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SMFA: Strengthening multi-factor authentication With Steganography for Enhanced Security

IEEE ACCESS 2025年 13卷 43593-43606页

作者： Sarower, Afjal H. Bhuiyan, Touhid Hassan, Maruf Arefin, Mohammad Shamsul Hossain, Gahangir Daffodil Int Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn Dhaka 1216 Bangladesh Washington Univ Sci & Technol Sch Informat Technol Alexandria VA 22314 USA Southeast Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn Dhaka 1208 Bangladesh Dept Comp Sci & Engn Chittagong 4349 Bangladesh Univ North Texas Dept Informat Sci Denton TX 76205 USA

Traditional password-based authentication mechanisms exhibit significant security vulnerabilities, prompting the adoption of multi-factor authentication (MFA) to enhance user verification. However, current MFA methods, such as OffPAD, One-Time Password Tokens (OTT), and smartcard-based systems, remain vulnerable to attacks like Man-in-the-Middle (MITM), session hijacking, replay, phishing, and denial of service (DoS). Additionally, the conventional single-server authentication approach is inefficient and inadequate for modern security needs. This study introduces Secure multi-factor authentication (SMFA), a novel framework designed to address these challenges by leveraging steganography for secure credential transmission, reducing susceptibility to MITM and session hijacking attacks. SMFA also incorporates an additional Universal Serial Bus (USB) device as a supplementary authentication factor and employs a multi-server architecture to overcome the limitations of single-server models. A comprehensive analysis comparing SMFA to existing MFA protocols reveals its superior ability to counter MITM, replay, DoS, user impersonation, and password-guessing attacks. The results demonstrate that SMFA offers a robust and effective solution, addressing the weaknesses of both traditional password-based systems and current MFA methods.

关键词： authentication Steganography Protocols Cryptography Passwords multi-factor authentication Electronic mail Biometrics Social networking (online) Servers User authentication multi-factor authentication model (MFA) steganography cryptography privacy and security

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An Identity Management Scheme Based on multi-factor authentication and Dynamic Trust Evaluation for Telemedicine

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SENSORS 2025年第7期25卷 2118-2118页

作者： Wu, Yishan Pang, Mengxue Ma, Jianqiang Ou, Wei Yue, Qiuling Han, Wenbao Hainan Univ Sch Cyberspace Secur Sch Cryptol Haikou 570228 Peoples R China Lab Adv Comp & Intelligence Engn Wuxi 214100 Peoples R China Jiangsu Variable Supercomp Technol Co Ltd Wuxi 214100 Peoples R China

Telemedicine diagnosis has become a more flexible and convenient way to receive diagnoses, which is of great significance in enhancing diagnosis, cutting costs, and serving remote users. However, telemedicine faces many security problems, such as the complexity of user authentication, the balance of the existing biometric factor authentication scheme, the unpredictability of user behavior, and the difficulty of unified authentication due to the differences in the security standards and authentication mechanisms of different trust domains, which affect the sustainable development of telemedicine. To address the above issues, this paper presents an identity management scheme based on multi-factor authentication and dynamic trust evaluation for telemedicine. Its authentication combines iris recognition for secure biometric verification, smart cards for encrypted credential storage, and static passwords for supplementary verification, addressing scenarios like facial coverage in medical settings. The scheme dynamically adjusts authentication based on attack rates, login anomalies, and service durations. By integrating ShangMi cryptographic algorithms and blockchain, it optimizes performance, achieving 35% lower communication overhead than previous protocols. A security analysis shows it resists impersonation, man-in-the-middle, and password modification attacks while preserving user anonymity. System evaluation meets authoritative standards, validating its practicality. This scheme balances security and efficiency, providing a strong basis for telemedicine's long-term viability.

