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Overview of intelligent video coding: from model-based to learning-based approaches

Visual Intelligence 2023年第1期1卷 1-19页

作者： Ma, Siwei Gao, Junlong Wang, Ruofan Chang, Jianhui Mao, Qi Huang, Zhimeng Jia, Chuanmin National Engineering Research Center of Visual Technology School of Computer Science Peking University Beijing 100871 China State Key Laboratory of Media Convergence and Communication Communication University of China Beijing 100024 China Wangxuan Institue of Computer Technology Peking University Beijing 100871 China

Intelligent video coding (IVC), which dates back to the late 1980s with the concept of encoding videos with knowledge and semantics, includes visual content compact representation models and methods enabling structural, detailed descriptions of visual information at different granularity levels (i.e., block, mesh, region, and object) and in different areas. It aims to support and facilitate a wide range of applications, such as visual media coding, content broadcasting, and ubiquitous multimedia computing. We present a high-level overview of the IVC technology from model-based coding (MBC) to learning-based coding (LBC). MBC mainly adopts a manually designed coding scheme to explicitly decompose videos to be coded into blocks or semantic components. Thanks to emerging deep learning technologies such as neural networks and generative models, LBC has become a rising topic in the coding area. In this paper, we first review the classical MBC approaches, followed by the LBC approaches for image and video data. We also discuss and overview our recent attempts at neural coding approaches, which are inspiring for both academic research and industrial implementation. Some critical yet less studied issues are discussed at the end of this paper. © The Author(s) 2023.

关键词： Multimedia communication Video compression Artificial intelligence model-based coding Generative coding Learning-based coding

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Multiple-model coding scheme for electrical signal compression

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SIGNAL PROCESSING 2025年 236卷

作者： Presvots, Corentin Kieffer, Michel Prevost, Thibault Panciatici, Patrick Li, Zuxing Piantanida, Pablo Reseau Transport Elect Paris France Univ Paris Saclay CNRS Cent Supelec Lab Signaux & Syst L2S Paris France Univ Paris Saclay Cent Supelec Int Lab Learning Syst ILLS McGill ETS MILACNRS Paris France

This paper proposes a low-latency Multiple-model coding (MMC) approach to compress sampled electrical signal waveforms under encoding rate constraints. The approach is window-based. Several parametric waveform models are put in competition to obtain a first coarse representation of the signal in each considered window. Then, different residual compression techniques are compared to minimize the residual reconstruction error. The model parameters are quantized, and the allocation of the rate budget among the two steps is optimized. Simulation results show that the proposed MMC approach achieves a higher signal-to-noise ratio than state-of-the-art solutions on periodic and transients signal waveforms.

关键词： Compression Low latency model-based coding Rate-distortion optimization Raw electrical waveform compression Transform coding

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Three-Dimensional Point-Cloud Plus Patches: Towards model-based Image coding in the Cloud 1

Three-Dimensional Point-Cloud Plus Patches: Towards Model-Ba...

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IEEE First International Conference on Multimedia Big Data

作者： Liu, Dong Shao, Tong Li, Houqiang Wu, Feng Univ Sci & Technol China CAS Key Lab Technol Geospatial Informat Proc & Ap Hefei 230027 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781479986880

In the era of cloud computing, there are many correlated images in the cloud, joint compression of these images may provide much higher compression ratio than individual coding. model-based coding is an appealing approach to image coding in the cloud, as it removes knowledge redundancy among images that share the same model. In this paper, we make an attempt to model-based image coding for landmark images, where our model consists of three-dimensional (3D) point-cloud plus image patches to describe the geometry and surface color of the landmark respectively. The camera parameters of an input image are estimated based on the 3-D point-cloud and the patches in the model, and then prediction image is generated by selecting, warping, and stitching image patches as well as illuminance compensation, the residue between original and prediction images is compressed by P-frame coding in HEVC encoder. We perform experiments on an Internet photo collection to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Preliminary results display the superior performance of our scheme that achieves as high as 39.9% bits saving compared to HEVC intra on a single image. The proposed scheme indicates a promising approach to image coding in the cloud and is worthy of in-depth investigation.

关键词： 3-D model Cloud Storage Image coding model-based coding Point-Cloud

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Two-stage Multiple-model Compression Approach for Sampled Electrical Signals

Two-stage Multiple-Model Compression Approach for Sampled El...

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Data Compression Conference (DCC)

作者： Presvots, Corentin Kieffer, Michel Prevost, Thibault Panciatici, Patrick Li, Zuxing Piantanida, Pablo Reseau Transport Elect F-92073 La Defense France Lab Signaux & Syst F-91192 Gif Sur Yvette France CentraleSupelec Quebec AI Inst CNRS Int Lab Learning Syst Montreal PQ Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9798350385885;9798350385878

This paper presents a two-stage Multiple-model Compression (MMC) approach for sampled electrical waveforms. To limit latency, the processing is window-based, with a window length commensurate to the electrical period. For each window, the first stage compares several parametric models to get a coarse representation of the samples. The second stage then compares different residual compression techniques to minimize the norm of the reconstruction error. The allocation of the rate budget among the two stages is optimized. The proposed MMC approach provides better signal-to-noise ratios than state-of-the-art solutions on periodic and transient waveforms.

关键词： Compression low latency model-based coding rate-distortion optimization raw electrical waveform compression transform coding

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Global Object Representation of Scene Surveillance Video based on model and Feature Parameters 16th

Global Object Representation of Scene Surveillance Video Bas...

