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module placement for fault-tolerant microfluidics-based biochips

ACM TRANSACTIONS ON DESIGN AUTOMATION OF ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS 2006年第3期11卷 682-710页

作者： Su, Fei Chakrabarty, Krishnendu Duke Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Durham NC 27708 USA

Microfluidics-based biochips are soon expected to revolutionize clinical diagnosis, DNA sequencing, and other laboratory procedures involving molecular biology. Most microfluidic biochips today are based on the principle of continuous fluid flow and they rely on permanently etched microchannels, micropumps, and microvalves. We focus here on the automated design of "digital" droplet-based microfluidic biochips. In contrast to conventional continuous-flow systems, digital microfluidics offers dynamic reconfigurability;groups of cells in a microfluidics array can be reconfigured to change their functionality during the concurrent execution of a set of bioassays. We present a simulated annealing-based technique for module placement in such biochips. The placement procedure not only addresses chip area, but also considers fault tolerance, which allows a microfluidic module to be relocated elsewhere in the system when a single cell is detected to be faulty. Simulation results are presented for case studies involving the polymerase chain reaction and multiplexed in vitro clinical diagnostics.

关键词： algorithms design performance reliability physical design automation module placement microfluidics biochips

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module placement under Completion-Time Uncertainty in Micro-Electrode-Dot-Array Digital Microfluidic Biochips

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MULTI-SCALE COMPUTING SYSTEMS 2018年第4期4卷 811-821页

作者： Chung, Wen-Chun Cheng, Pei-Yi Li, Zipeng Ho, Tsung-Yi Natl Tsing Hua Univ Dept Comp Sci Hsinchu 300 Taiwan Duke Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Durham NC 27708 USA

Digital microfluidic biochips (DMFBs) are an emerging technology that are replacing traditional laboratory procedures. With the integrated functions which are necessary for biochemical experiments, DMFBs are able to achieve automatic experiments. Recently, DMFBs based on a new architecture called micro-electrode-dot-array (MEDA) have been demonstrated. Compared with conventional DMFBs which sensors are specifically located, each microelectrode is integrated with a sensor on MEDA-based biochips. Benefiting from the advantage of MEDA-based biochips, real-time reaction-outcome detection is attainable. However, to the best of our knowledge, synthesis algorithms proposed in the literature for MEDA-based biochips do not fully utilize the real-time detection since completion-time uncertainties have not yet been considered. During the execution of a biochemical experiment, operations may finish earlier or delay due to variability and randomness in biochemical reactions. Such uncertainties also have effects when allocating modules for each fluidic operation and placing them on a biochip since a biochip with a fixed size area restricts the number and the size of these modules. Thus, in this paper, we proposed the first operation-variation-aware placement algorithm that fully utilizes the real-time detection since completion-time uncertainties have been considered. Simulation results demonstrate that with the proposed approach, it leads to reduced time-to-result and minimizes the chip size while not exceeding completion time compared to the benchmarks.

关键词： Digital microfluidics module placement micro-electrode-dot-array (MEDA) uncertainty

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An energy-aware module placement strategy in fog-based healthcare monitoring systems

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CLUSTER COMPUTING-THE JOURNAL OF NETWORKS SOFTWARE TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2024年第6期27卷 7351-7372页

作者： Hossam, Hadeer S. Abdel-Galil, Hala Belal, Mohamed Helwan Univ Fac Comp & Artificial Intelligence Comp Sci Dept Cairo Egypt

Fog computing and the Internet of Things (IoT) have revolutionized healthcare monitoring systems, enabling real-time health data collection and transmission while overcoming cloud computing limitations. However, efficiently selecting fog nodes for application modules with varying deadline requirements and ensuring adherence to quality of service (QoS) criteria pose significant challenges due to resource constraints and device limitations. In this paper, we present a novel two-layered hierarchical design for fog devices, leveraging cluster aggregation to optimize the selection of fog nodes for healthcare applications. We introduce three efficient algorithms to minimize system latency and reduce energy consumption in fog computing environments. Our proposed model is rigorously evaluated using the iFogSim toolkit and compared with cloud-based and latency-aware model [Mahmud R, Ramamohanarao K, Buyya R in ACM Transactions on Internet Technology.19, 2018, 10.1145/3186592]. In four distinct network topologies, our model exhibits an average latency reduction of at least 87% and energy consumption reduction of at least 76% when compared to the Cloud-based model. Similarly, when compared to the Latency-aware model proposed in [Mahmud R, Ramamohanarao K, Buyya R in ACM Transactions on Internet Technology. 19, 2018, 10.1145/3186592], our model showcases a minimum reduction of 43% in average latency and 27% in energy consumption. Our contribution lies in addressing the complexity of selecting fog nodes for application modules with diverse deadline requirements, while ensuring QoS. This work advances the field of real-time healthcare monitoring systems, promising substantial improvements in efficiency and effectiveness.

