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Discrete-time backstepping-state feedback approach for current control of LCL grid-tied converters

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY SYSTEMS 2021年 133卷

作者： Araujo, Marcelo B. Vieira, Rodrigo P. Fed Univ Santa Maria UFSM Santa Maria RS Brazil

Voltage source converters connected to the grid through an LCL filter effectively attenuate the high frequency harmonics generated by the PWM modulation. However, due to the intrinsic resonant peak of this filter and due to the discretization process, the controller design is commonly a challenge and it may not guarantee robustness against abnormalities of the grid. In order to overcome these problems, this paper proposes a new discrete-time current control scheme applied to grid-tied converters based on a backstepping algorithm and state feedback controller in a multi-loop approach. The tracking of converter-side current for a given reference, which is generated by the outer loop, is performed by the backstepping algorithm. In addition, the controller gain design methodology is presented taking into account an extended model, that includes the delay resulted from the discrete-time implementation. An analysis of the gain choice effect on the system closed-loop eigenvalues is demonstrated, which allows the designer to select an appropriate set of controller gains. As outer loop, a state feedback method combined with a state-space resonant controller is used for the grid-side current tracking. In this structure, the harmonic compensation is easily preformed, in addition, the feedback gains are chosen using an optimum algorithm. The robustness of the multi-loop backstepping based control structure is improved in comparison with a full state feedback controller. Simulation and experimental results are obtained to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme under different test conditions, as reference changes, operating during electric faults and grid impedance variation.

关键词： Backstepping DLQR Grid-tied converter LCL filter multi-loop control State feedback

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Dynamic Analysis of an Integrated Reformer-Membrane-Fuel Cell System with a Battery Backup and Switching controller for Automotive Applications 15th

Dynamic Analysis of an Integrated Reformer-Membrane-Fuel Cel...

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15th Annual control Instrumentation System Conference (CISCON)

作者： Pravin, P. S. Gudi, Ravindra D. Bhartiya, Sharad Indian Inst Technol Dept Chem Engn Mumbai 400076 Maharashtra India

ISBN: (纸本)9789811394195;9789811394188

Fuel cells have been considered as an ideal source of energy in the future power generation applications due to its pollution-free nature, noise-free operation and better efficiency. Direct storage of hydrogen in specially designed tanks for automobiles running on fuel cells is not a viable option due to several drawbacks associated with safety and space limitations. To overcome the challenges of direct onboard storage of hydrogen, storing hydrocarbons rich in hydrogen and suitably reforming it to produce hydrogen using several reforming techniques seems to be an acceptable option. Using available gas purification techniques such as palladium membrane-based gas separation, pure hydrogen gas can be extracted from a mixture of other gases and can be fed to the fuel cell for generating power. In this work, a mathematical model of the battery system is analyzed along with a switching controller operating based on an energy management policy. The switching controller switches between battery and fuel cell to ensure a delay-free delivery of the power to the external load. A case study on the dynamic behavior of the integrated system under set point changes in the power demand is analyzed in the presence of a battery backup and a switching controller.

关键词： Auto thermal reformer Palladium membrane hydrogen separation Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) multi-loop control Battery Switching controller

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Analysis of an integrated reformer-membrane-fuel cell system with battery backup and switching controller : Start-up case 5

Analysis of an integrated reformer-membrane-fuel cell system...

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5th Indian control Conference (ICC)

作者： Pravin, P. S. Bhartiya, Sharad Gudi, Ravindra D. Indian Inst Technol Dept Chem Engn Mumbai 400076 Maharashtra India

ISBN: (纸本)9781538662465

Due to several stringent challenges and constraints faced in direct on-board storage of hydrogen in fuel cell vehicles, appreciable efforts are in progress to prevent direct storage of hydrogen. Directly storing hydrocarbons rich in hydrogen and suitably reforming them in-situ using available reforming techniques could be a possible option to overcome this challenge. A detailed overview of the mathematical modeling and analysis of the integrated reformer membrane fuel cell system was already discussed in an earlier paper. It was shown that at start-up of the plant and during frequent fluctuations in the power demand, requirement of an auxiliary power source like battery/super-capacitor is crucial for a delay free response to the power demand. In this study, an equivalent circuit model of a battery backup system is analyzed along with a switching controller that switches between battery and fuel cell based on some energy management policy. The mathematical model of the system is simulated, considering case study of start-up of the integrated system powering a fuel cell vehicle with battery backup, assuming an idealized driving power profile.

关键词： Auto thermal reformer Palladium membrane hydrogen separation PEM fuel cell multi-loop control Battery Switching controller

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A Hybrid control Strategy Based on Modified Repetitive control for Single-Phase Photovoltaic Inverter in Stand-Alone Mode 1

A Hybrid Control Strategy Based on Modified Repetitive Contr...

