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model-driven engineering for digital twins: a systematic mapping study

SOFTWARE AND SYSTEMS modelING 2025年 1-39页

作者： Lehner, Daniel Zhang, Jingxi Pfeiffer, Jerome Sint, Sabine Splettstoesser, Ann-Kathrin Wimmer, Manuel Wortmann, Andreas Johannes Kepler Univ Linz Inst Business Informat Software Engn CDL MINT Sci Pk 3 A-4040 Linz Austria Univ Stuttgart Inst Machine Tools & Mfg Units ISW Seidenstr 36 D-70174 Stuttgart Germany

Digital twins (DTs) are proliferating in a multitude of domains, including agriculture, automotive, avionics, logistics, manufacturing, medicine, smart homes, etc. As domain experts and software experts both have to contribute to the engineering of effective DTs, several model-driven engineering (MDE) approaches have been recently proposed to ease the design, development, and operation of DTs. However, the diversity of domains in which MDE is currently applied to DTs, as well as the diverse landscape of DTs and MDE applications to DTs, makes it challenging for researchers and practitioners to get an overview of what techniques and artifacts are already applied in this context. In this paper, we shed light on the aforementioned aspects by performing a systematic mapping study on the application of MDE automation techniques, i.e., model-to-model transformation, code generation, and model interpretation, in the context of DTs as well as on the characteristics of DTs including the twinned systems to which these techniques are applied in different domains. We systematically retrieved a set of 189 unique publications, of which 66 were selected for further investigation in this paper. Our results indicate that the distribution of employed MDE techniques (136 applications of automation techniques) is balanced between the different techniques, but there are significant variations for different DT types. With respect to the different domains, we found that even though applications are available in many domains, a small number of domains currently dominate applications of MDE to DTs, i.e., more than half of included papers are in the manufacturing and transportation domains.

关键词： model-driven engineering Digital twin Digital twin engineering Digital twin modeling languages Literature review

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On the use of large language models in model-driven engineering

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SOFTWARE AND SYSTEMS modelING 2025年 1-26页

作者： Di Rocco, Juri Di Ruscio, Davide Di Sipio, Claudio Nguyen, Phuong T. Rubei, Riccardo Univ Aquila Laquila Italy

model-driven engineering (MDE) has seen significant advancements with the integration of machine learning (ML) and deep learning techniques. Building upon the groundwork of previous investigations, our study provides a concise overview of current large language models (LLMs) applications in MDE, emphasizing their role in automating tasks like model repository classification and developing advanced recommender systems. The paper also outlines the technical considerations for seamlessly integrating LLMs in MDE, offering a practical guide for researchers and practitioners. Looking forward, the paper proposes a focused research agenda for the future interplay of LLMs and MDE, identifying key challenges and opportunities. This concise roadmap envisions the deployment of LLM techniques to enhance the management, exploration, and evolution of modeling ecosystems. Moreover, we also discuss the adoption of LLMs in various domains by means of model-driven techniques and tools, i.e., MDE for supporting LLMs. By offering a compact exploration of LLMs in MDE, this paper contributes to the ongoing evolution of MDE practices, providing a forward-looking perspective on the transformative role of large language models in software engineering and model-driven practices.

关键词： LLMs Generative AI model-driven engineering

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model-driven engineering for Digital Twins: Opportunities and Challenges

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SYSTEMS engineering 2025年第0期