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16th Pacific-Rim Conference on Multimedia (PCM)

作者： Ma, Minsheng Hu, Ruimin Chen, Shihong Xiao, Jing Wang, Zhongyuan Qu, Shenming Wuhan Univ Comp Sch Natl Engn Res Ctr Multimedia Software Wuhan 430072 Peoples R China Collaborat Innovat Ctr Geospatial Technol Wuhan Peoples R China Henan Univ Sch Software Kaifeng Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9783319240756;9783319240749

Scene surveillance video is a kind of video which are captured by stationary camera for a long time in specific surveillance scene. Due to regular movement of vehicles with similarity structures, models and appearances, surveillance video produce amounts of redundancy and needs to be efficiently coded for transmission and storage. In this study, we investigated the video redundancy generation mechanism of scene surveillance, exploit and presents a new redundancy type-Global Object Redundancy (GOR), it is proven that the vehicles occupy the mostly proportion which caused by amounts of vehicles movement. Secondly, aiming at global vehicle objects representation and GOR elimination, a global object representation scheme of scene surveillance video based on model and feature parameters is introduced, by establish a global knowledge dictionary and feature parameter sets, low bitrate with high quality compression can be achieved due to only few vehicle objects individual semantic and feature parametric be transfer and coded. Finally, we carried out preliminary experiments in simulation environment and shows that the object representation scheme can effectively improve the compression of long-term archive surveillance video which with a certain of image quality assurance.

关键词： Scene surveillance video Global objects redundancy Global objects representation Global texture dictionary model-based coding

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model-based Face Image coding Using Face Prototyping and H.264

Model-based Face Image Coding Using Face Prototyping and H.2...

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53rd International ELMAR Symposium (ELMAR)

作者： Polec, Jaroslav Ondrusova, Sandra Krulikovska, Lenka Slovak Univ Technol Bratislava Dept Telecommun Bratislava Slovakia

ISBN: (纸本)9789537044121

Static and dynamic image coding is necessary for transfer via communication network. Digital image representation requires large numbers of bits. In this paper low bit-rate human face image coding using triangulation is presented. Human faces modeling algorithm uses an available database of average faces for face synthesis. An average face is created by image registration on 2D model of human face. Mentioned method is called a model-based coding. Strong correlation between original face and synthesis face allows minimizing of bit-rate. We have implemented the proposed approach into the images coding in collaboration with standard H.264.

关键词： Triangulation H.264 model-based coding Average face

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model-based coding of 3D head sequences

Model-based coding of 3D head sequences

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1st International Conference on 3DTV

作者： Granai, L. Vlachos, T. Hamouz, M. Tena, J. R. Davies, T. Univ Surrey Ctr Vis Speech & Signal Proc Surrey England BBC Res Surrey KT20 6NP England

ISBN: (纸本)9781424407217

This paper describes a novel technique for model-based coding of 3D head and head-and-shoulders sequences. First, 3D frames are analyzed and registered using a 3D face model, fixed and known also at the decoder side. Then, shape and texture information are compressed in a lossy fashion in order to reduce spatial and temporal redundancy. Results show that efficient compression can be achieved for this type of data.

关键词： 3D video compression model-based coding

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RECONSTRUCTING VECTORISED PHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGES

RECONSTRUCTING VECTORISED PHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGES

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6th European Conference for Visual Media Production

作者： Patterson, J. W. Taylor, C. D. Willis, P. J. Univ Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ Lanark Scotland Heriot Watt Univ Edinburgh EH14 4AS Midlothian Scotland Univ Bath Bath BA2 7AY Avon England

ISBN: (纸本)9780769538938

We address the problem of representing captured images in the continuous mathematical space more usually associated with certain forms of drawn ('vector') images. Such an image is resolution-independent so can be used as a master for varying resolution-specific formats. We briefly describe the main features of a vectorising codec for photographic images, whose significance is that drawing programs can access images and image components as first-class vector objects. This paper focuses on the problem of rendering from the isochromic contour form of a vectorised image and demonstrates a new fill algorithm which could also be used in drawing generally. The fill method is described in terms of level set diffusion equations for clarity. Finally we show that image warping is both simplified and enhanced in this form and that we can demonstrate real histogram equalisation with genuinely rectangular histograms.

关键词： model-based coding Rendering Level Sets

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Facial feature analysis in dynamic bandwidth environments: a genetic approach

Facial feature analysis in dynamic bandwidth environments: a...

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IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation

作者： Larson, Eric C. Yen, Gary G. Oklahoma State Univ Sch Elect & Comp Engn Stillwater OK 74078 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781424418220

Facial feature tracking for model-based coding has evolved over the past decades. Of particular interest is its application in very low bit rate coding in which optimization is used to analyze head and shoulder sequences. We present the results of a computational experiment in which we apply a combination of non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) and a deterministic search to find optimal facial animation parameters at many bandwidths, simultaneously. As objective functions are concerned, peak signal-to-noise ratio is chosen to be maximized while the total number of facial animation parameters is chosen to be minimized. Particularly, the algorithm is tested for efficiency and reliability. The results show that the overall methodology works effectively, but that a better error assessment function is needed.

关键词： Facial feature tracking model-based coding NSGA-II genetic algorithm cyclic optimization

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Face tracking for model-based coding and face animation

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMAGING SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY 2003年第1期13卷 8-22页

作者： Ahlberg, J Forchheimer, R Linkoping Univ Dept Elect Engn Image Coding Grp SE-58183 Linkoping Sweden

We present a face and facial feature tracking system able to extract animation parameters describing the motion and articulation of a human face in real-time on consumer hardware. The system is based on a statistical model of face appearance and a search algorithm for adapting the model to an image. Speed and robustness is discussed, and the system evaluated in terms of accuracy. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

关键词： face tracking model-based coding MPEG-4 facial action coding system active appearance models

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