关键词： Cloud computing Internet of Things (IoT) Fog computing module placement Energy consumption Healthcare monitoring systems Low latency QoS

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A novel analog module placement procedure based on hierarchical genetic algorithm

A novel analog module placement procedure based on hierarchi...

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9th IASTED International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing

作者： Yoshikawa, M Fujino, T Terai, H Ritsumeikan Univ Dept VLSI Syst Design Shiga 5258577 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)0889865361

In analog design, components must be modeled in a detailed fashion since their electrical behaviour affects deeply the final result. Whereas the physical design of digital circuits is automated to a large extent, the layout of analog circuits is still a manual, time-consuming and error-prone task. In this paper, we proposed a novel analog placement procedure based on Genetic Algorithm. For selection control, new objective functions are introduced for analog-specific capabilities. The proposed algorithm has three level hierarchical structures. Simulation results evaluating the proposed algorithm are shown good performance.

关键词： analog constraint genetic algorithm slicing structure module placement

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Thermal driven module placement using sequence-pair

Thermal driven module placement using sequence-pair

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IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems

作者： Okada, Norihide Kodama, Chikaaki Sato, Takashi Fujiyoshi, Kunihiro Tokyo Univ Agr & Technol Dept Elect & Elect Engn Tokyo Japan Tokyo Inst Technol Dept Elect & Appl Phys Tokyo Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781424403868

The increase of power consumption in recent VLSI chip has led to uneven thermal distribution and high temprature on the chip. This brings inappropriate distribution of wire delay and may adversely effect the behavior of the chip by the increase of clock skew. The rise of local temperature causes the electro migration which brings wire disconnections. Therefore, some module placement methods considering the thermal distribution were proposed so far. However, these conventional methods require much time for obtaining the placement. In this paper, we propose a method to quickly obtain a module placement with good thermal distribution. We confirmed that the proposed method with Simulated Annealing can obtain good placements in shorter time.

关键词： thermal driven module placement sequence-pair

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LAMP: A Hybrid Fog-Cloud Latency-Aware module placement Algorithm for IoT Applications 5

LAMP: A Hybrid Fog-Cloud Latency-Aware Module Placement Algo...

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IEEE 5th Conference on Knowledge Based Engineering and Innovation (KBEI)

作者： Rezazadeh, Zahra Rezaei, Mahboobe Nickray, Mohsen Univ Qom Dept Comp Engn & Informat Technol Qom Iran

ISBN: (纸本)9781728108728

The delay in the transmission of data to the cloud and their return impacts on applications performance. Hence, Fog computing with transferring the cloud services to the edge of the network causes to decrease the delay in services of applications such as healthcare, online games, and other IoT applications. Moreover, Fog computing reduces the cost and energy consumption of cloud data centers. One of the most important issues in fog computing is the placement of modules of IoT application on fog devices at the edge of the network to have a minimum of latency and the highest performance. In this paper, we propose a latency-aware module placement algorithm in Fog-Cloud environment, called LAMP, which is an exploratory algorithm for the optimal application modules placement into devices. LAMP provides less delay for IoT applications with reducing the distance between the host device modules. Consequently, improves the functionality of IoT applications. We use iFogsim simulator and evaluate the proposed algorithm compared to four strategies of placing in the fog-cloud environment. According to our results of the simulation, the efficiency of the proposed algorithm is guaranteed.

关键词： Fog computing Cloud computing Internet of Things (IoT) resource management Healthcare module placement

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Optimized module placement in IoT Applications Based on Fog Computing 26

Optimized Module Placement in IoT Applications Based on Fog ...

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26th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE)

作者： Rezazadeh, Zahra Rahbari, Dadmehr Nickray, Mohsen Univ Qom Dept Comp Engn & Informat Technol Qom *** Iran

ISBN: (纸本)9781538649169

Internet of Things (IoT) devices are growing rapidly, which itself produces a lot of data and someone must receive online responses. A typical program of the loT consists of a set of modules that work together and interconnect. These modules typically run on cloud data centers. Fog computing designed to run these modules near the devices to minimize the response time and also to prevent large and in some cases unnecessary data transfers to the cloud. One of the significant challenges in resource management techniques is determined which modules should be placed on the fog device of the analytics applications to minimize latency and maximize efficiency. This research has focused on module placement, using simulated annealing algorithm, to find the appropriate device for the modules in a fog computing. The results show %75 cost reduction, %50 reduction of delay, and up to '3/4,10 energy conception improvement.