作者： Michael, Judith Cleophas, Loek Zschaler, Steffen Clark, Tony Combemale, Benoit Godfrey, Thomas Khelladi, Djamel Eddine Kulkarni, Vinay Lehner, Daniel Rumpe, Bernhard Wimmer, Manuel Wortmann, Andreas Ali, Shaukat Barn, Balbir Barosan, Ion Bencomo, Nelly Bordeleau, Francis Grossmann, Georg Karsai, Gabor Kopp, Oliver Mitschang, Bernhard Ariza, Paula Munoz Pierantonio, Alfonso Polack, Fiona A. C. Riebisch, Matthias Schlingloff, Holger Stumptner, Markus Vallecillo, Antonio van den Brand, Mark Vangheluwe, Hans Rhein Westfal TH Aachen Aachen Germany TU Eindhoven Eindhoven Netherlands Stellenbosch Univ Stellenbosch South Africa Kings Coll London London England Aston Univ Birmingham England Univ Rennes Rennes France Univ Rennes CNRS Rennes France TATA Consulting Pune India JKU Linz Linz Austria Univ Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany Simula Res Lab Oslo Norway Middlesex Univ London England Univ Durham Durham England ETS Montreal PQ Canada Univ South Australia Adelaide Australia Vanderbilt Univ Nashville TN USA Univ Malaga Malaga Spain Univ Aquila Laquila Italy Univ Hull Kingston Upon Hull England Univ Hamburg Hamburg Germany HU Berlin Fraunhofer FOKUS Berlin Germany Univ Antwerp Antwerp Belgium Flanders Make Lommel Leuven Kortrijk Belgium

Digital twins are increasingly used across a wide range of industries. modeling is a key to digital twin development-both when considering the models which a digital twin maintains of its real-world complement ("models in digital twin") and when considering models of the digital twin as a complex (software) system itself. Thus, systematic development and maintenance of these models is a key factor in effective and efficient digital twin development, maintenance, and use. We argue that model-driven engineering (MDE), a field with almost three decades of research, will be essential for improving the efficiency and reliability of future digital twin development. To do so, we present an overview of the digital twin life cycle, identifying the different types of models that should be used and re-used at different life cycle stages (including systems engineering models of the actual system, domain-specific simulation models, models of data processing pipelines, etc.). We highlight some approaches in MDE that can help create and manage these models and present a roadmap for research towards MDE of digital twins.

关键词： cyber-physical systems digital twin model-driven engineering systems engineering

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Impromptu: a framework for model-driven prompt engineering

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SOFTWARE AND SYSTEMS modelING 2025年 1-19页

作者： Morales, Sergio Clariso, Robert Cabot, Jordi Univ Oberta Catalunya Barcelona Spain Luxembourg Inst Sci & Technol Esch Sur Alzette Luxembourg Univ Luxembourg Esch Sur Alzette Luxembourg

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) systems are capable of synthesizing complex artifacts such as text, source code or images according to the instructions provided in a natural language prompt. The quality of the input prompt, in terms of both content and structure, has a large impact on the quality of the output. This has given rise to prompt engineering, the process of designing natural language prompts to best take advantage of the capabilities of generative AI systems. This paper describes Impromptu, a model-driven engineering framework to support the creation, management and reuse of prompts for generative AI. Impromptu offers a domain-specific language (DSL) to define multimodal prompts in a modular and tool-independent way. The language offers additional features such as versioning, prompt chaining and multi-language support. Moreover, it provides tool support to adapt prompts for specific generative AI systems, execute those prompts on a generative AI system and validate the quality of the response that is generated. Impromptu is available as a Langium-based Visual Studio Code plugin.

关键词： Prompt engineering model-driven engineering Domain-specific language Generative AI Large language models

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model-driven engineering of multi-agent systems based on ontologies

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APPLIED ONTOLOGY 2017年第2期12卷 157-188页

作者： Freitas, Artur Bordini, Rafael H. Vieira, Renata Pontifical Catholic Univ Rio Grande do Sul PUCRS Porto Alegre RS Brazil

model-driven engineering provides abstractions and notations to improve the understanding and to support modeling, coding, and verification of applications for specific domains. Ontologies, on the other hand, provide formal and explicit definitions of shared conceptualizations and enable the use of semantic reasoning. Although these areas have been developed by different communities, significant synergy can be achieved when both are combined. These advantages can be explored in the development of multi-agent systems, given their complexity and the need for integrating several components that are often addressed from different angles. This work investigates how to apply ontologies for agent-oriented software engineering. Initially, we present a new modeling approach where multi-agent systems are designed by instantiating our proposed ontology. An additional contribution is a tool that uses instantiated ontological designs to generate programming code for such systems. Several advantages can be obtained from the application of our ontology-based approach, in terms of specification, development, and verification of agent-oriented software, as indicated by the experiments we have carried out.