关键词： telemedicine multi-factor authentication ShangMi cryptographic algorithms dynamic trust evaluation

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Enhancing Cloud Security: A multi-factor authentication and Adaptive Cryptography Approach Using Machine Learning Techniques

IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF THE COMPUTER SOCIETY

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IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF THE COMPUTER SOCIETY 2025年第1期6卷 392-402页

作者： Sasikumar, K. Nagarajan, Sivakumar Vellore Inst Technol Sch Comp Sci & Engn Vellore 632014 India

The rapid expansion of cloud computing underscores the critical need for advanced security measures to protect sensitive data on remote servers. authentication is crucial for safeguarding these data. Despite various proposed methods, vulnerabilities persist. This article introduces a novel multi-factor authentication system integrated with a hybrid cryptographic framework that dynamically changes encryption algorithms using machine learning techniques based on an intrusion-detection system. The proposed system employs passwords, conditional attributes, and fingerprint authentication to derive the encryption key from fingerprint data. It uses a dual-encryption strategy that combines five algorithm pairs: AES + HMAC (SHA-256), ECC + HMAC (SHA-512), HMAC-MD5 + PBKDF2, Twofish + Argon2, and Blowfish + HMAC SHA3-256. A Hybrid CNN-transformer model predicts and classifies attacks by dynamically adjusting an encryption algorithm to secure the data. The framework exhibited strong resilience against brute force, spoofing, phishing, guessing, and impersonation attacks. The proposed model achieved a commendable accuracy of 96.8%, outperforming other models. Implementing this framework in a cloud authentication environment significantly enhances data confidentiality and protects against unauthorized access. This study highlights the potential of combining multi-factor authentication and adaptive cryptography to obtain robust cloud security solutions.

关键词： authentication Cloud computing Security Passwords Encryption Cryptography Heuristic algorithms Fingerprint recognition Biometrics Prediction algorithms Adaptive cryptography attack prediction cloud security dual encryption dynamic encryption algorithms hybrid CNN-transformer model machine learning techniques multi-factor authentication

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multi-factor authentication for Web Applications Using JWT and Face Embedding-Based Recognition

Multi-Factor Authentication for Web Applications Using JWT a...

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Cybernetics and Innovations (ICCI), International Conference on

作者： Chaiyanan Sompong Apiwat Kaiburt Phakwan Penjamuk Anuwat Supan Thanadon Boonphiohat Phattharaphon Kunmee Department of Computer Science Sakon-Nakhon Rajabhat University Sakon-Nakhon Thailand

ISBN: (数字)9798331533267

ISBN: (纸本)9798331533274

Stateless authentication using JSON Web Tokens (JWT) has become widely adopted in web applications over the past decade. Typically, this method relies on a single authentication factor, namely a username and password, which makes it vulnerable to password theft. This paper proposes a multi-factor authentication system that integrates JWT with face recognition for enhanced security. The first step involves user authentication via username and password using JWT. Next, face identification is performed using a face embedding approach on the web page. If both authentication factors are validated successfully, the user is granted access to protected resources. The system is implemented as a web authentication prototype for experimental validation. The dataset includes 30 individuals, each with 15 facial images, resulting in a total of 450 facial images. Additionally, 100 unknown faces are used for evaluating the system's performance on an unknown class. The results show high accuracy in face identification, with an overall performance metric of 0.95.

关键词： Technological innovation multi-factor authentication Accuracy Webcams Face recognition System performance Prototypes Web pages Passwords Servers

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multi-factor authentication for Secured Financial Transactions Through Spatio-TGCN Model

Multi-Factor Authentication for Secured Financial Transactio...

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Visual Analytics and Data Visualization (ICVADV), International Conference on

作者： Bhagwan Jagwani Abbasov Habib Hasan Kuldeep Agnihotri Khushbu Jain Anvesh Perada D. Gobinath Department of Management PSIT College of Higher Education Kanpur Uttar Pradesh India Department of Mathematics and ICT Baku Eurasian University Azerbaijan ISBA Group of Institutes Indore Madhya Pradesh India Department of Commerce and Management ISBA Group of Institutes Indore Madhya Pradesh India Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Drexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA Department of AIML CMR University Bangalore Puducherry India

ISBN: (数字)9798331521394

ISBN: (纸本)9798331521400

In the information economy, online financial transactions must be secure. Digital platforms for everyday transactions put financial services customers at danger of fraud and unauthorized access. This research integrated machine learning and multi-factor authentication to secure online financial transactions. System steps include data preparation, feature extraction, and model training. Data preparation includes data normalization, label encoding, white space removal, and socket information removal. Feature extraction strengthens variable association to improve model predictive ability. The suggested model uses spatio- TGCN for training. We found that the proposed model outperforms GCN and CNN. Comparing to other models, the framework's 91.40% accuracy rate suggests it could safeguard online financial transactions. This method may make internet financial transactions safer.