关键词： fog computing resource management simulated annealing uhealth care module placement

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GVMP: A Novel Internet of Things Application module placement Strategy for Heterogeneous Infrastructure using iFogSim 15

GVMP: A Novel Internet of Things Application Module Placemen...

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15th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies, ICCCNT 2024

作者： Panda, Sanjaya Kumar Tyagi, Divyanshu Rout, Rashmi Ranjan Nit Warangal Department of Cse Telangana Warangal506004 India

ISBN: (纸本)9798350370249

The growing usage of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in smart city applications has resulted in a surge in data volume. However, a centralized cloud server for IoT applications is practically infeasible because of high latency and network congestion. Fog computing offers a solution by processing data near the network edge through distributed network devices. Nonetheless, selecting a fog device capable of placing, hosting and processing an application module is quite challenging and a nondeterministic polynomial (NP)-hard problem. Therefore, an efficient application module placement strategy is needed to minimize latency and network usage in an IoT-fog-cloudbased environment. This paper proposes the gateway validation module placement (GVMP) strategy for effectively deploying application modules in IoT-fog-cloud-based environments. The proposed strategy places modules on heterogeneous fog devices in the environments. The performance of the GVMP strategy is evaluated using the iFogSim tool and compared with the edgeward module placement (EWMP) strategy. The simulation results show that the GVMP strategy significantly reduces average application latency and network usage compared to the EWMP strategy. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Average Application Latency Cloud Computing Edge Computing Fog Computing Internet of Things module placement Network usage

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A learning automata based approach for module placement in fog computing environment

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EXPERT SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATIONS 2024年第PartB期237卷

作者： Abofathi, Yousef Anari, Babak Masdari, Mohammad Islamic Azad Univ Dept Comp Engn Urmia Branch Orumiyeh Iran Islamic Azad Univ Dept Comp Engn Shabestar Branch Shabestar Iran

Today, fog computing is an emerging technology to support resource-constrained Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The scalability, geographic distribution, and heterogeneity of edge computing nodes, as well as the diversity of users' expectations, have made optimal module placement, considering the maximum use of fog resources, a challenging optimization problem. This paper proposes a method based on distributed learning automata to reduce the search space by using the maximum capacity of fogs in a heterogeneous fog network. In this method, fog topology is mapped to a distributed learning automata. With the cooperation of the automaton in this DLA, the problem of module placement has been solved to reduce energy consumption and delay of applications. To evaluate the amount of energy consumption and the execution time of IoT applications, two single-objective cost functions for energy and delay and another single-objective function with simultaneous consideration of energy and delay have been used. The results indicate that the average efficiency of the proposed method is 15.99%, 18.21%, and 15.53%, respectively, compared to other methods.

关键词： Fog Computing IoT Applications module placement Learning Automata Distributed Learning Automata

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A module placement Method for Digital Microfluidic Biochips Based on Security Design 23

A Module Placement Method for Digital Microfluidic Biochips ...

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Proceedings of the 2023 13th International Conference on Communication and Network Security

作者： Zhongliao Yang Yinan Yao Xiaodong Guo Peixin Huang Jiayin Li Yuzhong Chen Xintian Liang College of Computer and Data Science Fuzhou University China College of Computer and Cyber Security Fujian Normal University China

ISBN: (纸本)9798400707964

Digital Microfluidic Biochips (DMFBs) represent a miniaturized, integrated, high-precision, and cost-effective platform with widespread applications in fields such as mobile healthcare. Nevertheless, DMFBs face increasingly intricate advanced synthesis challenges. Furthermore, the inclusion of unreliable third-party elements in the chip manufacturing process and the implantation of hardware trojans can lead to erroneous measurement results, potentially resulting in incorrect diagnostic approaches. This paper introduces a novel genetic algorithm encoding approach to address this issue, allowing simultaneous consideration of operation prioritization, module selection, and module placement. Additionally, it defines three different hierarchical queues and employs distinct module selection strategies for each queue, enhancing operational scheduling efficiency and achieving higher spatial utilization in module placement. This approach outperforms traditional module placement algorithms, resulting in a 8.7%-34% improvement in execution time. Simultaneously, to tackle the issue of incorrect results caused by the insertion of malicious hardware trojans, the method employs electrode tagging to lower the cost of DMFB utilization while ensuring security. Experimental results validate the effectiveness and security of this approach, providing an essential foundation for trustworthy advanced synthesis design in DMFBs.

关键词： Digital Microfluidic Biochips genetic algorithm module placement security

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