关键词： model-driven engineering ontology multi-agent system agent-oriented software engineering

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model-driven engineering for mobile robotic systems: a systematic mapping study

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SOFTWARE AND SYSTEMS modelING 2022年第1期21卷 19-49页

作者： Casalaro, Giuseppina Lucia Cattivera, Giulio Ciccozzi, Federico Malavolta, Ivano Wortmann, Andreas Pelliccione, Patrizio Univ Aquila Dept Informat Engn Comp Sci & Math Laquila Italy Malardalen Univ Sch Innovat Design & Engn Vasteras Sweden Vrije Univ Amsterdam Dept Comp Sci Amsterdam Netherlands Rhein Westfal TH Aachen Chair Software Engn Aachen Germany Chalmers Univ Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden Univ Aquila Laquila Italy

Mobile robots operate in various environments (e.g. aquatic, aerial, or terrestrial), they come in many diverse shapes and they are increasingly becoming parts of our lives. The successful engineering of mobile robotics systems demands the interdisciplinary collaboration of experts from different domains, such as mechanical and electrical engineering, artificial intelligence, and systems engineering. Research and industry have tried to tackle this heterogeneity by proposing a multitude of model-driven solutions to engineer the software of mobile robotics systems. However, there is no systematic study of the state of the art in model-driven engineering (MDE) for mobile robotics systems that could guide research or practitioners in finding model-driven solutions and tools to efficiently engineer mobile robotics systems. The paper is contributing to this direction by providing a map of software engineering research in MDE that investigates (1) which types of robots are supported by existing MDE approaches, (2) the types and characteristics of MRSs that are engineered using MDE approaches, (3) a description of how MDE approaches support the engineering of MRSs, (4) how existing MDE approaches are validated, and (5) how tools support existing MDE approaches. We also provide a replication package to assess, extend, and/or replicate the study. The results of this work and the highlighted challenges can guide researchers and practitioners from robotics and software engineering through the research landscape.

关键词： model-driven engineering Mobile robot systems Systematic mapping study

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model-driven engineering with domain-specific meta-modelling languages

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SOFTWARE AND SYSTEMS modelING 2015年第1期14卷 429-459页

作者： de lara, Juan Guerra, Esther Sanchez Cuadrado, Jesus Univ Autonoma Madrid Dept Comp Sci E-28049 Madrid Spain

Domain-specific modelling languages are normally defined through general-purpose meta-modelling languages like the MOF. While this is satisfactory for many model-driven engineering (MDE) projects, several researchers have identified the need for domain-specific meta-modelling (DSMM) languages. These provide customised domain-specific meta-modelling primitives aimed at the definition of modelling languages for a specific domain, as well as the construction of meta-model families. Unfortunately, current approaches to DSMM rely on ad hoc methods which add unnecessary complexity to the realization of DSMM in practice. Hence, the goal of this paper is to simplify the definition and usage of DSMM languages. For this purpose, we apply multi-level meta-modelling for the systematic engineering of DSMM architectures. Our method integrates techniques to control the meta-modelling primitives offered to the users of the DSMM languages, provides a flexible approach to define textual concrete syntaxes for DSMM languages, and extends existing model management languages (for model-to-model transformation, in-place transformation and code generation) to work in a multi-level setting, thus enabling the practical use of DSMM in MDE. As a proof of concept, we report on a working implementation of these ideas in the MetaDepth tool.