关键词： Training multi-factor authentication Accuracy Visual analytics Sockets White spaces Feature extraction Encoding Data models Fraud

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Challenge-Response Pair Mechanisms and multi-factor authentication Schemes to Protect Private Keys

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APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2025年第6期15卷 3089-3089页

作者： Cambou, Bertrand Francis Alam, Mahafujul No Arizona Univ Sch Informat Comp & Cyber Syst Flagstaff AZ 86011 USA

Featured Application Protection of private keys for signing transactions in public key infrastructures for crypto wallets and terminal *** Crypto wallets store and protect the private keys needed to sign transactions for crypto currencies;they are secured by multi-factor authentication schemes. However, the loss of a wallet, or a dysfunctional factor of authentication, can be catastrophic, as the keys are then lost as well as the crypto currencies. Such difficult tradeoffs between the protection of the private keys and factors of authentication that are easy to use are also present in public key infrastructures, banking cards, smartphones and smartcards. In this paper, we present protocols based on novel challenge-response pair mechanisms that protect private keys, while using factors of authentication that can be lost or misplaced without negative consequences. Examples of factors that are analyzed include passwords, tokens, wearable devices, biometry, and blockchain-based non-fungible tokens. In normal operations, the terminal device uses all factors of authentication to retrieve an ephemeral key, decrypt the private key, and finally sign a transaction. With our solution, users can download the software stack into multiple terminal devices, turning all of them into backups. We present a zero-knowledge multi-factor authentication scheme allowing the secure recovery of private keys when one of the factors is lost, such as the token. The challenge-response pair mechanisms also enable a novel key pair generation protocol in which private keys can be kept secret by the user, while a Keystore can securely authenticate the user and transmit the public key to a distributed network. The standardized LWE post-quantum cryptographic CRYSTALS Dilithium protocol was selected in the experimental section.

关键词： crypto wallet multi-factor authentication challenge-response pair

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Flexible hybrid post-quantum bidirectional multi-factor authentication and key agreement framework using ECC and KEM

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FUTURE GENERATION COMPUTER SYSTEMS-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ESCIENCE 2025年 166卷

作者： Braeken, A. Vrije Univ Brussel INDI Pl laan 2 B-1050 Brussels Belgium

Post-quantum computing becomes a real threat in the coming years, resulting in vulnerable security protocols that rely on traditional public key algorithms. It is not evident to provide protection against it in a cost-efficient manner, especially for Internet of Things (IoT) devices with limited capabilities. There is a high variety of IoT applications, some require only short-term security (e.g. agriculture) and others long-term security (e.g. healthcare). In order to provide a unified security approach for such heterogeneity in IoT, we propose a flexible hybrid authentication and key agreement framework fora client-server architecture, which relies both on the classical elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) and on a quantum secure key encapsulation mechanism (KEM). There are five versions that can be derived from the framework, going from a fully hybrid, and partial hybrid to classical construction. The trade-off between performance and security strength is demonstrated for each of these versions. The overall cost of the protocols is highly reduced thanks to the usage of multifactors in the authentication process, both on the user side by means of biometrics and the device side by means of physically unclonable functions (PUFs). We show that both Kyber and Mc Elience as KEM can offer reasonable performance, depending on the situation. The unified framework offers optimal security protection against the most well-known attacks.

