonwealth Univ Richmond VA 23284 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9783030555825;9783030555832

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are heterogeneous in nature and are composed of numerous components and embedded subsystems that are interacting with each other and with the physical world. The interaction of hardware and software components at each level, expose them to attack surfaces, which need novel methods to secure against. To ensure safety and security of high integrity CPSs, we present a multilevel runtime monitor approach where there are monitors at each level of processing and integration. In the proposed multi-level monitoring framework, some monitoring properties are formally defined using Event Calculus. We then demonstrate the need for multilevel monitors for faster detection and isolation of attacks by performing data attack and fault injection on a Simulink CPS model.

关键词： Runtime monitors Event calculus model-based engineering Cyber-physical systems

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