关键词： model-driven engineering Multi-level meta-modelling Domain-specific meta-modelling Textual concrete syntax METADEPTH

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model-driven engineering: A survey supported by the unified conceptual model

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COMPUTER LANGUAGES SYSTEMS & STRUCTURES 2015年 43卷 139-155页

作者： da Silva, Alberto Rodrigues Univ Lisbon INESC ID P-1699 Lisbon Portugal Univ Lisbon Inst Super Tecn P-1699 Lisbon Portugal

During the last decade a new trend of approaches has emerged, which considers models not just documentation artefacts, but also central artefacts in the software engineering field, allowing the creation or automatic execution of software systems starting from those models. These proposals have been classified generically as model-driven engineering (MDE) and share common concepts and terms that need to be abstracted, discussed and understood. This paper presents a survey on MDE based on a unified conceptual model that clearly identifies and relates these essential concepts, namely the concepts of system, model, metamodel, modeling language, transformations, software platform, and software product. In addition, this paper discusses the terminologies relating MDE, MDD, MDA and others. This survey is based on earlier work, however, contrary to those, it intends to give a simple, broader and integrated view of the essential concepts and respective terminology commonly involved in the MDE, answering to key questions such as: What is a model? What is the relation between a model and a metamodel? What are the key facets of a modeling language? How can I use models in the context of a software development process? What are the relations between models and source code artefacts and software platforms? and What are the relations between MDE, MDD, MDA and other MD approaches? (C) 2015 The Author. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

关键词： model Metamodel modeling language Software system model-driven engineering model-driven approaches

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model-driven engineering applied to crop modeling

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ECOLOGICAL INFORMATICS 2015年第Part2期26卷 173-181页

作者： Barbier, Guillaume Cucchi, Veronique Hill, David R. C. ITK F-34000 Montpellier France Univ Blaise Pascal CNRS UMR 6158 ISIMALIMOS F-63177 Aubiere France

At the crossroads of two disciplines, Computer Science and Agronomy, wepropose the use of model-driven engineering which has the potential to be the future of software engineering. This work was initiated to tackle issues met by the ITK Company in developing and designing new crop models for decision support systems. We aim in the long-run at a full-fledge crop modeling and simulation environment. The metamodel and graphical concrete syntax designed are overcoming the lack of formal tool for conceptual modeling. The presented prototype permits to improve ITK production process through the use of code generation techniques and the feedback of its industrial use is given. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Crop model design model-driven engineering Domain Specific Language Visual modeling Code generation

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model-driven engineering city spaces via bidirectional model transformations

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SOFTWARE AND SYSTEMS modelING 2021年第6期20卷 2003-2022页

作者： Visconti, Ennio Tsigkanos, Christos Hu, Zhenjiang Ghezzi, Carlo Tech Univ Wien Vienna Austria Peking Univ Beijing Peoples R China Politecn Milan Milan Italy

engineering cyber-physical systems inhabiting contemporary urban spatial environments demands software engineering facilities to support design and operation. Tools and approaches in civil engineering and architectural informatics produce artifacts that are geometrical or geographical representations describing physical spaces. The models we consider conform to the CityGML standard;although relying on international standards and accessible in machine-readable formats, such physical space descriptions often lack semantic information that can be used to support analyses. In our context, analysis as commonly understood in software engineering refers to reasoning on properties of an abstracted model-in this case a city design. We support model-based development, firstly by providing a way to derive analyzable models from CityGML descriptions, and secondly, we ensure that changes performed are propagated correctly. Essentially, a digital twin of a city is kept synchronized, in both directions, with the information from the actual city. Specifically, our formal programming technique and accompanying technical framework assure that relevant information added, or changes applied to the domain (resp. analyzable) model are reflected back in the analyzable (resp. domain) model automatically and coherently. The technique developed is rooted in the theory of bidirectional transformations, which guarantees that synchronization between models is consistent and well behaved. Produced models can bootstrap graph-theoretic, spatial or dynamic analyses. We demonstrate that bidirectional transformations can be achieved in practice on real city models.

关键词： Bidirectional model transformations model-driven engineering CityGML Digital twins

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