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IEEE Industrial-Electronics-Society (IES) International Conference on Industrial Electronics for Sustainable Energy Systems (IESES)

作者： Guo, Bin Su, Mei Yang, Jian Ou, Jing Tang, Zhongting Cheng, Bin Liu, Ming Cent S Univ Sch Informat Sci & Engn Changsha Hunan Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781509049745

In this paper, a hybrid control strategy based on modified repetitive control (MRC) and multi-loop control are presented for single-phase photovoltaic (PV) inverter in standalone mode. multi-loop controller are adopted to gain good dynamic performance, while a plug-in modified repetitive controller is proposed to achieve zero steady-state error for sinusoidal reference. In addition, in order to solve the contradiction between stability and control performance of the repetitive controller, the relationship between control performance and robustness is elaborated, and the optimization method of repetitive controller is presented, which increased the freedom to design the compensator. The stability of overall system has been analyzed and the explicit optimization procedures of repetitive controller have been proposed. Simulation and experimental results confirm that the proposed strategy offers good-quality sinusoidal voltage with nearly zero-steady state and low total harmonic distortion (THD) under different load conditions.

关键词： multi-loop control modified repetitive control photovoltaic inverter stand-alone mode

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Robust decoupling PI controllers for multi-loop control

Robust decoupling PI controllers for multi-loop control

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51st IEEE Annual Conference on Decision and control (CDC)

作者： Goncalves, Bruno M. Goncalves, Eduardo N. Palhares, Reinaldo M. Takahashi, Ricardo H. C. Ctr Fed Educ Tecnol Minas Gerais Dept Elect Engn Av Amazonas 7675 Belo Horizonte MG Brazil Univ Fed Minas Gerais Dept Elect Engn Belo Horizonte MG Brazil Univ Fed Minas Gerais Dept Mat Belo Horizonte Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9781467320665

Very often, the control of multivariable industrial processes is performed using multi-loop architectures, in which several SISO PI or PID controllers are committed to control different channels of the plant. A difficulty with such a strategy arises due to the interaction between the different control loops, which may cause the control action in a loop to give rise to significant disturbances in other loops. This paper presents a new robust PI tuning procedure for multi-loop control systems which aims to decouple the different channels of the multivariable system and to guarantee the tracking response performance and measurement noise attenuation, using a reference model approximation scheme. The control problem is formulated as a non-convex multi-objective optimization problem which is formulated directly in the space of PI controller parameters. Polytopic models represent the system uncertainty. An application example is developed for the control of a quadruple-tank process.

关键词： Robust PI control multi-loop control decoupling control polytopic uncertainty

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Comparative Evaluation of multi-loop control Schemes for a High-Bandwidth AC Power Source with a Two-Stage LC Output Filter

Comparative Evaluation of Multi-Loop Control Schemes for a H...

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1st International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA)

作者： Cortes, Patricio Boillat, David O. Ertl, Hans Kolar, Johann W. ETH Power Elect Syst Lab Zurich Switzerland

ISBN: (纸本)9781467323284;9781467323291

This paper presents a comparative evaluation of four different multi-loop control schemes for a high-bandwidth AC power source. The power source considered in this work is based on a three-level T-type inverter with a two-stage LC output filter. The control schemes evaluated in this paper have an output voltage controller in the outer loop. For the inner control loop the following options are evaluated: capacitor current feedbacks, proportional-integral and proportional inverter output current control in combination with reference voltage and load current feedforward, and first LC stage capacitor voltage and inverter output current feedback. The reference tracking capabilities as well as the power source output impedance are evaluated. Analytical and simulation results are shown to be in very good agreement, and the frequency and step responses for the different control schemes are compared. The results show that a cascaded structure consisting of a proportional-integral controller for the output voltage and a proportional controller for the inverter output current allows to achieve the best dynamic behavior in terms of output voltage control bandwidth and output impedance.

关键词： AC source high-bandwidth two-stage LC filter multi-loop control capacitor current feedback

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A multi-loop controller for LCL-filtered grid-connected converters integrated with a hybrid harmonic compensation and a novel virtual impedance 32

A multi-loop controller for LCL-filtered grid-connected conv...

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32nd Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Specialists Conference and Exposition (APEC)

作者： Cho, Yonghwan Mobarrez, Maziar Bhattacharya, Subhashish North Carolina State Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Raleigh NC 27695 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781509053667

The LCL-filtered converter is widely adapted to interface renewable energy sources and energy storage devices to the grid. While the LCL filter is capable of eliminating current harmonics caused by the high-frequency PWM of the converter, low-order current harmonics are reduced selectively by the stationary-frame resonant harmonic compensators (HCs). There are two types of the harmonic compensator, namely, harmonic current compensator (HCC) and harmonic voltage compensator (HVC). HCCs are in general embedded in parallel with conventional grid current controllers by which the active and reactive power are regulated. If autonomous islanding operation is required, the active and reactive power are controlled by a V-f droop method and a filter capacitor voltage controller with which HCCs or HVCs are added in parallel. In this paper, a multi-loop controller is proposed as one possible alternative to the conventional grid current controller to improve the harmonic compensation performance by using both HCCs and HVCs, which is a hybrid harmonic compensation (HHC). In addition, a novel virtual impedance implementation technique which fits to the multi-loop frame is presented to maintain stability of the controller in case of large grid impedance.