关键词： Post-quantum security Hybrid Key encapsulation mechanism authentication and key agreement multi-factor authentication Physical unclonable function Anonymity

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Beyond passwords: A multi-factor authentication approach for robust digital security

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INTERNET TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2025年第2期8卷

作者： Simha, R. Keerthan Raghavan, H. K. Prabhu, Akshatha Joshi, Pallavi Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham Amrita Sch Comp Dept Comp Sci Mysuru India

multi-factor authentication (MFA) strengthens digital security by necessitating users to verify their identity. It uses various authentication methods like adding an extra layer of protection beyond conventional passwords. Proposed method introduces a novel MFA system that integrates multiple authentication layers, starting with two phase Graphical password with the traditional email-password and progressing to facial recognition using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Quick response (QR) code authentication. To prove the robustness of our method, we are considering some test cases and few performance metrics like delay, accuracy, etc. The results are derived for False positive rates, complexity. The success rate is observed to be more than 93% for the proposed model.

关键词： CNN EmailID-password authentication facial recognition graphical password multi-factor authentication QR code

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Dynamic Trust Management and AI-Based multi-factor authentication for 6G Machine Type Communications

Dynamic Trust Management and AI-Based Multi-Factor Authentic...

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Advances in Computer Science, Electrical, Electronics, and Communication Technologies (CE2CT), International Conference on

作者： Garima Sinha Ankita Agarwal Department of Computer Science Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology JAIN (Deemed-to-be University) Ramnagar District Karnataka India Maharishi School of Engineering & Technology Maharishi University of Information Technology Uttar Pradesh India

ISBN: (数字)9798331518578

ISBN: (纸本)9798331518585

New security concerns about the transmission of sensitive data over enormous networks of linked devices have arisen with the advent of the 6G era and the broad adoption of massive machine-type communication (MTC). The authors of this paper provide a fresh strategy for MFA and dynamic trust management in 6G networks that make use of AI to solve these issues and improve MTC security. This study presents a novel approach to behavioural profiling that takes into account the strengths and weaknesses of machine-type devices. It was necessary to create simulated data to represent many situations due to the wide range of possible network circumstances, device characteristics, ambient variables, applications load of work, and security needs. The efficacy of the suggested remedy was evaluated during six simulation cycles. The findings showed that the framework can adapt to changing network circumstances and device behaviours, with stability demonstrated across many situations. The accuracy rates for implementing MFA ranged from 0.49 to 0.57. This MFA and AI-driven dynamic trust management framework has great potential to improve 6G network MTC security; its adaptability and resilience provide a solid basis for meeting the security concerns that will inevitably arise in the future of 6G networks. To maximize performance and assure successful deployment, more modifications and real-life testing are suggested.

关键词： 6G mobile communication multi-factor authentication Scalability Solids Stability analysis Security Trust management Protection Artificial intelligence Testing

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Developing multi-factor authentication and Biometric Verification Protocols for Enhancing Data Security in IoT Healthcare Devices

Developing Multi-Factor Authentication and Biometric Verific...

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International Conference on Computer and Automation Engineering, ICCAE

作者： Hamdan Alshehri Department of Computer Science Jazan University Jazan Saudi Arabia

ISBN: (数字)9798331533816

ISBN: (纸本)9798331533823

This paper introduces a multi-factor authentication System for enhancing data security in IoT healthcare devices. The system comprises the multi-factor authentication Algorithm (MFAA), Biometric Template Protection Algorithm (BTPA), Dynamic Risk-Based authentication Algorithm (DRBAA), Adaptive Biometric Fusion Algorithm (ABFA), and Context-Aware Access Control Algorithm (CAACA). Through a comparative analysis, the proposed system consistently outperforms existing methods, demonstrating its potential for robust, context-aware, and adaptive user authentication. The ablation study delves into the individual contributions of each algorithm, emphasizing their collective strength in creating a secure and versatile authentication framework. The proposed system stands as a promising solution for addressing the evolving challenges of data security in the dynamic landscape of IoT healthcare.

关键词： Biometrics multi-factor authentication Adaptive systems Heuristic algorithms Data security Medical services Internet of Things Risk management Protection Testing

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