关键词： LCL filter multi-loop control hybrid harmonic compensation virtual impedance

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Virtual Resistor Based Active Damping of LC Filter in Standalone Voltage Source Inverter 33

Virtual Resistor Based Active Damping of LC Filter in Standa...

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33rd Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)

作者： Adapa, Anil K. John, Vinod Indian Inst Sci Dept Elect Engn Bangalore Karnataka India

ISBN: (纸本)9781538611807

Output LC filter effectively mitigates higher order harmonics in the output of voltage source inverters employing pulse width modulation. The presence of the LC filter introduces stability concern due to the resonance, with options for damping by passive or active methods. The active methods feature lossless damping without the hardware change. Virtual resistance based active damping methods emulate the physical behavior of a resistor in the control loop. Conventional design methods involve sequential selection of the virtual resistance loop and voltage loop controller parameters. This paper jointly analyses the relation between voltage controller parameters and virtual resistance, and their effect on the open loop gain and phase margin. Such an approach for controller design results in increased system bandwidth. Based on the transfer function analysis, a novel control design methodology is proposed. Experimental results are provided that validate the proposed control methodology.

关键词： Voltage source converter LC filter Closed loop control Virtual resistor Active damping multi-loop control

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Primary control Design Based on Capacity Curves for Inverter-Based Microgrids

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ELECTRIC POWER COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS 2018年第10期46卷 1145-1157页

作者： Kordkheili, Hadi Hosseini Banejad, Mahdi Guerrero, Josep M. Kalat, Ali Akbarzadeh Shahrood Univ Technol Fac Elect & Robot Engn Campus Modern Engn & TechnolPOB *** Shahrood Iran Aalborg Univ Dept Energy Technol Aalborg Denmark

In this paper, a multi-loop controller for an inverter-based microgrid (MG) system is proposed in order to control the voltage of point of common coupling (PCC) and to perform accurate active and reactive power sharing. Inner current and voltage loops, that are designed based on the dynamic model of the MG system, are used to obtain appropriate switching functions for interfaced inverters and the reference values for currents of DG units. Also, a modified droop controller is introduced to enhance the performance of the designed voltage control loop. In order to improve the dynamic operation of the proposed controller in supplying demanded power for harmonically distorted loads, the extraction of harmonic components of PCC voltages is accomplished. Upper and lower limits of voltage amplitude and frequency for droop curves are analyzed using capacity curves of each DG unit. The effect of renewable power generation uncertainty on DC link voltage variations is also compensated using an additional control loop in multi-loop structure. The performance of the proposed control technique has been verified by simulation using MATLAB/SIMULINK environment which shows a proper steady state and transient performance during changes in generation and non-linear harmonically distorted loads.

关键词： microgrid primary controller droop control multi-loop control capacity curves

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Flatness-Based control of DC-DC Converters Implemented in Successive loops

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ELECTRIC POWER COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS 2018年第6期46卷 673-687页

作者： Rigatos, Gerasimos Siano, Pierluigi Ademi, Sul Wira, Patrice Ind Syst Inst Unit Ind Automat Rion 26504 Greece Univ Salerno Dept Ind Engn Fisciano Italy Warwick Mfg Dept Res & Dev Coventry W Midlands England Univ Haute Alsace Lab MIPS Mulhouse France

The article proposes a flatness-based control in successive loops for DC-DC converters. A model of a DC-DC converter connected with a DC motor is considered. Using a per-row decomposition of the state-space description of the system, the dynamics of the converter is shown to consist of a set of subsystems for which differential flatness properties hold. For the th subsystem, state variable is shown to stand for the flat output while state variable is shown to stand for a virtual control input. For each subsystem, a stabilizing virtual control input is computed. From the last row of the state-space model, the control input that is actually exerted on the converter's model is found. This is shown to contain recursively all virtual control inputs associated with the previous rows of the state-space model. It is proven analytically that the tracking error of all state variables of the model gets asymptotically eliminated. Moreover, a stability proof for the control method is provided with Lyapunov analysis. The excellent tracking performance of the control method is further confirmed through simulation experiments.

关键词： DC-DC converters DC motors photovoltaics nonlinear control flatness-based control multi-loop control asymptotic stability Lyapunov stability analysis

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